Occurrence of Cryptosporidium oocysts in sewage effluents and correlation with microbial,chemical and physical water variables

Contaminated water are recognized as a potential source of Cryptosporidium oocysts. In Italy studies on the environmentalspread of the parasite are still scarce even if a high frequencyof serological responses could suggest high rates of endemic Cryptosporidium infections. In this investigation theoccurrence of the parasite in water samples from a municipalwastewater treatment plant was monitored with the aim to evaluatepossible correlation between oocysts and bacterial indicators,pathogens and physico-chemical parameters using a multivariateanalysis. Data collected showed high numbers of oocysts, with ahigh percentage of positive samples and a significant correlationwith pH, redox potential and total organic carbon. No correlationwas found between Cryptosporidium concentration and that of the other microrganisms. The results, through a probing statistical analysis, show that none of the selected microrganisms was a reliable predictor of the presence of theparasite.     

Organotin Compounds and Selected Metals in the Marine Environment of Northern Adriatic Sea

The extent of pollution with organotin compounds and Cd, Pb, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cr, Mn, V, Co and Al was investigated in sediments and mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis) from the Slovenian costal area of the Northern Adriatic Sea. Sampling was performed in Marina Portorož, Dockyard Izola, non exposed area of the Bay of Mesečev zaliv and in Mariculture Sečovlje. Mussels were taken in the summer and winter time, while sediments were collected during the winter sampling. Organotin compounds were determined by gas chromatography—mass spectrometry and metals by flame or electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry. The accuracies of the analytical procedures were checked by the analysis of standard reference materials CRM 477 mussel tissue and PACS 2 marine sediment (organotin compounds) and SRM 2976 mussel tissue and CRM 320 river sediment (metals). Good agreements between certified and determined values were obtained. Normalization procedure to Al was applied to estimate the anthropogenic inputs of metals in sediments. The analyses of sediments demonstrated moderate pollution with organotin compounds in Marina Portorož and in Dockyard Izola. Concentrations of tributyltin species were higher than those of dibutyltin and monobutyltin. In mussels substantial contamination with tributyltin was observed in Marina Porotrož and Dockyard Izola. The extent of pollution was higher in the winter time. The analysis of metals in sediments exhibited elevated concentrations in Marina Portorož and Dockyard Izola. Data from the normalization procedure indicated the anthropogenic inputs of Cu, Zn and Cr in Marina Portorož and Mn in Bay of Mesečev zaliv and Dockyard Izola. Mussels, as accumulators of pollutants, in general contained higher metal concentrations during winter time in Dockyard Izola.     

Monitoring of a Coastal Mediterranean Area: Culturable Bacteria, Phytoplankton, Environmental Factors and their Relationships in the Southern Adriatic Sea

Culturable heterotrophic bacterial and phytoplanktonic densities were investigated at four sites in the Southern Adriatic Sea (Brindisi, S. Cataldo, Otranto and S. M. di Leuca) over an annual cycle. The main phytoplankton groups, the bacterial biodiversity, as well as the faecal contamination indicators were determined. Culturable bacterial numbers averaged 4.8 ± 0.2 log CFU ml⁻¹ whereas phytoplankton numbers averaged 2.1 ± 0.4 log cells ml⁻¹. Relationships between culturable bacteria, phytoplankton and the environmental factors were established. Bacterial and phytoplankton densities usually depended significantly on temperature, dissolved oxygen, phosphate and nitrite only in the S. Cataldo transect. In all the examined transects phytoplankton showed a bloom during the January–February period followed by a bacterial peak during the February–March period. Thus we can suppose that the phytoplankton winter bloom is responsible for the availabily of organic matter for bacterial populations in the following months in this oligotrophic ecosystem.     

Quality assessment of freshwater and coastal seawater in the Ionian area of N.E. Sicily,Italy

This work was conducted to analyse pressing and competingdemands of water in Northeast Sicily, Italy. In thisarea, looking at the Ionian Sea, freshwaters and coastalseawaters have been studied on the quality and on thetransport processes of pollutants. Attention has beenfocused on chemical and microbial parameters proposed byEuropean Directives for drinking freshwaters and bathingseawaters. The findings show that the ground freshwaters areof good quality but the surface ones, particularly torrentsand correlated under-river aquifers, are clearly polluted.The characteristics of the coastal seawaters are accordingwith those of the closely bound up estuarine waters.Contamination is due essentially to discharge of raw sewagein the watercourses by public and private pipes. The impactis usually less evident during the wet season because rainand seastorms dilute the polluting load, but in dry periodsthis pollution causes loss of habitat and deleterious effectson environment. A database has been developed to provide agraphic and mapping display interface of the area studied andto assist the management of the studied fluvial basins.     

基于Sentinel-3 OLCI影像的渤海FUI水色指数遥感提取及应用

水色是水体水文学特征的基本要素之一。水色测定主要是采用福莱尔比色表(Forel-Ule Scale)将自然水体按颜色从深蓝到红棕共分为21个级别,用以观测、记录海洋和内陆水体的颜色。基于2020—2021年大辽河口、黄河口西南及秦皇岛近岸海域的现场实测数据和同步Sentinel-3 OLCI影像,验证了FUI水色指数遥感提取结果的准确性,发现当现场测量时间与卫星过境时间接近时,FUI水色指数遥感提取结果与实测结果基本一致。利用2021年1—12月Sentinel-3 OLCI影像,提取了渤海月均FUI水色指数遥感产品,发现渤海FUI水色指数的主要变化区间为5~17,整体呈现辽东湾、渤海湾及莱州湾沿岸海域高,秦皇岛海域及其他离岸海域低的空间分布特征,且存在秋冬季高、春夏季低的时间变化规律。此外,FUI水色指数对诸多海洋生态环境问题具有显著的指示功能。尝试将其应用于海洋水色异常和海水水质类别观测,均取得了较好的应用效果。由此可见,FUI水色指数遥感提取将在今后的海洋生态环境监测与评价方面发挥重要作用。     

辽宁绥中海域海水和表层沉积物中重金属污染评价

根据2009年10月的调查数据对辽宁绥中海域海水和表层沉积物中的重金属(砷、汞、铜、铅、锌和镉)进行了研究。用单因子指数评价法对海水中的重金属进行了评价,结果表明,海水中的Zn、Hg含量均超过《海水水质标准》(GB3097-1997)中Ⅰ类海水水质标准。采用《海洋沉积物质量》(GB 18668-2002)Ⅰ类海洋沉积物质量标准评价,表层沉积物中的As超标一倍以上。采用瑞典科学家Hkanson的潜在生态危害指数法进行评价,生态危害程度As>Hg>Cd>Cu>Zn>Pb。     

Accumulations of total metal in dominant shrimp species (Palaemon adspersus, Palaemon serratus, Parapenaeus longirostris) and bottom surface sediments obtained from the Northern Inner Shelf of the Sea of Marmara

The aim of this study is to determine the total metal (aluminum, copper, manganese, nickel, lead, zinc, cadmium, iron, mercury) contents of dominant shrimp species and sediments present at 1–50 m depths of the Northern Inner Shelf of the Sea of Marmara. Shrimp and sediment samples were collected from four regions (Büyükçekmece, Silivri, Tekirda?, ?arköy) and from different depths (1, 5, 10, 20, 30, 50 m) at each region in September and November of 2003. Three shrimp species [Palaemon adspersus (Rathke, 1937), Palaemon serratus (Pennant, 1777), Parapenaeus longirostris (H. Lucas, 1846)] were identified to be dominant as a result of the examination on the obtained samples. Heavy metal contents of these three species were determined and the results were compared with the acceptable treshold values of the Seafood Standards and also with available literatures. The Cu contents were found to be higher than the treshold limits in all samples except P. longirostris from Silivri, also the Cd contents in all samples except P. adspersus from Büyükçekmece, the Zn contents only in P. adspersus and P. longirostris from Tekirda?, and the Pb contents in all species from all regions. These high values are the indicator of industrial pollution. There is not any data in the Seafood Standards about Mn, Ni, Fe and Al contents in shrimp species. The values of these metal contents were given in the present study. The examination of total metal distributions in bottom surface sediment samples in the Northern Inner Shelf of the Sea of Marmara showed that the determined values were higher than the shale average at some depths of examined stations.     

黄河呼和浩特段水环境质量时空变化分析

水环境质量评价是水资源可持续利用的重要前提,同时也是水环境管理与治理决策的重要依据。为科学评价黄河呼和浩特段水环境质量,基于基础资料数据库,遵循全面性、区域性、易量化性等原则,采用综合污染指数法详细分析了黄河呼和浩特段水环境质量的时空变化情况,进一步揭示了2020年水质季节变化规律,并对主要超标因子进行了深度解析。结果表明：随着一系列环境保护政策和管理措施的实施,2015—2020年黄河呼和浩特段水环境质量综合指数下降了75.87%。在时间尺度上,各断面的水环境质量综合指数平均值由2015年的93.81下降至2020年的22.64,整体水环境质量评价等级由G4转为G2,对应的水环境质量状况由中度污染转为较好;在空间尺度上,上游水环境质量优于下游,城区段水环境质量较差。此外,评价结果显示,部分水体当前仍存在氨氮超标问题。评价结果较为客观地反映了黄河呼和浩特段的水环境质量,可为水环境管理提供决策依据。     

新形势下我国江河入海水通量监测实践与对策建议

针对我国入海河口生态环境问题突出、江河入海污染物总量不明的问题,梳理了我国江河入海水通量监测的历史,分析了我国江河入海水通量评估工作的现状以及"十四五"生态环境监测和海洋环境保护等规划的要求,提出污染物排海总量不明的主要原因是江河入海水通量监测未取得突破,具体表现在江河污染物入海通量未得到有效掌握、江河入海水通量监管体系未得以构建运行、江河入海水通量监测技术未得到建立和规范。结合在辽河口海洋环境在线监测试验基地开展的江河入海流量在线监测系统设计研究、江河入海水通量监测技术研发、江河入海水通量监测技术标准化研究、辽河入海水通量监测试验等工作,建议总结分析我国已开展的江河入海水通量监测试验工作,深入开展江河入海水通量监测顶层设计,加强江河入海水通量监测关键技术方法研究。     

An approach for identifying the causes of benthic degradation in Chesapeake Bay

We developed an index to differentiate between low dissolved oxygen effects and sediment contamination effects for sites classified as degraded by the Chesapeake Bay Benthic Index of Biotic Integrity (B-IBI), using discriminant analysis. We tested 126 metrics for differences between sites with low dissolved oxygen and sites with contaminated sediments. A total of 16 benthic community metrics met the variable selection criteria and were used to develop a discriminant function that classified degraded sites into one of two stress groups. The resulting discriminant function correctly classified 77% of the low dissolved oxygen sites and 80% of the contaminated sites in the validation data.     

Step-up multiple regression model to compute Chlorophyll a in the coastal waters off Cochin, southwest coast of India

The interaction effects of abiotic processes in the production of phytoplankton in a coastal marine region off Cochin are evaluated using multiple regression models. The study shows that chlorophyll production is not limited by nutrients, but their physiological regulations (responses to nutrients, pH, temperature and salinity) are mainly responsible for the increased biological production. The model explaining 77% of variability for chlorophyll a production is indicative of preconditioning of the coastal waters. The phytoplankton production is found to be sensitive to the environment, which varies seasonally. Further, the study suggests that supply of organic matter and grazing of zooplankton (not included) would improve the model efficiency. Despite this, the good agreement in the computed and measured chlorophyll a values shows that step-up multiple regression model is a useful tool to understand the influence of environmental variables on the production of phytoplankton in these coastal waters.     

重金属在贾鲁河表层沉积物中的污染特征及来源分析

采用原子吸收分光光度法、原子荧光法和电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法测定了贾鲁河表层沉积物中6种重金属的含量,用灼烧法测定贾鲁河表层沉积物中有机质含量。运用地累积指数法对贾鲁河流域表层沉积物中重金属污染状况进行评价,并且通过主成分分析法研究贾鲁河重金属污染来源。结果表明：贾鲁河表层沉积物中As、Cu、Ni、Zn的含量比2004年淮河表层沉积物中相应重金属含量明显偏高。重金属污染程度为：As〉Cu〉Zn〉Pb〉Ni〉Cr。通过主成分分析进一步对重金属来源的确定,发现前2个主成分的贡献率分别为58．85％和19．74％,污染来源主要有两类,分别是工农业、生活排污的点源污染,自然变化对沉积物的影响,岩石风化与侵蚀过程和有机质降解矿化的内源污染。     

钱塘江南源流域异常水质预测及影响因素分析

基于数据驱动的水质预测模型存在局限性,对突发水质异常事件的预测效果不佳。该研究选取钱塘江南源流域马戍口监测断面为研究对象,综合采用相关性分析方法对水质异常事件的主要影响因素进行分析,明确流域内、外因及土壤条件对水质异常指标的影响程度,探究造成模型局限性的深层原因。结果表明:异常水质的影响因素及其耦合机制复杂多变,异常浊度受降雨量、径流量的直接影响更大,异常高锰酸盐指数与温度、降雨量相关关系更明显,而总磷、总氮的异常变化与相对湿度、降雨量、径流量具有相关关系。研究结果对于提高气候变化背景下的水质预报能力具有重要的参考价值,可为自然流域水污染防治提供科学参考。