逆出水方向曝气反冲洗在动态膜生物反应器中的应用

采用逆出水方向曝气措施对以无纺布构建的动态膜生物反应器生活污水处理系统中的动态膜进行在线反冲洗.当反冲洗曝气强度为5.6 m³/(m²·h)、反冲洗时间为5　min时,生物动态膜的恢复需要45　min,生物动态膜恢复后出水浊度保持在5　NTU以下.在该反冲洗条件下,反应器稳定运行2个月,反冲洗周期可以稳定在15　h左右.扫描电镜观察表明,逆出水方向曝气反冲洗能够有效破坏附着在膜基材上的生物动态膜.生物动态膜截留能力研究表明,新的生物动态膜形成后,反应器对相对分子质量3×10⁴以上的有机物的截留率大于50％.逆出水方向曝气是一种经济有效的动态膜反应器在线清洗方法.     

一体式膜-生物反应器降低能耗的中试试验

基于气升式内循环反应器原理,对一体式膜-生物反应器结构进行了优化设计,构建了处理量为15.6m³/d的中试装置.通过水动力学特性的考察,得到中试装置的经济曝气强度为96m³/(m²·h);通过经济曝气强度条件下的临界通量试验,得到污泥浓度小于13g/L时的膜临界通量区域为30～35L/(m²·h).由此确定了中试装置连续运行的操作参数,实现了次临界通量[30L/(m²·h)]条件下处理城市污水的稳定运行.能耗分析显示,该中试反应器的气水比为21:1,有效单位产水能耗为0.42kW·h/m³.     

曝气管开孔直径对一体式膜-生物反应器的影响

在中试水平上考察了3种不同开孔直径的穿孔曝气管(A:φ4mm,B:φ2mm,C:φ1mm)对一体式膜-生物反应器整体性能的影响.清水充氧性能试验表明,3种穿孔管条件下的反应器整体充氧性能基本一致;流态特性分析显示,3种穿孔管条件下的反应器流态均近似完全混合流.水动力学特性试验发现,升流区液体表观流速随着升流区曝气强度的增大呈现先上升后趋于稳定的现象,低曝气强度[<120m³/(m²·h)]时穿孔管A条件下的升流区液体表观流速最高,高曝气强度[>120m³/(m²·h)]时3种穿孔管条件下的升流区液体表观流速趋于一致(稳定值约为0.4³m/s),恒通量膜过滤试验表明,穿孔管A条件下的跨膜压差上升速率(0.0382kPa/h)低于穿孔管C(0.05kPa/h).对本中试装置来说,开孔直径较大的穿孔管A的综合性能优于开孔直径较小的穿孔管B和C.     

两段曝气生物滤池的同步硝化反硝化特性

采用两段曝气生物滤池进行了实际生活污水的试验研究,控制 A 段水力负荷在 22.01m³/(m²d),气水比为 6:1,研究了 B 段气水比分别为 3:1、2:1 和 1:1 时,反应器的运行情况.结果表明,两段曝气生物滤池处理生活污水的出水稳定,当 B 段反应器的气水比为 2:1 时,去除效果最佳.B段具有明显的同步硝化反硝化特征,当气水比较低时主要进行短程的同步硝化反硝化.对B段反应器0.9m高度处的生物膜进行了静态试验,结果表明,生物膜的比硝化速率为 1.458mg NH₃-N/(gMLSS·h);当 DO 和 pH 值等影响因子适宜的情况下,有机碳源的存在不影响硝化作用的进行;反硝化过程中,对亚硝酸进行反硝化的速率比对硝酸盐进行反硝化的速率高 1.15 倍,缩短了反硝化所需时间.     

BAF处理焦化尾水和钢厂杂排水的研究

结合4万m3/d污水处理及回用工程的调试实践,对采用曝气生物滤池技术处理焦化尾水和钢厂杂排水的处理效果进行研究。结果表明:曝气生物滤池有一定的抗有机负荷冲击能力;对SS的去除效果好;进水有机负荷的大小是影响氨氮去除效果的一个重要因素;B/C是曝气生物滤池降解有机物效果好坏的重要因素。根据调试中实际操作情况确定:水反冲洗强度为5.83 L/(m2.s);气反冲洗强度为16 L/(m2.s);反冲洗周期为5 d,各反冲阶段时间分配:气洗时间为5 min,气水联合洗时间为3 min,水漂洗时间为5 min,反洗后,大约6 h出水恢复到反洗前的处理效果。     

强化除磷曝气生物滤池反冲洗优化及其污泥特性

为探讨BAF(曝气生物滤池)最佳反冲洗强度及其选择依据,以某处理石化二级出水的强化除磷BAF为研究对象,采取不同的反冲洗强度进行气-水联合反冲洗,探讨反冲洗过程中出水污泥量峰值出现时间、污泥的SOUR(比好氧呼吸速率)变化、反冲洗前后微生物量和微生物脱氢酶活性(DHA)的变化以及反冲洗后的恢复效果,并对反冲洗强度参数的选择进行了优化. 结果表明:在该研究条件下,采用气洗〔强度为12 L/(m2·s)〕4 min,气-水联合洗〔气洗强度为12 L/(m2·s),水洗强度为6 L/(m2·s)〕5 min,最后用清水漂洗9 min的反冲洗方式,排水中污泥的ρ(SS)可在最短时间(3 min)达到峰值;反冲洗排水中污泥的SOUR较低,平均值为0.5 mg/(mg·h);距离底端进水口1.3和2.2 m处的滤料层微生物的量损失较小,分别为4.4%和5.3%,其相应微生物的活性有所增加. 研究显示,该条件下反冲洗可有效清除滤料颗粒间所截留及滤料表面脱落的老化生物膜,并可保留适量活性较高的生物膜,强化了传质条件,反冲洗后对污染物的处理能力能恢复迅速.      

曝气生物滤池处理矿区生活污水中反冲洗强度的控制研究

影响上向流曝气生物滤池反冲洗效果因素包括冲洗强度和冲洗时间等。针对矿区生活污水特点,对矿区生活污水厂的曝气生物滤池进行了反冲洗强度及其控制的研究。研究结果表明:采用负压脉冲方式反冲洗滤池,运行周期为48 h,平均水力反冲洗强度、速度梯度、反冲洗所需水量及水冲洗时间为26.25L/(m2/s)、649.4 s-1、43.4 L和169 s时,可实现滤床的快速更新,反冲洗耗水率为1.45%,效果明显。     

曝气生物滤池反冲洗的特性

试验根据曝气生物滤池区别于普通给水滤池的特点,从反冲洗方式、反冲滤床形状等方面进行深入地对照研究.结果发现在相同的反冲条件下,在反冲方式的对照中,脉冲反冲洗具有远大于气水连续反冲洗的效能;在滤池池型的选择中,扩展流池型曝气生物滤池较均匀流池型曝气生物滤池易于洗净和生物滤层的恢复.最后优化组合了反冲方式和滤池池型,即脉冲反冲方式与扩展流曝气生物滤池组合后,对应既定的运行工况,确定了最佳的反冲运行参数为:气冲强度8～10L/(s·m² )、水冲强度2～4 L/(s·m² )、反冲时间5min.     

三维滤布自生动态膜-生物反应器运行特征

选用三维滤布和单滑面无纺布两种基材构建自生动态膜-生物反应器,考察两者对自生动态膜-生物反应器膜污染的影响。结果表明:出水水头2 cm,MLSS 8~10 g/L,曝气量0.2 m3/h条件下,两反应器对有机物和氨氮的平均去除率分别达到90%和96%,稳定运行一段时间后,膜通量分别降至31.0和29.6 L/(m2.h)。相对于单滑面无纺布,三维滤布膜阻力更小、污染程度更轻,稳定运行时间更长。     

厨余垃圾高固体厌氧消化处理中氨氮浓度变化及其影响

在中温(35℃)条件下,应用连续式单级高固体厌氧消化技术,研究氨氮浓度在厨余垃圾处理过程中的变化规律.结果表明,在系统稳定运行阶段,投料强度为150.0g/d,挥发性固体甲烷转化率近90%,有机负荷达到4.94kgVS/(m³·d),反应速率为1.48m3CH4/(m³·d),运行情况较为理想.反应运行80d,氨氮浓度超过1700mg/L时,系统呈现氨氮抑制状态,有机负荷为0.77kgVS/(m³·d),反应速率为0.39m3CH4/(m³·d),较稳定运行期大幅度下降.在此过程中,氨氮浓度从消化初期的420mg/L逐渐递增到3000mg/L左右,其中在稳定运行过程中增加速率较大,平均37.15mg/(L·d).同时,微生物经过长期驯化,对高浓度氨氮的抵抗能力增强,系统运行至190d时,氨氮浓度再次升高至3000mg/L,产气速率仍可维持在1.07m³CH4/(m³·d),系统状态较为良好.     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.