曝气条件下微电解-Fenton工艺联合处理模拟染料废水的研究

曝气条件下采用微电解-Fenton工艺处理模拟染料废水。在最佳微电解工艺即铁炭比为45 g∶45 g,pH=3,反应时间为60 min;在Fenton工艺pH值为3,H2O2投加量0.7 mL,反应时间为120 min时,染料废水总脱色率达92%,其色度去除率高于单独微电解工艺时的63%和单独Fenton工艺时的67%。模拟染料废水经微电解及Fenton工艺处理后,废水pH值、Fe2+浓度和色度均发生变化。     

铁炭微电解＋A／O工艺处理染料废水的研究

采用铁炭微电解法 A/O工艺对染料废水进行处理.对影响铁炭微电解处理效率的各种因素及R/O工艺的条件进行了研究.结果表明,铁炭微电解法预处理染料废水的最佳初始pH值为3,最佳混凝pH值为7.5,最佳铁炭比为1:1.1.适宜的反应时间为30 min,BOD5/COD由0.19提高到0.37;生物反应池内pH值为6.5-7,水温35-40℃,厌氧段水力停留时间8 h,好氧段水力停留时间20 h.整套工艺对COD和色度的去除率分别可达到90%和95%,出水水质达到了国家<污水综合排放标准>(;88978-1996)一级.     

Fenton强化微电解工艺处理靛蓝牛仔布印染废水研究

研究了铁炭微电解-Fenton试剂作用下靛蓝牛仔布印染废水的脱色和COD去除行为,通过正交试验和单因素试验确定了微电解-Fenton反应的最佳操作条件,分析了各影响因子的作用机理。结果表明:在铁炭质量比为2∶1,pH值为3的条件下反应90 min,铁炭微电解出水COD的去除率在49.20%,色度去除率达到80%,BOD5/COD值由0.248上升至0.436,可生化性提高;微电解出水在pH值为5,H2O2投加量为0.3%条件下反应60 min后,COD去除率可达84.1%,色度去除率达90%,BOD5/COD值上升至0.525;铁炭微电解-Fenton组合工艺COD的总去除率为87.26%。     

UV/Fenton氧化法预处理甲醛废水的试验研究

采用UV/Fenton氧化法对某树脂厂甲醛废水进行预处理,通过单因素试验和正交试验探讨了H2O2和Fe2+投加量、反应时间及pH值等因素对废水COD和HCHO去除率的影响。综合考虑经济性和去除效果,确定了最佳反应条件:H2O2投量为10 g/L,Fe2+投量为1.2 g/L,反应时间50 min,原水pH值8.23。在此条件下,COD和HCHO的去除率可分别达到48.18%和99.74%,反应符合一级反应动力学。废水可生化性(BOD5/COD)从初始的0.25提高到0.43,为废水的后续生化处理创造了条件。     

混凝沉淀-微电解-催化氧化法处理促进剂M生产废水

采用"混凝沉淀-微电解-催化氧化"法对橡胶促进剂M的生产废水进行处理.当原水COD约为5 g/L时, COD去除率可达96%以上,并得到最佳操作条件为:混凝工段PAM的投加量为1%,混凝时间为0.5 h;微电解工段铁炭质量比m(Fe):m(C)=30:1,pH值2-3,微电解时间3 h;催化氧化工段H2O2(30%)投加量为2%,反应时间为2 h.废水中绝大多数的苯胺、促进剂M等有机污染物和毒性较高的还原性硫化物均实现了高效去除,废水中TOC(总有机碳)、COD浓度显著下降.     

微电解-H_2O_2处理印染废水的实验研究

介绍了铁炭微电解-H2O2预处理难降解染料废水的实验研究.采用铁炭微电解法预处理难降解染料废水.当进水pH值为4,铁炭质量比为2∶1,停留时间为30 min时.出水BOD5/COD较原水提高0.24.若在铁屑过滤出水中加入H2O2 8 mL/L,出水BOD5/COD为0.41,比铁炭微电解出水提高0.14,有利于后续采用生化法处理.     

O3/H2O2处理含油废水的研究

为控制石油炼化含油废水对环境的污染,采用O3/H2O2方法对石油炼化含油废水进行处理,主要考察了臭氧浓度、H2O2投加量、反应温度、反应时间、pH等因素对处理效果的影响.实验表明,废水中石油烃类物质的去除率随着臭氧浓度、反应时间的增加而升高;石油烃类物质在pH值2-10、温度15-45 ℃、10-60 mL的H2O2投加量范围内,去除率分别呈现先增后降的趋势.处理1 L油质量浓度为110 mg/L的含油废水,臭氧质量浓度为7.23 mg/L,投加40 mL H2O2,pH为9,在35 ℃的条件下反应8 min,油去除率可以达到84%.同样条件下处理30 min,废水COD下降了65%.这将为该工艺处理实际含油废水提供实验依据.     

铁炭微电解处理制药废水效能影响因素研究

针对麻醉原料制药废水有机物浓度高、可生化性差、毒性大等特点,采用铁炭微电解法作为处理该制药废水的预处理工艺、考察了填料粒度、pH值、铁炭比、气水比和负荷等因素对铁炭微电解系统处理效能的影响.结果表明,在进水pH值为3,Fe/C体积比为1:2,铁屑、活性炭粒径为1 mm,负荷为175.5 kgCOD/(m3铁炭·d),气水比为10:1,反应时间为2h时,可使进水COD、色度分别为19000mg/L及600的制药废水,出水降至8 490 mg/L及20,去除率分别为55.29％和96.67％,同时可使废水可生化性得到增大,BOD5/COD由进水0.14提高至出水0.56.     

微电解混凝法处理LAS废水的研究

采用微电解混凝沉淀法处理合成洗涤剂废水,考察了铁炭比、pH值、接触时间及混凝沉淀对处理效果的影响,处理后出水中的LAS、CODcr和pH值3项指标均达到国家排放标准.     

铁炭内电解预处理DMF和DMAC废水研究

腈纶废水含有大量的N-N-二甲基甲酰胺(DMF)和N-N-二甲基乙酰胺(DMAC)。该类物质有毒,难降解,对环境有极大的危害。研究了铁炭内电解法处理DMF、DMAC废水的效果。结果表明:在pH值为3、铁炭体积比为1∶3、海绵铁投加量为200 g/L、反应60 min时,DMF和DMAC废水中CODCr的去除率分别达到52%和37%,且BOD/COD值由0.22分别上升至0.32和0.34左右。出水经紫外-可见分光光度计测定表明,铁炭内电解主要破坏—H、—CH3和C=O。     

油浸变压器排油注氮装置在500kV变电站的设计与应用

在分析500kV变电站主变压器消防系统的现状,比较3类消防系统优缺点的基础上,详细论述了主变排油注氮装置的结构组成、工作原理、参数计算、控制系统设计以及需要注意的事项等,为下一步排油注氮装置的推广应用打下基础.     

HAZOP结合What-if方法在某延迟焦化装置除焦中的应用

为克服传统危险与可操作性（HAZOP）定性分析方法在复杂操作、间歇作业等过程中使用的局限性,提出在传统HAZOP定性分析方法的基础上结合What-if（故障假设）方法,对人的不安全行为和操作规程不完备所导致的风险后果分析作出补充。详细说明其技术原理、工作流程等使用细节,系统阐述该方法与传统HAZOP定性分析方法的区别,并在某延迟焦化装置的除焦操作的风险分析中应用。经分析,识别出在“给水-泡焦”节点,有“操作规程错误”场景2项,“操作规程不具体”场景1项,不存在“操作人员未按操作规程执行”场景。研究结果表明:本文方法有效且具有较好效果,可以广泛应用于操作规程/作业指导书审查、作业过程隐患排查等方面,帮助企业开展操作层面的风险识别与管理,提升企业的生产安全水平。     

潞安矿区煤层渗透率的各向异性特征实验研究

为了研究原位煤体渗透性的各向异性特征,以山西潞安常村矿3号煤层圆柱试样为对象,利用TCQT-Ⅲ型低渗煤层气相驱替增产试验装置,对煤样进行加载,并以氮气注入压力2.0 MPa的条件下,分析垂直层理和平行层理2个方向的煤体变形和渗透率变化特征。实验结果表明:煤样在加载过程中,平行和垂直层理煤样渗透率均随着有效应力的增大而减小,平行层理方向的渗透率始终大于垂直层理方向,应力加载初期渗透率急剧下降,最后逐渐趋于平缓;径向应变的增加量与渗透率呈正相关性,且平行层理相关性大于垂直层理;沿平行层理方向的裂隙度大于沿垂直层理方向,沿垂直层理方向的应变量大于沿平行层理方向;应变增加量均随有效应力的增加而逐渐减小。研究结果可为煤层井网布置及优化提供参考。     

Nighttime pedestrian fatalities: A comprehensive examination of infrastructure,user, vehicle,and situational factors

Introduction: Pedestrian fatalities in the United States increased 45.5% between 2009 and 2017. More than 85% of those additional pedestrian fatalities occurred at night. Method: We examine Fatality Analysis Reporting System (FARS) data for fatal pedestrian crashes that occurred in the dark between 2002 and 2017. Within-variable and before/after examinations of crashes in terms of infrastructure, user, vehicle, and situational characteristics are performed with one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and two-sample t-tests. We model changes in crash characteristic proportions between 2002–2009 and 2010–2017 using linear regressions and test for autocorrelation with Breusch-Godfrey tests. Results: The increase in fatal nighttime pedestrian crashes is most strongly correlated with infrastructure factors: non-intersection unmarked locations (saw 80.8% of additional fatalities); 40–45 mph roads (54.6%); five-lane roads (40.7%); urban (99.7%); and arterials (81.1%). In addition, SUVs were involved in 39.7% of additional fatalities, overrepresenting their share of the fleet. Increased pedestrian alcohol and drug involvement warrant further investigation. The age of pedestrians killed increased more (18.1%) than the national average (3.2%). Conclusions: By identifying factors related to the increase in nighttime pedestrian fatalities, this work constitutes a vital first step in making our streets safer for pedestrians. Practical Applications: More research is needed to understand the efficacy of different solutions, but this paper provides guidance for such future research. Engineering solutions such as road diets or traffic calming may be used to improve identified infrastructure issues by reducing vehicle speeds and road widths. Rethinking vehicle design, especially high front profiles, may improve vehicle issues. However, the problems giving rise to these pedestrian fatalities are likely a result of not only engineering issues but also interrelated social and political factors. Solutions may be correspondingly comprehensive, employing non-linear, systems-based approaches such as Safe Systems.     

Footedness and Mounting—Short Review and Two Case Studies

Footedness is a personal quality like handedness. Footedness may be associated with moving ability during mounting, dismounting, and jumping movements. Occupational accidents have occurred during movement at different working levels, during the use of access and exit systems, and during the mounting of vehicles. Aging can also affect accident risk and body laterality. For example, falling accidents on stairs are common among the elderly. One reason for accidents may be that the structure of the access system or stair system is unsuitable for individual moving patterns depending partly on body laterality. Footedness and the way the feet are used may be contradictory to the demands of the moving situation, especially during uncommon or rapid situations. This contradiction may trigger disturbance during moving. The aims of this pilot study were (a) to review the literature briefly and (b) to describe the use of the dominant and nondominant foot by farmers and the elderly when mounting a tractor and stairs, respectively. The study also gives ideas for future studies based on both (a) and (b).     

AHP与GA-SVM耦合模型在滑坡预警中的应用*

为了减少滑坡造成的损失,提高滑坡预测的准确性,通过搭建灾害模拟平台获得滑坡的实验数据,在获得多组模拟实验数据后,分析各变量的特性。首先,通过层次分析(Analytic Hierarchy Process,AHP)算法,对滑坡进行危险度划分;然后,通过支持向量机(Support Vector Machine,SVM)建立模型,遗传算法(Genetic Algorithm,GA)再优化SVM参数,提出1种层次分析法与GA-SVM相耦合的模型。研究结果表明:AHP方法划分后的数据,通过GA与SVM结合建立的模型精度较好,实验预测结果与实际结果较为吻合,与单一SVM相比,精度更高,结果更好,更加适用于多变量的复杂非线性滑坡预警。     

Debunking the false dichotomy of leadership idealism and pragmatism: Critical evaluation and support of newer genre leadership theories

Leadership theories have shifted over the last few decades from a focus on managerial functions and economic leader–follower exchanges toward greater focus on the interpersonal dynamics occurring within the leadership process. Theories such as transformational, ethical, authentic, and other “newer genre” theories were created to address neglected topics such as leader vision and inspirational messages, transparency, emotional effects, morality, individualized attention, and intellectual stimulation. Critiques of these theories, however, have been raised. In this paper, we address five of those critiques and argue for the validity and practical effectiveness of the new genre theories. Further, we describe how newer genre leadership research should be viewed as a performative epistemology, entailing a process of co‐creation involving scholars and practitioners. Finally, from this view, we provide general ideas for leader development. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Occupational Safety and Health in Finland

In Finland, occupational safety is the responsibility of the employer, while the occupational safety and health laws are enforced by the Labour Inspection Service, an organization of the state. The Labour Inspection is divided in 11 administrative districts, and it employs 360 professionals. They are mandated to carry out site visits without prearranged appointments to inspect safe work situations, working hours, construction safety, or any aspect of accident risks. The inspectors are also mandated to verify the existence of sufficient occupational health services as prescribed by the Occupational Health Services Act for all employees. The occupational health services are typically provided by enterprise-owned medical departments, by mutually owned health care centers, by private practitioners, or by municipal health care centers. The latter are required by law to provide all services as prescribed by the legislation to anyone who comes to the facility. This situation is prevalent in the countryside, where there are very few private caregiving centers. Declaring occupational accidents and disease cases is mandatory, and the Inspection districts examine all accidents to establish causes and consequences, and to initiate prosecution in case of criminal negligence. Labour Inspection Districts are also notified of the new occupational disease cases as they are declared to insurance companies. Insurance for occupational disease, accidents, and death is an obligation of the employer, although they can choose the insurance company. The medical confidentiality between the workers and their occupational health care providers is very strict. Official statistics are maintained by the state Statistics Finland organization, and they may be used, for example, for research purposes by scientific institutes like the Finnish Institute of Occupational Health. Construction industry accounts for 25% of all fatal accidents (120 cases per 1 million working hours), followed by mechanical, wood, metal, machinery, and pulp and paper industry (10% each of fatal accidents) with rates ranging from 100–160 cases per 1 million working hours. There are some 5,000 occupational disease cases per year (rate 22/10,000 employed). The major disease categories include repetitive strain injuries (1,300 cases), respiratory allergies (600 cases), occupational skin diseases (1,000 cases), and 900 cases of noise-caused hearing loss. In 1998, 589 cases of asbestos-related diseases were reported.     

森林地表火蔓延模拟方法及其计算机实现

进行了森林火蔓延的研究,对传统的经验公式和模型进行改进,明显发现改进的模型有更好的结果,用计算机巧妙准确地实现了模拟模型,在风力不是特别大,地形变化不是特别剧烈时,该模型有较高精度;并结合火蔓延的主要因素（气象因子、气候、地形等）,进行系统分析,写出算地,编制实现地表火蔓延的预测预报计算机系统软件。这对于有效的组织扑救、减少火灾损失、计算森林火灾的损失评估有重要意义。     

公路隧道火灾逃生疏散研究

以苍岭隧道为背景,首先采用经验计算理论和计算软件building EXODUS相结合的方式,从被困人员的安全疏散时间、高温烟气的影响、隧道横通道的利用率以及人员的疏散行为特性进行了研究。结果表明:中小规模火灾情况下的安全疏散时间控制在8 min之内,高温烟气影响不大,但横通道的利用率不平均,且人员疏散路线相对集中。然后对存在的逃生疏散问题提出针对性建议以及其他相关建议,旨在为更大程度降低事故的严重性和经济财产损失。