萃取第三相形成过程中废水处理的去污机理

用漏斗试验法研究了［β－萘磺酸＋劳伦酸（钠）］－水－三辛胺（煤油）体系的萃取去污机理,结果表明,在萃取过程中除水溶性β－萘磺酸和劳伦酸的可溶部分各自与三辛胺萃取剂反应生成胺盐,并进一步聚合后形成萃取第三相外,劳伦酸的悬浮颗粒部分被第三相粘结除去,劳伦酸钠以分子形态被第三相吸附除去。并在合适的萃取条件下所涉及体系以COD计的去污率可达到95％左右。由此提出＂萃取－混凝－浮上＂的去污机理。     

江西省严重酸雨地带形成的影响因素

采用数字模拟技术,绘制了江西省降雨pH值曲面投影图及其等值线图,发现江西省在南昌(鹰潭(临川(吉安(赣州一线形成南北方向的“r”字形的严重酸雨带,并指出这条严重酸雨带的走向与信风环流圈和副热带高压带纬向环流一致.提出了矿山废石堆的硫化矿物是造成严重酸雨的主要致酸物质来源,揭示了江西省降雨pH值随副热带高压脊季节性南北推移而变化的规律.     

On the drop and aerosol size dependence of aqueous sulfate formation in a continental cumulus cloud

An entraining air parcel model including microphysical and chemical processes is used to investigate the drop size dependence of pollutant concentrations in a growing cloud under continental background conditions. For the calculation of the chemical processes, the drop size of the cloud drops and their initial dry particle size before activation is taken into account. The size dependence of the pollutant concentration in drops smaller than 8 μm radius is mainly influenced by the activation and fast condensational growth of recently entrained particles. In drops larger than 20 μm radius the main process influencing the drop size dependence of the pollutant concentration is coalescence between drops. The size dependence in drops between 8 and 20 μm radius is determined by the drops activated at the cloud base and the drops growing on particles that are entrained at higher altitudes, the influence of the latter rapidly increasing with height. Drops that are growing on large particles are polluted with initital aerosol matter to such an extent that sulfate production by oxidation is not significant in them. In drops growing on small particles the initial aerosol load has relatively little influence on the chemical processes in the drop. Oxidation of S(IV), especially by ozone, takes place mainly in these drops. The dependence of chemical processes of initial dryk particle size holds throughout the most of the cloud, until coalescence starts playing a role. If the cloud evaporates before producing precipitation-sized drops, the increase of aerosol mass due to cloud chemical processes is found to have taken place in the aerosol accumulation mode. If precipitation-sized drops were produced during the cloud stage, the soluble volume fraction of the aerosol matter has increased throughout the aerosol size distribution, but mainly in the accumulation mode.     

论浙东南磨石山群祝村组的解体

对浙东南磨石山群祝村组层型———丽水祝村剖面及其附近进一步地质调查时发现祝村组“下伏”的九里坪组为一个英安玢岩侵出体。祝村组建组的基础不存在。祝村组下部英安质熔结凝灰岩和上部流纹岩Nd同位素测定结果 :εNd(t)值和T2DM值分别为 - 9.6、- 7.2和1.70Ga、1.5 1Ga ,表明它们物质来源不同 ,属于不同火山旋回的产物。根据地层层序、岩石组合及与区域磨石山群地层对比 ,祝村组应解体为西山头组、茶湾组和九里坪组。祝村组一名不宜继续使用     

Characterization of condensed phase nitric acid particles formed in the gas phase

The formation of nitric acid hydrates has been observed in a chamber during the dark reaction of NO2 with O3 in the presence of air. The size of condensed phase nitric acid was measured to be 40–100 nm and 20–65 nm at relative humidity (RH) 6 5% and RH = 67% under our experimental conditions, respectively. The nitric acid particles were collected on the glass fiber membrane and their chemical compositions were analyzed by infrared spectrum. The main components of nitric acid hydrates in particles are HNO3 3H2O and NO3?? xH2O (x> 4) at low RH, whereas at high RH HNO3 H2O, HNO3 2H2O, HNO3 3H2O and NO3?? xH2O (x> 4) all exist in the condensed phase. At high RH HNO3 xH2O (x 6 3) collected on the glass fiber membrane is greatly increased, while NO3?? xH2O (x > 4) decreased, compared with low RH. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time to report that condensed phase nitric acid can be generated in the gas phase at room temperature.     

2-烯丙基苯酚在液相中的光化学降解研究

以太阳光和紫外灯为光源研究了 2 烯丙基苯酚在溶液相中的光化学降解 .太阳光下 ,2 烯丙基苯酚在甲醇、正己烷、重蒸水以及不同pH的缓冲溶液中的光稳定性很强 ,但在丙酮中可以光解 ,10 4mg·L-1 的 2 烯丙基苯酚在丙酮中的光解半衰期为 36 4h .核黄素、过氧化氢、三氯化铁能加快 2 烯丙基苯酚在水溶液中的光解速率 ,其中核黄素的敏化效果最显著 .在紫外光照下 ,2 烯丙基苯酚在各种溶剂中光解迅速 ,速率遵循一级动力学方程 ;水中溶解物质对其光解有一定的抑制作用 ;在pH=9的缓冲溶液中的光解速率 >pH =7的缓冲溶液中的光解速率 >pH =4的缓冲溶液中的光解速度 ;紫外光照 2h ,2 烯丙基苯酚在甲醇中的主要光降解产物经GC MS和LC MS鉴定为 :2 ,4 ,5 三羟基苯甲醛、邻羟基苯乙酸甲酯、对烯丙基苯酚、2 甲基苯并二氢呋喃     

柴达木盆地盐类资源成矿构造环境及成矿预测

运用区域地质资料和地球重力测量资料的分析成果,对柴达木盆地新生代地层沉积建造的空间位置和基本构造形式进行了讨论;用实验对比和地质概化的方法,建立了新生代盆地的构造边界和构造系统;用地球动力成矿和层位耦合成矿的规律说明,新生代盆地内部存在共轭成矿作用,并可用来预测成盐成矿地段和筛选寻矿找矿靶区,为中国大陆盆地的盐类矿产资源的开发和研究提供依据。根据柴达木盆地基底构造的分析,在第四纪成矿作用的基础上,在新生代地层深部寻找新的盐类矿床是大有前景的。依据成矿环境条件,圈定出5个盐类矿床的成矿构造带,是今后找矿勘探的靶区及成矿远景地带。     

A 1-dodecanethiol-based phase transfer protocol for the highly efficient extraction of noble metal ions from aqueous phase

A 1-dodecanethiol-based phase-transfer protocol is developed for the extraction of noble metal ions from aqueous solution to a hydrocarbon phase, which calls for first mixing the aqueous metal ion solution with an ethanolic solution of 1-dodecanethiol, and then extracting the coordination compounds formed between noble metal ions and1-dodecanethiol into a non-polar organic solvent. A number of characterization techniques,including inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and thermogravimetric analysis demonstrate that this protocol could be applied to extract a wide variety of noble metal ions from water to dichloromethane with an efficiency of 96%, and has high selectivity for the separation of the noble metal ions from other transition metals. It is therefore an attractive alternative for the extraction of noble metals from water, soil, or waste printed circuit boards.     

臭氧氧化产物甲醛的产生机理研究

对3类含不同碳链结构的有机物进行臭氧氧化,研究了氧化过程中的甲醛浓度变化情况,并对臭氧单独氧化、臭氧和羟基自由基混合氧化和羟基自由基氧化特性进行了分析.以丙烯酸为目标物,分别研究了不同进气流量、气态臭氧浓度和双氧水投加量对甲醛浓度的影响.结果表明:苯环上不同的取代基对甲醛产量有较大影响,单烯烃的α-C上连接的基团对甲醛浓度影响更大;在氧化过程中,甲醛浓度表现出先增后减的变化趋势,出现峰值.增大进气流量和进气臭氧浓度会使峰值减小,并使出峰时间缩短,但会提高初始产出速率;对不同有机物,羟基自由基氧化对甲醛产量的影响不同,氧化丙烯酸和反丁烯二酸时,甲醛积累量减小,而氧化壬基酚和水杨酸等芳香族化合物时,甲醛积累量提高.     

A 1-dodecanethiol-based phase transfer protocol for the highly efficient extraction of noble metal ions from aqueous phase

A 1-dodecanethiol-based phase-transfer protocol is developed for the extraction of noble metal ions from aqueous solution to a hydrocarbon phase, which calls for first mixing the aqueous metal ion solution with an ethanolic solution of 1-dodecanethiol, and then extracting the coordination compounds formed between noble metal ions and 1-dodecanethiol into a non-polar organic solvent. A number of characterization techniques, including inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and thermogravimetric analysis demonstrate that this protocol could be applied to extract a wide variety of noble metal ions from water to dichloromethane with an efficiency of >96%, and has high selectivity for the separation of the noble metal ions from other transition metals. It is therefore an attractive alternative for the extraction of noble metals from water, soil, or waste printed circuit boards.     

A 1-dodecanethiol-based phase transfer protocol for the highly efficient extraction of noble metal ions from aqueous phase

A 1-dodecanethiol-based phase-transfer protocol is developed for the extraction of noble metal ions from aqueous solution to a hydrocarbon phase, which calls for first mixing the aqueous metal ion solution with an ethanolic solution of 1-dodecanethiol, and then extracting the coordination compounds formed between noble metal ions and 1-dodecanethiol into a non-polar organic solvent. A number of characterization techniques, including inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and thermogravimetric analysis demonstrate that this protocol could be applied to extract a wide variety of noble metal ions from water to dichloromethane with an efficiency of > 96%, and has high selectivity for the separation of the noble metal ions from other transition metals. It is therefore an attractive alternative for the extraction of noble metals from water, soil, or waste printed circuit boards.     

Characterization of N-nitrosodimethylamine formation from the ozonation of ranitidine

N-nitrosodimethylamine(NDMA) is an emerging disinfection by-product which is formed during water disinfection in the presence of amine-based precursors. Ranitidine, as one kind of amine-based pharmaceuticals, has been identified as NDMA precursor with high NDMA molar conversion during chloramination. This study focused on the characterization of NDMA formation during ozonation of ranitidine. Influences of operational variables(ozone dose, pH value) and water matrix on NDMA generation as well as ranitidine degradation were evaluated. The results indicate high reactivity of ranitidine with ozone.Dimethylamine(DMA) and NDMA were generated due to ranitidine oxidation. High pH value caused more NDMA accumulation. NDMA formation was inhibited under acid conditions(pH ≤ 5) mainly due to the protonation of amines. Water matrix such as HCO-3and humic acid impacted NDMA generation due to UOH scavenging. Compared with UOH,ozone molecules dominated the productions of DMA and NDMA. However, UOH was a critical factor in NDMA degradation. Transformation products of ranitidine during ozonation were identified using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Among these products, just DMA and N,N-dimethylformamide could contribute to NDMA formation due to the DMA group in the molecular structures. The NDMA formation pathway from ranitidine ozonation was also proposed.     

Additional mass transport considerations in the formation of hydroxyalkylsulfonates

The formation rates of hydroxyalkylsulfonates in cloud droplets was examined with consideration of aldehyde mass transport to droplets and hydration rates of aldehydes in cloud droplets. Detailed calculations were performed for hydroxymethanesulfonate formation in cloud droplets. It was found that mass transport of formaldehyde into droplets can occur rapidly enough so that methylene glycol dehydration is not the rate limiting step as it is, under certain conditions, in a closed system.