Renewable financial support systems and cost-effectiveness

This paper analyses the performance of ‘market-based’ and ‘feed-in tariff’ systems of renewable energy procurement, and comments on the impact of different procurement systems on investment in renewable energy. The ‘market-based’ British Renewables Obligation (RO) is not more cost-effective compared to the German feed in tariff. Although the nominal rates of payment per kWh of renewable energy are higher in Germany, this is more than offset by lower wind speeds in Germany producing a lower return on investment compared to the UK. A harmonised, EU-wide market-based system, would not improve cost-effectiveness, and may serve to reduce, rather than increase, local investment in renewable energy. On the other hand, nationally based green electricity certificate systems like the RO are not intrinsically biased against locally owned or co-operative ventures. Systems are needed which encourage a diversity of investment in renewable energy from local as well as institutional sources.     

Colour and organic removal of biologically treated coffee curing wastewater by electrochemical oxidation method

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月面太阳风环境效应及试验技术

阐述了太阳风模拟试验设备的一般要求,重点分析了太阳风模拟设备最基本的分系统组成,即质子源、电子源、离子束测量装置和真空系统,归纳了每个分系统的关键技术指标,包括辐射粒子能量、通量密度、真空度等。并提出增加紫外源和月尘模拟系统等分系统,以建立完备的月面环境模拟试验系统。     

试论我国陆地再生能源资源及其特征

在世界矿物能源资源日趋减少的今天,再生能源资源引起人们广泛的兴趣,特别是陆地再生能源资源更是如此。本文对我国陆地再生能源资源——太阳能、风能、水能、生物质能——中的前两种能源资源进行了分区及分省计算,并依据全国已有的调查及普查资料,对后两种源能资源进行了分省及分区统计,在此基础上又对全国陆地再生能源资源的数量、分布及特征进行了对比分析,并从宏观上提出了开发利用我国陆地再生能源资源的建议和设想。     

Assessment of renewable energy potential and policy in Turkey – Toward the acquisition period in European Union

This paper aims to assess the renewable energy capacity of Turkey in order to consider main priorities in the energy policy of Turkey. In this paper, renewable energy potential and regulatory conditions are discussed in Turkey in comparison with European Union. The results of the study implemented within the framework of EnviroGRIDS project indicated a promising yet very susceptible future for the implementation of renewable energy power plants in Turkey. The forecasts have shown that the solar power potential utilization is becoming more significant after 2020. The projections for 2050 indicate that electricity consumption from small and medium renewable energy sources including solar and wind will constitute 15% of the total, whereas the solar thermal will constitute around 16%. Geothermal and other renewables will remain around 3%. According to the high demand scenario, in 2050 the share of hydropower in overall electricity generation will be 12%, followed by solar power at 7% and wind power at 3%. Additionally, renewable energy policy and regulations in Turkey and in EU are overviewed in this study. On the contrary to EU, the constant feed-in tariff amount does not consider capital investments of specific energy sources in Turkey that brings disadvantage to the implementation. However, new regulations published and currently applied should be accepted as milestones in acquisition period of Turkey in EU.     

低温等离子体与催化剂联用降解空气中低浓度的苯

采用介质阻挡放电(DBD)与催化剂(MnO2,TiO2)联用降解空气中低浓度的苯(C6H6)。考察了苯的转化率、产物选择性、能量效率随能量密度的变化关系。研究发现,苯的转化率随能量密度的增加而增加,当注入DBD反应器的能量密度为1200J/L时,等离子体协同催化剂MnO2氧化苯的转化率达到了92%。苯的氧化产物为一氧化碳(CO)和二氧化碳(CO2),进而阐述了其氧化机理。当能量密度为430J/L时,在催化剂MnO2,TiO2存在的条件下,能量效率分别达到了0.062与0.043mol/kWh。     

Impact of urban water supply on energy use in China: a provincial and national comparison

To reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and help mitigate climate change, urban water systems need to be adapted so that electrical energy use is minimised. In this study, energy data from 2011 was used to quantify energy use in China’s urban water supply sector. The objective was to calculate the energy co-benefits of urban water conservation policies and compare energy use between China and other countries. The study investigated influencing factors with the aim of informing the development of energy efficient urban water infrastructure. The average energy use per cubic metre and per capita for urban water supply in China in 2011 was 0.29 kWh/m³ and 33.2 kWh/cap year, respectively. Total GHG emissions associated with energy use in the urban water supply sector were 7.63 MtCO₂e, or carbon dioxide equivalent. Calculations using these indicators showed significant energy savings could result from water conservation measures. A comparison between provinces of China showed a direct correlation between energy intensity of urban water supply and the population served per unit length of pipe. This may imply energy and emission intensity can be reduced if more densely populated areas are supplied by a corresponding pipe density, rather than by a low-density network operating at higher flow rates. This study also found that while the percentage of electrical energy used for urban water supply tended to increase with the percentage of population served, this increase was slower where water supply was more energy efficient and where a larger percentage of population was already supplied.     

A new technology for harnessing the dye polluted water and dye collection in a chemical factory

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Use of rural energy resources and eco-environmental degradation in Tibet

IntroductionReportedasthethirdpoleoftheearth(Zheng ,1996) ,theTibetregionisthemainbodyoftheQinghai TibetPlateau.Itcrosses 9°50′oflatitudefromsouthtonorthand2 0°30′oflongitudefromeasttowest,withavastareaof1 2millionkm2 andahighaverageelevationofover40 …     

No-policy greenhouse gas emission scenarios: revisiting IPCC 1992

A new set of no-policy global greenhouse gas (GHG) emission scenarios was developed using the atmospheric stabilization framework, the same modeling tool that was used to generate the IS92 emission scenarios for the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Revised assumptions about population and economic growth, combined with updated information on changes in renewable energy supply, the efficiency of energy generation and other factors resulted in changes in GHG emission profiles over the next century, which led to an increase in the estimated global average temperature change as compared to the IS92 scenarios. Model results indicate that the largest increase in emissions, which led to a temperature increase of about 3.4°C by 2100 (relative to 1990), can be expected when a rapid increase in the GNP per capita levels of the non-OECD countries is combined with a low availability of solar/wind and biomass energy resources and slow energy efficiency improvements. The smallest increase in emissions and temperature by 2100 (about 2.5°C) occurred when a relatively slow increase in the GNP per capita in the non-OECD countries was combined with a high availability of renewable energy resources and rapid energy efficiency improvements.     

基于情景模糊动态MABAC的可再生能源选择方法

为构建一套有效选择可再生能源的指标体系和评价方法,考虑多种能源的不同特性对环境与经济承载力的制约,围绕经济、环境、技术、社会政治及能源来源质量5个维度,提出能够全面评价可再生能源的指标体系和基于情景模糊动态MABAC（多属性边界逼近区域比较法）的评价方法.在评价方法构建上,采用情景模糊集（picture fuzzy set,PFS）对MABAC进行改进,实现在多准则决策问题中利用模糊信息进行精准决策.在此基础上,将时间因素与MABAC相拟合,进一步求得可再生能源与边界逼近区域的贴近度,确定与地方环境承载力相适宜的可再生能源.结果表明:在考虑时间因素的条件下,风能、太阳能、水能与边界逼近区域的贴近度分别为0.102 66、-0.133 90、0.040 16,说明风能为经济效益最佳的可再生能源,太阳能为可利用能源;在未考虑时间因素条件下,所得到的贴近度则与之存在差异,风能、太阳能、水能与边界逼近区域的贴近度分别为0.011 29、-0.058 00、0.023 40.研究显示,基于情景模糊动态MABAC评价结果与实际情况更相符,且通过模型的验证过程来看,该模型不仅可以提高结果的精确性,也同样易于实施和便于推广.      

无机阴离子对电化学氧化降解水体中4-CP的影响

为了探讨废水中无机阴离子对电化学氧化降解对氯苯酚（4-CP）产生的影响。文章采用了自制圆形电化学反应器,通过改变模拟废水中电解质及其浓度来分析无机阴离子对4-CP去除率及矿化率的影响。试验研究表明,当废水中以OH-为主且浓度约为0.01 mol/L时,4-CP去除率可达81.99%,矿化率最高可达38.09%,而电化学能耗最低仅为35.57 kWh。     

中国可再生能源GIS的设计与开发

可再生能源资源具有的可再生性和清洁性,使其逐渐成为世界性的能源建设发展方向。根据可再生能源的特殊自然属性,建立了包括:资源监测指标、设备指标、经济评价指标、环境评价指标的一套稳定、可操作的指标体系,并依照此体系开发了中国可再生能源地理信息系统。系统采用GeomediaProfessional平台,基于Client/Server模式,是第一个全国范围的可再生能源资源GIS,它实现了对中国可再生能源资源中的风能、太阳能、生物质能、地热能四种能源资源的空间、属性数据的统一管理和动态监测。同时,利用GIS特有的空间分析功能,结合资源开发评估模型,为中国可再生能源资源的开发和利用提供辅助决策支持。     

海面动力学粗糙度参数化方案对近海风资源评估结果的影响

采用数值模拟手段可以获取风能资源开发利用高度处资源量的区域分布状况,海面的动力学特性对近海面风速的数值模拟结果影响较大,论文采用WRF模式来研究不同海面动力学粗糙度参数化方案对近海及沿海地区风能资源的数值模拟评估结果影响以及方案的适用性.采用不考虑粗糙度变化(P_0)、WRF模式中参数化公式系数为定值的方案(P_WRF)、Yelland和Taylor 的分风速对参数化系数进行取值的方案(P_YT)对杭州湾近海及沿海地区风场进行模拟研究.通过与观测资料的对比分析可以得出以下结论:通过参数化方法改变海面动力学粗糙度可以改进近海和沿海地区风速的模拟效果,且P_YT 方案的模拟效果要优于P_WRF方案;当观测点为海风时,考虑粗糙度变化方案的风速模拟结果改进更加明显;观测点风速低于约8 m/s 时,所有方案模拟结果的相对误差均随风速增加而降低,P_YT 方案的模拟误差最小,P_0 的误差最大;而当风速大于8 m/s 时,相对误差会随风速的增加而增加,P_YT方案模拟误差最大,P_0 方案误差最小.三种方案模拟风能资源差异主要体现在陆地沿海和近海区域,离海岸线较远的陆上地区模拟结果相差不大,在沿海和近海区域方案P_WRF平均风速模拟结果比方案P_YT的偏高约为0.5 m/s,平均风功率密度偏高约为50 W/m².     

Model for empowering rural poor through renewable energy technologies in Bangladesh

This paper proposes an integrated ecological, economic and social model to assist sustainable rural development in villages in Bangladesh. In the model, renewable energy technologies (RETs) create income-generating activities for male landless and marginal farmers and for women from such households, while reducing environmental problems, like deforestation and indoor air pollution from cooking with poor-quality fuels. Because of the high capital costs of RETs, the model proposes an extension of the well-known micro-credit approach developed by such NGOs as the Grameen Bank and BRAC. With the assistance of an External Agency composed of NGO, business, government and university representatives, such groups of villagers would form Village Organizations, comprising cooperatives or other forms of business, borrow money from a bank or large NGO, and purchase a RET based on biogas, solar or wind, depending upon location. By selling energy to wealthier members of the village, the Village Organizations would repay their loans, thus gaining direct ownership and control over the technology and its applications.     

社区化粪池污水能量转化估算与分析研究

以化粪池单元为研究对象,基于ADM1模型的反应过程,建立了社区化粪池污水能量转化核算模型(WeMax-STK模型),对污水能量在化粪池中的赋存、转化以及去向进行了分析,并评估了污水能量的回收潜力.结果表明,WeMax-STK模型整体可靠,模拟值与监测值的平均误差不超过24%,不确定性低于18%,模型准确率在70%以上.化粪池进水有机物转化为热能和内部微生物能量的比例约占进水总化学能量的17%,污水化学能的主要去向是转化为慢速降解基质的能量,化粪池内有机物转化为气态甲烷的能量仅占进水化学能总量的4%左右.污水热能的回收强度约4.6kWh/m³,热能回收潜力约为24%～25%,大约是污水化学能回收潜力的3～6倍.     

用电渗析和离子交换相结合的方法处理印制电路板氯化铜废水

据统计,我国有近千家生产印制电路板的工厂。在生产过程中,大量被刻蚀下来的铜离子随废水排放。一个年产20万m~2电路板的小型工厂,一年内就要排放掉近30t铜。这不仅浪费了铜,而且严重地污染了环境。因此,治理刻蚀工艺含铜废水具有现实意义。 传统的中和沉淀法处理刻蚀工艺含铜废水投资高、占地面积大、耗用大量化学试剂;该法处理过的水含盐量(尤其C1~-)高,不能直接回用。     

An innovative integrated system utilizing solar energy as power for the treatment of decentralized wastewater

This article reports an innovative integrated system utilizing solar energy as power for decentralized wastewater treatment, which consists of an oxidation ditch with double channels and a photovoltaic (PV) system without a storage battery. Because the system operates without a storage battery, which can reduce the cost of the PV system, the solar radiation intensity affects the amount of power output from the PV system. To ensure that the power output is sufficient in all different weather conditions, the solar radiation intensity of 78 W/m 2 with 95% confidence interval was defined as a threshold of power output for the PV system according to the monitoring results in this study, and a step power output mode was used to utilize the solar energy as well as possible. The oxidation ditch driven by the PV system without storage battery ran during the day and stopped at night. Therefore, anaerobic, anoxic and aerobic conditions could periodically appear in the oxidation ditch, which was favorable to nitrogen and phosphate removal from the wastewater. The experimental results showed that the system was efficient, achieving average removal efficiencies of 88% COD, 98% NH 4 + -N, 70% TN and 83% TP, under the loading rates of 140 mg COD/(g MLSS·day), 32 mg NH 4 + -N/(g MLSS·day), 44 mg TN/(g MLSS·day) and 5 mg TP/(g MLSS·day).     

中国资源能源稀缺度因子及其在生命周期评价中的应用

在生命周期评价(Life Cycle Assessment, LCA)方法中,利用资源稀缺度因子,可以综合评价一个产品生命周期中总体的资源消耗水平。论文基于广泛采用的CML方法中的非生物资源消耗(Abiotic Depletion Potential, ADP)因子,通过引入中国的资源自给率修正,得出了中国非生物资源消耗因子(Chinese Abiotic Depletion Potential,CADP)及其指标。CADP因子可支持国内LCA研究和相关政策研究中的资源、能源消耗综合评价,同时也为其他国家或地区的资源评价提供了一种普遍适用的方法。案例研究表明,1 kWh电网电力的生命周期CADP指标为1.02 kg coal-R eq.,60.46%的贡献都来自于原煤资源的消耗,其次来自石油的消耗(11.63%),此外还包括基础设施建设中铜、镍等资源的消耗。     

等离子体协同金属氧化物催化氧化苯的研究

以Al2O3和Ag/Al2O3为催化剂,采用介质阻挡放电(DBD)反应器降解空气中低浓度的苯(C6H6),重点考察了苯的转化率、能量效率随能量密度的变化关系.研究发现:苯的氧化产物为一氧化碳(CO)和二氧化碳(CO2),当能量密度为94 J/L时,在催化剂Ag/Al2O3、Al2O3存在以及不使用催化剂的条件下,苯的能量效率分别达到了0.054 mol/kW·h、0.038 mol/kw·h与0.024 mol/kW·h.同时,探讨了国外应用低温等离子体技术处理气体污染物的相关研究成果,并与本研究做了比较.