浅析土壤环境中的镉的影响

由于工业的污染使土壤中镉的含量增加,从而直接导致对食物链的影响,文章以镉为例,进行研究.而研究高等植物是生态系统的重要组成部分,一个平衡、稳定的生态系统生产健康、优良的高等植物.因此,利用高等植物的生长状况诊断土壤污染,是土壤毒理诊断的重要方法之一.     

恐怖事件中恐怖分子常用化学武器的分类

为了作好"反恐怖"工作,必须了解和掌握恐怖分子采用的武器性能,文章简要介绍了恐怖分子所使用的四种化学武器的性能、毒性、毒物的初步识别等方法.     

北方中小城市园林绿化中存在的问题及建议

进入新世纪,国家对生态环境越来越重视,城镇建设必须与生态环境相协调,走可持续发展的道路.城市绿化在改善生态环境方面具有巨大作用.在此就城市园林绿化过程中存在的问题及如何搞好城市园林绿化作了充分的阐述,希望对园林绿化工作的开展起到积极推动作用.     

典型飞机内腔结构腐蚀原因分析及防腐改进

以典型飞机平尾大轴为例,分析了内腔结构发生腐蚀的主要原因.围绕内腔结构防腐改进技术措施开展深入研究,研制成功了适用于细长内腔无气喷涂设备.应用SLF重防腐涂层和IMR纳米复合涂层替代现有内腔结构防护涂层,提高了防腐涂层抗环境腐蚀性能.采用DL-609厌氧胶对平尾大轴进行密封处理,有效地阻隔了腐蚀介质进入内腔.按照所建立的方法对典型飞机平尾大轴实施了腐蚀修理与防护处理.检查结果表明,内腔表面防腐状况有了明显改善.     

铅盐生产企业对周边生态环境的影响

通过连续多年的系统监测和分析,研究了小型铅盐生产企业对周边大气、水、土壤、河流底质和农作物等生态环境的影响.研究发现,生产车间和距其100 m以外的居民区大气中铅尘分别超标548倍和4倍;500 m以外的农田土壤中铅超标1.26倍;雨水排放口附近河道水质中铅超标1.08倍;雨水排放口附近及下游800 m处的河道底质中铅分别超标1.99倍和1.33倍;500 m以外种植的小麦籽粒中铅超标16.5倍.环境污染的程度与距污染源的空间距离呈负相关.在此,还对小型重金属生产企业的环境监测和防止污染的转移提出了建议.     

诺砂试制经济型地面砖的研究

论述了对诺砂采用压制成型法试制低成本地面砖的工艺流程、试验过程及其结果分析,并对其反应机理进行了简单的探讨,为诺砂的综合利用提供了一定的参考.     

资讯快递

要闻6月21日,环境基准与风险评估国家重点实验室揭牌仪式在中国环境科学研究院举行,环境保护部部长周生贤、科技部副部长陈小娅出席仪式并共同为重点实验室揭牌。     

天津市领导出席国务院节能减排天津分会场会议

9 月27 日,国务院召开节能减排工作电视电话会议.天津市委常委、常务副市长杨栋梁,副市长王治平出席天津分会场会议并讲话. 杨栋梁、王治平指出,温家宝总理在此次电视电话会议上所作的重要讲话,站在全局和战略的高度,对下一步做好节能减排工作提出明确要求,进行了系统部署.全市各区县、各部门、各单位要深入贯彻落实,把节能减排作为调整产业结构、转变发展方式的重要抓手,认真分析当前形势,进一步加大工作力度,确保圆满完成全年节能减排目标任务,保证"十二五"节能减排工作开好局、起好步.     

新知

1废水发电机根据Broadbent的统计,1栋7层高的楼房安装这台废水发电机后可以每年节省1000美元的电费。在不久的将来就会进入消费市场了。2蜂巢轮胎     

"无烟产业"真的"无烟"?

在国际、国内有利因素的共同促进下我国的旅游业如雨后春笋,正如日中天。旅游业被形象地称之为“无烟产业”,在经济、政治以及会地会上都取得了巨大的成功,但旅游业真的跟所说的那样“无烟”么？本文将对旅游的性质旅游的发展对生态环境所造成的负面影响展开述,并提出自己的观点和建议。     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Penetration analysis of elements and bioleaching treatment of spent refractory for recycling

Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans ATCC23270 and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans TM-32 were used for bioleaching of spent refractories of aluminium and copper melting furnaces for their recycling.Firstly,penetration of elements into aluminium melting furnace refractory was investigated and it was found that up to 7 cm from surface was contaminated.Comparison on leaching efficiency by the strains ATCC23270 and TM-32 found that the strain ATCC23270 could treat larger amount of the refractories than the strain TM-32 could do.In the experiment of bioleaching of spent refractory aluminium melting furnace by the strain ATCC23270,high leaching efficiency were obtained on Al,Si,and Ca,and extremely low leaching performance was,however,shown on the rest of elements i.e.,Na,Mn,and Zn.Under the strain TM-32 use,relatively high leaching performance was recognized on Al,Si,Ca,Na,Mn,and Zn.In the experiment of bioleaching for spent refractory copper melting furnace,almost the same leaching trends were shown on Cu,Zn,Al,and Si under the strains ACTT23270 and TM-32 uses.     

Elevated CO2 changes the moderate shade tolerance of yellow birch seedlings

To demonstrate the existence of light thresholds in plant growth and to examine the effects of elevated CO2 on the shade tolerance of a tree species, an experiment consisting of a completely randomized design for a total of 96 yellow birch (Betula alleghaniensis Britton) seedlings was conducted with 3 light levels (2.9%, 7.7%, 26.1% of full sunlight)×2 CO2 levels (350 and 700±10 ppm) with 4 replications in a phytotron. The study proved that thresholds exist and they vary in different plant organs. In ambient CO2, the thresholds were 13.3%, 18.7%, 15.0%, 15.2%, and 15.6% of full sunlight for stem, leaf, root, total plant biomass, and the averaged value, respectively. In 700 ppm CO2, the corresponding thresholds were 16.7%, 21.3%, 18.1%, 21.7% and 19.5% for stem, leaf, root, total plant biomass, and the averaged value, respectively. The lowest threshold in the stem is an indicator of the minimal light intensity for regular growth for seedlings of this species. Below this threshold, light-stressful growth occurs. The result of a paired t-test indicated that the thresholds in elevated CO2 were significantly higher than in ambient CO2. This suggests that yellow birch will lose its moderate shade tolerance, evolutionally becoming a shade-intolerant species, and that it may become more difficult to naturally regenerate in the future.     

2007年中国大陆地区生物质燃烧排放污染物清单

采用排放因子法计算了中国2007年间CH4、SO2、NOx、NH3、EC、OC、NMVOC、CO、CO2、TSP、PM10、PM2.5的排放总量,建立了生物质燃烧污染物排放清单,计算了各污染物总排放量的空间分布及不同生物质燃烧类型对各污染物总排放量的贡献率,重点完善了各省市生物质燃烧排放不同粒径颗粒物清单.结果显示,2007年我国大陆生物质燃烧排放CH4、SO2、NOx、NH3、OC、EC、NMVOC、CO、CO2、TSP、PM10、PM2.5排放总量分别分为3332.7, 335.3, 951.3, 7754.9, 783.7, 267.7, 6049.6, 76579.6, 743743.7, 7677.8, 6668.9, 4043.7kt.四川、安徽、广西、山东、河南、江苏等地区生物质燃烧各污染物排放量较高,北京、天津、海南、宁夏、青海和西藏等省区各污染物排放量较少.不同地区排放污染物的主要生物质类型存在较大的差异,单位面积排放强度和人均排放量区域间差异显著.人类活动是生物质燃烧排放污染物的主要影响因素,秸秆和薪柴燃烧是污染物排放量最大的2种生物质,其对各种污染物的贡献率为93.8%~98.7%.     

EFDC模型在河口水环境模拟中的应用及进展

EFDC(Environmental Fluid Dynamics Code)是EPA最为推荐使用的水质模型之一,使用范围较广泛,能够模拟河流、湖泊、河口、水库、湿地和近海区域等多种水体的三维水流、泥沙迁移和化学过程。文章综述了相关文献的研究结构,分别介绍了EFDC的基本原理、模块结构、基本方程、应用流程以及其在河口模拟方的应用和发展。     

表面活性剂的应用及其对环境的影响

表面活性剂是现代生活中必不可少的一类有机化合物,由于其本身的双亲结构而具有润湿、分散、乳化、增溶、起泡、消泡、洗涤、均染、抗静电、防腐、杀菌等一系列独特的作用和功能。本文综述了表面活性剂在洗涤剂、材料加工、纺织工业、石油工业、农业及环境污染治理等方面的应用现状,分析了其对环境造成的影响,并对表面活性剂的生物降解和光催化降解的研究现状做了简要介绍。     

基于EPMA的背角无齿蚌贝壳中元素分布的初步研究

应用电子显微探针元素分析技术,对背角无齿蚌（Anodonta woodiana）的贝壳（棱柱层和珍珠层）进行了19种元素（Ag、Al、Au、Ca、Co、Cu、Fe、Hf、Mg、Mn、Mo、Na、Re、Se、Sn、Sr、Tl、V、Zn）分布特征的初步研究.元素面分布分析和定量线分析结果均直观而明显地表明：贝壳中Ca含量最高,Hf、Re、Mn、Al、Co、Fe、Sr、Cu和Na的含量较低,而Au、Mg、Tl、Zn、Sn、Ag、V、Mo和Se的含量甚少.Mn在珍珠层的分布高于棱柱层,壳顶区域的珍珠层的含量（0.087±0.045）%显著高于棱柱层（0.030±0.025）%（P<0.05）,腹缘区域的珍珠层的含量（0.072±0.055）%亦显著高于棱柱层（0.044±0.025）%（P<0.05）,而其余元素在贝壳中均匀分布.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

黄土丘陵区退耕时间序列梯度上草本植被群落与土壤C、N、P、K化学计量学特征

研究草本植被群落生态化学计量学特征、营养元素分配及其变化规律对阐明草本植被群落对环境变化的响应和适应性具有重要意义.本文以延河流域8个不同退耕年限的草本植被群落叶片、根系及土壤为对象,分别对其C、N、P、K化学计量学特征进行了研究.结果表明,黄土丘陵区草本植被群落叶片C、N、P、K含量平均值分别为444.21、22.34、1.49、14.66mg·g~(-1),C/N、C/P、C/K、N/P平均值分别为21.86、424.72、39.82、20.27;根系C、N、P、K含量平均值分别为285.16、5.79、0.27、6.07 mg·g~(-1),C/N、C/P、C/K、N/P平均值分别为60.56、1 019.33、46.55、21.36;土壤C、N、P、K含量平均值分别为2.28、0.18、0.28、4.33 mg·g~(-1),C/N、C/P、C/K、N/P平均值分别为16.43、8.40、0.54、0.66.在退耕1~35年间,草本植被群落叶片C含量上升,N含量先上升后下降,磷含量整体下降,K含量先下降后上升;叶片C/N、C/P、C/K、N/P总体呈上升趋势.根系C、N、P、K含量及其特征的变化规律与叶片不尽相同.随着退耕年限的增加,土壤C、N含量上升,P含量呈反正弦函数状变化,K含量呈抛物线状变化,C/N下降,C/P、C/K、N/P均上升.在退耕时间序列梯度上,C、P、K在叶片和根系中含量的比值存在不同程度的下降趋势,C、N、P在叶片和土壤中含量的比值下降,C、N在根系和土壤中含量的比值下降.植物营养元素的限制状况及分配规律均与退耕恢复时间响应关系及程度均存在差异.     

Environmental chemical study on the marsh of Fatimid cemetery at Aswan City,Egypt

ＩｎｔｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎＡｓｗａｎｇｏｖｅｒｎｏｒａｔｅ ,Ｅｇｙｐｔ ,ｉｓｆａｍｏｕｓｆｏｒｂｙｍｏｎｕｍｅｎｔｓ (Ａｎｃｉｅｎｔ,ＣｏｐｔｉｃａｎｄＩｓｌａｍｉｃ) .Ｔｈｅｆｏｕｎｄａｔｉｏｎａｒｅｏｆｔｈｅｆｉｒｓｔｉｍｐｏｒｔａｎｃｅａｎｄｃａｒｅｓｈｏｕｌｄｂｅｔａｋｅｎｔｏｓｅｅｔｈａｔｔｈｅｙａｒｅｃｏｎｓｏｌｉｄａｔｅｄａｎｄｐｒｏｔｅｃｔｅｄａｓｆｏｒａｓｐｏｓｓｉｂｌｅｆｒｏｍｔｈｅｉｎｆｉｌｔｒａｔｉｏｎｏｆｗａｔｅｒ.Ｗａｔｅｒｉｓａｍａｊｏｒｃａｕｓｅｏｆｄａｍａｇｅ ,ｎｏ…