“Chance” and mixed-species associations

Summary Spatial associations between members of different animal species may arise through mutual behavioral attraction, through attraction to common resources or locations, or by chance. I outline a means of calculating the expected duration of associations based on the null hypothesis that members of different species move independently and randomly. Observed association durations can be compared to these expectations to identify those cases of association (or avoidance) that have biologically interesting causes. The method is applicable to any species in which the presence of a second species can be recorded during focal samples of an individual or a cohesive social group. The data required are readily collected in the field; I illustrate the use of the technique with data from several East African forest primates.     

Founder Effects,Inbreeding, and Loss of Genetic Diversity in Four Avian Reintroduction Programs

Abstract: The number of individuals translocated and released as part of a reintroduction is often small, as is the final established population, because the reintroduction site is typically small. Small founder and small resulting populations can result in population bottlenecks, which are associated with increased rates of inbreeding and loss of genetic diversity, both of which can affect the long‐term viability of reintroduced populations. I used information derived from pedigrees of four monogamous bird species reintroduced onto two different islands (220 and 259 ha) in New Zealand to compare the pattern of inbreeding and loss of genetic diversity among the reintroduced populations. Although reintroduced populations founded with few individuals had higher levels of inbreeding, as predicted, other factors, including biased sex ratio and skewed breeding success, contributed to high levels of inbreeding and loss of genetic diversity. Of the 10–58 individuals released, 4–25 genetic founders contributed at least one living descendent and yielded approximately 3–11 founder–genome equivalents (number of genetic founders assuming an equal contribution of offspring and no random loss of alleles across generations) after seven breeding seasons. This range is much lower than the 20 founder–genome equivalents recommended for captive‐bred populations. Although the level of inbreeding in one reintroduced population initially reached three times that of a closely related species, the long‐term estimated rate of inbreeding of this one population was approximately one‐third that of the other species due to differences in carrying capacities of the respective reintroduction sites. The increasing number of reintroductions to suitable areas that are smaller than those I examined here suggests that it might be useful to develop long‐term strategies and guidelines for reintroduction programs, which would minimize inbreeding and maintain genetic diversity.     

浅议生态城市建设的4个环节

阐述了生态城市理念的演化过程和生态城市的不同提法,针对生态城市建设中需要解决的诸多问题,提出了生态城市建设应主要抓好的4个环节:和谐是生态城市的核心,发展是生态城市的动力,绿色是生态城市的生命,文明是生态城市的精髓。     

Written Accounts of an Amazonian Landscape Over the Last 450 Years

Abstract:  Books, articles, government documents, and other written accounts of tropical biology and conservation reach a tiny fraction of their potential audience. Some texts are inaccessible because of the language in which they are written. Others are only available to subscribers of developed-world journals, or distributed narrowly within tropical countries. To examine this dysfunction in the tropical literature—and what it means for conservation—we tried to compile everything ever written on the biology and conservation of the department of Madre de Dios, Peru, in southwestern Amazonia. Our search of libraries, databases, and existing bibliographies uncovered 2,202 texts totaling roughly 80,000 pages. Texts date from 1553 to 2004, but 93% were written after 1970. Since that year the publication rate has increased steadily from fewer than 10 texts/year to nearly 3 texts/week in 2004. Roughly half of the Madre de Dios bibliography is in Spanish-language texts written by Peruvian authors and mostly inaccessible outside Peru. Most of the remaining material is English-language texts written by foreign authors and largely inaccessible in Peru. Foreign authors tended to write about ecological studies with limited relevance to on-the-ground conservation challenges, whereas Peruvian authors were more likely to make specific management recommendations. The establishment of a Web-based digital library for Neotropical nature would help make the tropical literature a more efficient resource for science and conservation. Additional recommendations include investing in syntheses, translations, popular summaries, and peer-reviewed journals in tropical countries, providing incentives for management-relevant research in tropical protected areas, and reinforcing training of scientific reading and writing in tropical universities.     

无锡鼋头渚4种鹭类繁殖期的生态学特征研究

20 0 0年 3月～ 6月对无锡鼋头渚的鹭鸟繁殖期的种群生态特征进行了调查研究 ,结果表明 :栖息地共有鹭巢 3 64 0 0个 ,巢密度为 0 5 2个 /m2 ,平均每棵树有巢 3 3 6个 ;较早迁来的夜鹭首先占据了远离村庄及公路的相对较好的位置 ;鹭类筑巢对高大的马尾松利用率较高 ,且个体较大的鹭鸟多占据树的中上部 ,个体较小的鹭鸟则主要栖息于下部 ;夜鹭和牛背鹭平均窝卵数为 3个 /巢 ,白鹭和池鹭为 5个 /巢。     

4株多环芳烃降解菌的分离及鉴定

以多环芳烃(PAHs)为筛选培养基,从石油污染土壤和石油废水中筛选到4株能够降解PAHs的高效微生物菌株,分别定名为3-28、NF、EW和EY;并对其进行了形态学观察、生理生化指标测定及分子生物学鉴定.16S rDNA序列分析显示,这4株细菌分别有581、582、1209和1230个碱基,与Microbacterium、Cellulosimicrobium、Chelatococcus和Sphingopyxis等4个属有较高的序列同源性,分别为100%、97.8%、98.2%和99.0%.结合表型特征和16S rDNA序列分析,用DNAMAN构建系统发育树,并用Bootstraping法对其评价,初步将3-28、NF、EW和EY这4株PAHs降解菌分别归属于Microbacterium sp.、Cellulosimicrobium sp.、Chelatococcus sp.和Sphingopyxis sp..图3表1参22     

Gas and Organic Matter in Last Glacial and Holocenic Sediments of Venice Lagoon

Two drills (MBM1* and MBM2) provided at “Bocca di Malamocco” gave environmental and palaeo-environmental information on sedimentation for the last 50,000 years. the MBM2 supplies textural, gas and organic matter studies of sediment and principal ion content of pore water. Two main palaeo-environments, divided in six cycles, are recognized. Marine environment characterizes the sediment above 12.80 metres below sea level (mbsl) and continental environment dominates the sediments below.

The concentration/depth profiles of dissolved ammonia, phosphates and gases are related to the occurrence of a relatively high organic content in the sediment core. Carbon dioxide to methane ratio shows a constant value below 20 mbsl, while above that level only carbon dioxide was detected. A sulphate gradient in the transition zone between the marine to fresh water interval suggests a methane oxidation. These findings indicate that diffusive transport of methane from marine sediments to the atmosphere may be considered minimal. the sedimentary cycles are related to the oxygen isotopic stages. They suggest a variable hydraulic regime occurred during the last Glacial time in the palaeo-plain corresponding to the present Venice lagoon.     

四种不同生态系统的土壤解磷细菌数量及种群分布

通过分析农田、林地、草地和菜地土壤有机磷细菌和无机磷细菌的数量及种群结构,发现有机磷细菌数量比无机磷细菌多;有机磷细菌主要是芽孢杆菌属,其次是假单胞菌属;而无机磷细菌主要是假单胞菌属。菜地土壤解磷细菌的数量和种类最多。不同的细菌解磷能力差异很大,其解磷能力与培养介质的ｐＨ值有一定的关系;许多菌株在进一步的纯化过程中失去了解磷能力。     

4种吸附剂对对氯苯酚的吸附性能

研究了常温（18℃）条件下粉末活性炭（PAC）、颗粒活性炭（GAC）、天然膨润土和天然海泡石4种吸附剂对对氯苯酚（4-CP）的静态吸附规律,考察了投加灭活活性污泥对吸附性能的影响。结果表明：4种吸附剂对4-CP的吸附符合Langmiur和Freundlich吸附等温式,且吻合良好;4种吸附剂对4-CP的饱和吸附量不同,大小顺序为：PAC〉GAC〉天然膨润土〉天然海泡石;灭活活性污泥与4种吸附剂共存时,降低了4种吸附剂对4-CP的吸附能力。     

2,2',4,4'-四溴联苯醚(BDE-47)对4种海洋微藻的急性毒性

多溴联苯醚(PBDEs)是一类具有生态风险性的新型持久性有机污染物,其中BDE-47是对生物和人体毒性最强的PBDEs同系物之一.选择4种海洋微藻(海水小球藻、牟氏角毛藻、中肋骨条藻和赤潮异弯藻),采用概率单位一浓度对数法研究了BDE-47对海洋微藻的急性毒性效应(BDE-47浓度梯度设置为0、0.1、1、5、10、50μg·L-1).结果显示,BDE-47对海水小球藻、牟氏角毛藻、中肋骨条藻和赤潮异弯藻的96h半效应浓度(96h EC50)分别为0.79、1.52、1.99和2.25μg·L-1,表明BDE-47对海洋微藻属于极高毒性物质.     

Invasion and Extinction: The Last Three Million Years of North Sea Pelecypod History

El intercambio biótico occurre cuando dos o más biotas con distinta historia de evolución se unen, al mismo tiempo qua las barreras entre ellas disminuya La idea, que la extinctión de especies acompaña una invasión de especies durante el intercambio biótico, tiene sus raíces en que el éxito de una invasión es controlado en gran partepor competencia o predación entre especies nuevas y nativas Un análisis, de la gama estratigráfica de las especies de pelecipoda del Plioceno y Pleistoceno de la cuenca del mar del Norte, reveló que la magnitud de extinción no está correlacionada con el número absoluto de especies que invaden desde el Pacífico Norte, siguiendo la abertura del Estrecho de Bering durante el Plioceno Medio, o desde el Mediterraneo durante el Pleistoceno Temprano, y que las especies invasoras del Pacífico Norte y las especies Nativas del Mar del Norte fueron igualmente suceptibles a la extinctión durante el Pleistoceno Temprano. Sugiero que, aunque una invasión resulte en cambios ecológicos y poblacionules en la biota receptora, raramente causará extinctión en especies marinas, porque la competencia o caza predatora casi nunca tiene un 100% de éxito en localizer y matar a sus victimas, y también porque les poblaciones marinas tienden a ser grandes.
El hecho de que muchos invasores del Pacífico Norte y del Mediterraneo se hayan establecido en el Mar del Norte pimeramente durante el Pleistoceno, señala la posibilidad que la reocupación por organismos marinos del Mar del Norte, después de períodos de levantamiento del fondo marino, ha proveído oportunidades excepcionalmente buenas para la invasión exitosa de especies extranjeras.