辽河油田大民屯凹陷沙三段生油岩热模拟成烃实验研究(摘要)

<正> 一、引言 大民屯凹陷是一个典型的“小而肥”的含油气盆地,因此,研究其生油岩热模拟成烃特征,对探讨其油气成因,为今后该地区油气的进一步勘探以及寻找类似的含油气盆地具有重要意义。     

日本的重要油源:晚第三纪硅藻

日本的主要油气田都位于从北海道中部延伸到本州东北部的地区。主要产油气地层一般是秋田盆地的中中新统（约12～10Ma）女川组和其它盆地的同位地层。这些地层组主要由燧石岩、硅质页岩、硅藻岩、泥岩、泥灰岩和酸性火山碎屑岩组成。用岩石评价仅分析得出的相当于女川组的青森盆地的中新统大枥和女川组源岩的生油潜力表明，与该盆地的其它地层组相比，其生油潜力具最高值。TOC、S1和S2的平均含量一般增高的顺序是泥质岩→硅藻岩→硅质页岩→燧石岩。对质页岩的有机质属于Ⅰ型，泥庙岩的属于Ⅲ型，而硅藻岩和送石岩的则为Ⅱ型和Ⅲ型之间的过渡型。这些岩石的有机质的成熟度一般比平均源岩要低。除了n-烷属烃和芳香烃外，通过热解气相色谱还在干酪报产生的烃类中发现了许多未知成分。根据芳香烃（甲苯十p-二甲苯）、轻n-烷属烃（C8～C10）和重n-烷属烃（C11～C20）的相对含量，这些岩石可分为三类：轻n-烷属烃和普通芳香烃（主要是燧石岩）类、富重n-烷属烃和贫芳香烃（主要是硅质页岩）类和贫轻n-烷属烃和富芳香烃（主要是硅藻岩）类。利用气相色谱／质谱法测定沥青的豆甾烷、麦角甾烷和胆甾烷的成分比可以证明，有机质的类型具开阔大洋成因性质。成熟度的化学指示剂（如CPI和甾烷与三萜烷的异构化）可能     

有机地球化学学术交流简讯

<正> 一、碳酸盐岩地区油气普查勘探方法技术国际讨论会1986年11月12—19日,地质矿产部在南京召开了“碳酸盐岩地区油气普查勘探方法技术国际讨论会”。会议分物探、地质两大部分。除地矿部系统、部分高等院校及中国科学院代表外,会议还邀请了美国、加拿大、澳大利亚等国家石油公司的10多名有关专家。地质部分共     

黄骅坳陷孔古4井原油的成因探讨

通过对黄骅孔古4井上古生界原油的地球化学特征及其与石炭系煤系烃源岩的亲缘关系研究,特别是与奥陶系原油、灰岩、下第三系原油饱和烃的甾、萜烷精细“指纹”对比研究后,我们认为孔古4井原油应属于上古生界煤系地层自生自储的原生油气藏,而并非下第三系抑或下古生界碳酸盐岩所生。孔古4井上古生界原生油气藏的发现对于华北地区特别是华北北部黄骅坳陷上古生界煤系地层的油气勘探具有重要意义。     

未开发油气田地表烃氧化菌空间定量分布

利用Real-time PCR技术,分别对非油气田对照区域、未开发油田、未开发气田地表30、60、100、150、200 cm深度的甲烷氧化菌、C5～C16烃氧化菌进行定量研究,目的在于加深对该类型区域烃氧化菌空间分布特征的了解,为微生物油气勘探技术的发展提供基础资料.结果表明,气田区域甲烷氧化菌(pmoA)含量为1.34E+04～3.90E+05 copies.g-1,并随深度的加深逐渐减少;油田仅为3.14E+02～4.32E+03 copies.g-1.100～200 cm深度,油田C5～C16烃氧化菌(alkB)含量为1.38E+07～3.61E+07 copies.g-1,高于等深度对照(4.24E+06～2.14E+07 copies.g-1)和气田区域(5.82E+06～3.52E+07copies.g-1).甲烷氧化菌分布受全氮、有机碳、pH影响显著,相关系数分别为0.859、0.631、-0.549,而C5～C16烃氧化菌分布受环境因素影响相对较小.100～200 cm深度范围内,该区域全氮、有机碳、pH等理化因素相对稳定,烃氧化菌含量在不同深度间差异较小.因此,本研究表明,气田区域具有明显的甲烷氧化菌异常,油田在100 cm以下深度具有一定的C5～C16烃氧化菌异常;100～200 cm更适于作为统一取样深度进行大范围定量调查,但仍需要进一步的验证.     

中国油气勘探面临的理论及研究方法问题

经过几代人的探索，中国石油地质学取得了重大进展，并有效地指导了油气勘探实践。但我国油气勘探屯面临着一系列的理论与技术问题。在石油地质理论方面主要有：①海相油气生成聚集；②油气藏形成机理及形成模式；③如何建立起我国的含油气系统并以此指导油气勘探。在研究方法和勘探技术方面如资源评价、盆地模拟、油藏描述及三维地震等虽已形成了一整套具有较高水平的操作规程，但这些技术有待完善。     

国外生油研究的新进展

近年来随着有机地球化学的进展及分析技术的提高,促进了有机地球化学与石油地质学的结合,产生了“三位一体”(油气生成、运移、聚集)的生油机理;明确了干洛根是生油母质;提出了用反应热力学定量研究生油量,为油气勘探指明了方向。     

油库、加油站作业场所中非甲烷总烃的测定

介绍了油库、加油站作业场所中非甲烷总烃分布的特点,对现有非甲烷总烃测定方法进行了分析,提出了研制便携式带氢火焰离子检测器的气相色谱法作为现场检测油库、加油站作业场所中非甲烷总烃测定的建议。     

拟除虫菊酯农药残留检测技术研究进展

对近几年应用于拟除虫菊酯农药残留检测的气相色谱法、液相色谱法、毛细管电泳、薄层色谱、超临界流体色谱和光谱技术等实验室检测技术．免疫分析法及活体生物测定法等现场快速检测技术的国内外研究进展进行了综述,并对其发展趋势进行了展望．     

干酪根的稳定碳同位素分类依据

<正> 干酪根成油说在当代油气成因论中占有重要地位。不同类型干酪根的成烃潜力显著不同,因此正确简便地判别类型,在油气勘探与研究中至关重要。传统的干酪根分类法有VanKrevelen图示法,镜下组分法等,但前者不仅受性质影响,而且成熟度增高时,H/C和     

环境样品有机物分析预处理技术研究进展

在环境污染治理过程中,对环境样品进行预处理以进行分析检测必不可少,尤其针对环境中痕量存在的污染物,需经过预处理,浓缩被测痕量组分,以便提高检测方法的灵敏度,降低最小检测极限,并且可以使样品变得容易保存和运输。文章详细介绍了环境样品中有机物分析的预处理方法,将方法分为传统预处理方法和较新预处理方法,传统预处理方法包括:索氏提取法、超声波提取法、真空升华法、气相色谱法、液相色谱法;较新预处理方法包括:超临界流体萃取技术、固相微量萃取技术和吹扫捕集法。分别就传统和较新预处理方法的原理、优缺点及适用范围进行归纳总结和对比,并以多环芳烃的提取为例列举了各方法的应用步骤,从而为其他环境样品其他有机物分析预处理提供参考。     

Generation of hydrocarbons in source rocks

Generation of hydrocarbons in source rocks is controlled by their temperature history with burial, as well as by quantity, type and structure of their kerogens. The degree to which hydrocarbon generation processes have advanced in a given source rock can be recognized on the basis of elemental analysis of kerogens (H/C-O/C diagrams), as well as by analysis of yield and composition of extractable hydrocarbons. The “liquid window” or main phase of petroleum generation corresponds to a subsurface temperature interval of 60–150 °C. The overall chemical evolution of kerogens and their reaction products in this interval are exemplified here for several source rock series on the basis of organic carbon mass balance calculations. In this way the changes of the ratio of “reactive carbon” to “dead carbon” with maturity increase become obvious.     

The potential of strobe lighting as a cost-effective means for reducing impingement and entrainment

For over forty years, the testing of strobe lighting as a potential technology to guide fish to areas of safe bypass around dams and water diversions has been conducted in the laboratory, modified field tests, and in full site applications. Many of the early efforts in evaluating strobe lighting as a potential protection technology for fish were encouraging. Other laboratory or field tests may have been adversely impacted by the limited capabilities of the equipment utilized. Testing prior to late 1991 was based on the use of strobe lighting equipment purchased “off the retail shelf” and, while at the time it represented the best available technology, these “standard” systems were designed exclusively for above water usage. Only in the last several years have the technical advancements in underwater strobe lighting been developed which allow for prolonged and effective usage underwater, and therefore, provide the opportunity to fully evaluate the potential of this behavioral technology. This paper reviews recent examples where strobe lighting has been used successfully to direct the movement of fish in laboratory and field applications.     

Determination of methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) in Chinese fuels by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry and gas chromatography/flame ionization detector

A method was developed to determine the concentration of methyl tert-butyl ether(MTBE) in gasoline,diesel and heating oil by gas chromatography(GC) with mass spectrometry(GC-MS) or flame ionization detection(FID). The diluted gasoline was directly injected into the GC, and the complete separation of MTBE from co-eluting hydrocarbons was not required. GC/MS or GC/FID method can be used to analyze MTBE in different concentration range and have good consistency.     

自动顶空-气相色谱法测定固体废物中丙烯腈的方法研究

建立了自动顶空-气相色谱法测定固体废物中丙烯腈含量的分析方法。采用自动顶空进样,DM-FFAP色谱柱分离,FID检测器检测,进行了顶空平衡时间和平衡温度的优化,同时对线性范围、检出限、加标回收率、精密度和稳定性等进行了实验。在80℃下,平衡时间为30 min时,该方法丙烯腈的检出限1.66μg/kg,相对标准偏差<5%,加标回收率为92.7%~101.5%。结果表明:自动顶空-气相色谱法测定固废中丙烯腈方法前处理简单快捷,无有机溶剂消耗,干扰少,准确性和重现性好,能满足GB 5085.6—2007《危险废物鉴别标准—毒性物质含量鉴别》的要求。     

Spatially resolved monitoring for volatile organic compounds using remote sector sampling

Sector sampling for volatile organic compounds (VOCs) is conducted within an integrated sampling scheme and relies on a wind direction sensor. The wind sensor directs whole air, sampled at a constant rate, into either an “IN” sector canister or an “OUT” sector canister; when the wind comes from the suspected emissions area, sample is routed into the IN sector canister; otherwise, sample is collected in the OUT sector canister. This method is analogous to “upwind/downwind” sampling but does not require two distinct sites or manual sampler control. For this set of experiments, the IN and OUT sectors were 90 and 270°, respectively, and the IN sector was centered on the VOC source. Two sampling sites were used. The first was about 2 miles north-northeast of a group of industrial facilities, and the second was located about 1 mile south-southeast of the same sources. Sites were operated concurrently with one sampler each; a third sampler was rotated between the sites to obtain duplicate samples. The air samples were analysed by gas chromatography for VOCs. The resultant data comparisons between IN and OUT duplicate samples show good correlation with expected VOC emissions, which were determined by grab samples within the target area. A t-test method for interpreting the sometimes subtle differences between IN and OUT sample data is presented.     

陶瓷厂喷雾干燥塔白烟形成的机理及解决措施

针对陶瓷厂烟囱冒“白烟”,造成环境污染的现象,提出了“降温法”和“升温法”两种治理方案,并对“升温法”方案建立了数学模型,通过数值求解,得到需要升高的最小临界温度值。计算结果已用于陶瓷厂烟气治理中,验证了其正确性。     

Disproportionate costs in the EU Water Framework Directive—How to justify less stringent environmental objectives

The ambitious objective pursued by the European Water Framework Directive (WFD) is good status for all European waters. However, “less stringent environmental objectives” are permissible if the costs of achieving good status are disproportionately high. This exemption, if abused, carries the risk of watering down the ambitions of the Directive. Currently, no transparent, well-established, universally applicable method for routinely testing disproportionality exists throughout Europe. In this paper, such a method is developed for surface water bodies. The core idea is to determine a water body-specific disproportionality threshold which is then compared to the projected costs of achieving “good status/potential”. For the sake of practicability, the benchmark for disproportionality is estimated on the basis of prior expenditure on water quality enhancement. The paper argues that the proposed method combines both possible interpretations of (dis-)proportionality—affordability and cost-benefit considerations. Due to the method’s moderate data requirements it can be used readily in most German federal states and is transferable in principle to other EU Member States. The method was tested empirically for a river in the German federal state of Rhineland–Palatinate.     

中国新型城镇化发展的“C 模式”研究

研究了以美国为首的发达国家城镇化的发展历程,称为“A模式”,主要特征为城市低密度蔓延、全民机动化、资源大量消耗、一次性产品泛滥、过度消费等,总结经验教训,对比中国特色城镇化的发展历程,称为“ B模式”,主要特点是起步晚、水平较低、速度快,从资源与环境的角度分析了中国城镇化发展状况以及面临的形势,指出中国继续以“B模式”的城镇化发展将不可持续,不再适应中国建设“新型城镇化”的发展目标和日益提高的环保要求,探索实现中国“新型城镇化”的发展目标的“C模式”,即是坚持以节约优先、保护优先、自然恢复为原则,走以新型工业化和农业现代化推动下的新型城镇化道路。     

石化销售企业加油站安全与经营深度融合的思考与实践

分析了加油站存在的安全问题,探索了安全与经营深度融合的方法和路径,以某石化企业为例,通过推行的“2+1”工作日和“互帮互促工作法”,在加油站形成了一种自觉的行动和独特的管理文化,对于破解安全与经营相互融合有所启示。