MODIS遥感气溶胶光学厚度产品在地面能见距中的应用

利用气象站点能见距的历史资料和NASA的MOD1S卫星遥感手段获取10km＊10km分辨率的气溶胶光学厚度资料，建立二者之间的季节平均关系。得到了上海地区季节变化的气溶胶标高，并利用标高数据和气溶胶光学厚度的季节分布。反演出上海地区季节变化的区域能见距分布，研究近地层大气气溶胶与地面能见距的关系，分析上海市能见度时空分布特征，结果显示：上海城区在冬春季平均能见距较差，市区中心能见距在lOkm以下；低能见距中心分布明显。且主要分布在杨浦、桃浦、吴淞等工业区范围。     

MODIS遥感气溶胶光学厚度产品在地面能见距中的应用

利用气象站点能见距的历史资料和NASA的MODIS卫星遥感手段获取10km*10km分辨率的气溶胶光学厚度资料,建立二者之间的季节平均关系,得到了上海地区季节变化的气溶胶标高,并利用标高数据和气溶胶光学厚度的季节分布,反演出上海地区季节变化的区域能见距分布,研究近地层大气气溶胶与地面能见距的关系,分析上海市能见度时空分布特征,结果显示:上海城区在冬春季平均能见距较差,市区中心能见距在10km以下;低能见距中心分布明显,且主要分布在杨浦、桃浦、吴淞等工业区范围.     

北黄海圆岛海域MODIS气溶胶光学厚度产品有效性验证

利用北黄海圆岛岛基太阳光度计气溶胶光学厚度（aerosol optical depth,AOD）实测数据,在优选时空匹配窗口的基础上,对最新版本MODIS C061 AOD产品开展了有效性验证。结果表明,相对于其他尺度的采样窗口,采用30 km×30 km空间采样窗口、±0.5 h时间采样窗口可以得到更加准确的验证结果。在此时空窗口下,MODISA AOD产品（550 nm）与岛基观测数据具有非常好的一致性,相关系数达到0.98,春季、秋季和冬季AOD产品精度满足NASA的设计要求,夏季数据存在较大误差,符合NASA期望误差（[（0.04+0.1*AOD）,（-0.02-0.1*AOD）]）的比例仅为40%,气溶胶模型假定不合理是其可能的误差来源。     

京津冀地区MODIS 3 km气溶胶光学厚度产品与10 km产品的对比分析

本文以京津冀为研究区,对该地区的大气气溶胶光学厚度的分布及变化进行分析.利用AERONET地基观测的气溶胶光学厚度(AOD)数据,对最新发布的MODIS/Aqua C6.1 3 km AOD产品在京津冀地区的适用性进行验证,并将3 km产品与MODIS/Aqua C6.1 10 km产品进行对比.分析结果表明:MODIS 3 km AOD产品比AERONET地基AOD的相关性高,相关系数达到了0.95;与MODIS 10 km AOD产品相比,其下垫面为城市地区的反演精度低;在时空分布上,MODIS 3 km AOD产品更好的呈现了气溶胶梯度变化,季平均结果中,四季3 km AOD值都略高于10 km产品.以上结论可为MODIS 3 km AOD产品在京津冀地区的使用提供了借鉴与参考.     

Direct radiative forcing of urban aerosols over Pretoria (25.75°S, 28.28°E) using AERONET Sunphotometer data: First scientific results and environmental impact

The present study uses the data collected from Cimel Sunphotometer of Aerosol Robotic Network（AERONET） for the period from January to December, 2012 over an urban site,Pretoria（PTR; 25.75°S, 28.28°E, 1449 m above sea level）, South Africa. We found that monthly mean aerosol optical depth（AOD, τa） exhibits two maxima that occurred in summer（February） and winter（August） having values of 0.36 ± 0.19 and 0.25 ± 0.14,respectively, high-to-moderate values in spring and thereafter, decreases from autumn with a minima in early winter（June） 0.12 ± 0.07. The Angstrom exponents（α440–870） likewise,have its peak in summer（January） 1.70 ± 0.21 and lowest in early winter（June） 1.38 ± 0.26,while the columnar water vapor（CWV） followed AOD pattern with high values（summer） at the beginning of the year（February, 2.10 ± 0.37 cm） and low values（winter） in the middle of the year（July, 0.66 ± 0.21 cm）. The volume size distribution（VSD） in the fine-mode is higher in the summer and spring seasons, whereas in the coarse mode the VSD is higher in the winter and lower in the summer due to the hygroscopic growth of aerosol particles.The single scattering albedo（SSA） ranged from 0.85 to 0.96 at 440 nm over PTR for the entire study period. The averaged aerosol radiative forcing（ARF） computed using SBDART model at the top of the atmosphere（TOA） was- 8.78 ± 3.1 W/m2, while at the surface it was- 25.69 ± 8.1 W/m2 leading to an atmospheric forcing of ＋ 16.91 ± 6.8 W/m2, indicating significant heating of the atmosphere with a mean of 0.47 K/day.     

东南亚生物质燃烧输送影响我国西南气溶胶辐射特性研究

利用2013年地基CE-318太阳光度计观测数据,结合中分辨率成像光谱仪（MODIS）遥感产品和HYSPLIT后向轨迹分析,研究了一次东南亚生物质燃烧污染长距离输送至中国西南昆明站点过程（2013年4月5~8日）中,气溶胶光学特性和辐射特性的变化及其可能来源.结果表明,此次污染过程期间,我国西南地区生物质燃烧活动较少,而中南半岛地区生物质燃烧活动显著.4月5~7日,昆明站点气溶胶光学厚度（AOD）升高,消光波长指数（EAE）和吸收波长指数（AAE）均增大.此外,依据EAE和AAE分类方法,5~6日昆明站点以城市工业气溶胶为主,7~8日以生物质燃烧气溶胶为主,其细模态峰值半径（0.11μm）小于5~6日（0.15μm）,7日细模态粒子体积浓度峰值（约为0.16μm³/μm²）是5日的2倍.气溶胶直接辐射强迫（ARF）日变化结果表明4月7日气溶胶对地表的降温效应达到最大,对大气的加热作用最强.气溶胶直接辐射强迫效率值（ARFE）的变化表明生物质燃烧气溶胶对大气顶的降温作用减弱.MODIS遥感以及HYSPLIT模式后向轨迹表明,此次昆明站点生物质燃烧气溶胶主要来源于东南亚地区（主要是印度北部、印缅北部和不丹地区）.     

Estimation of aerosol optical depth in relation to meteorological parameters over eastern and western routes of China Pakistan economic corridor

This study finds out seasonal and monthly variations in Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD) over eastern and western routes of China Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) and the relationship between AOD and meteorological parameters (i.e., temperature, rainfall and wind speed). The Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) and Multi-angle Imaging Spectroradiometer (MISR) data was used from the terra satellite for the period of 2000-2016. This study aims to overtake the conventional view of the purpose of using the satellite datasets. This study takes on to the concept that validated satellite data sets rather should be used for the analysis instead of just validation specifically for our study region. Hence, after comparing MODIS AOD with MISR AOD, only MISR AOD dataset is used for further analysis. The results show a decreasing trend of AOD in summer season, a positive relationship between temperature and AOD during winter and spring seasons whereas a positive relationship between wind speed and AOD in winter and spring seasons over eastern and western routes. Periodic analysis of MODIS AOD and MISR AOD depicts May-Aug as the peak period of aerosol concentration over central Pakistan. The inter-annual analysis shows the aerosol trend remained higher during summer season however rainfall shows the washout effect. Eastern route has higher standard deviation and larger values for aerosol prevalence as compared to western route. The trajectory analysis using the HYSPLIT model suggests the bias of air mass trajectory caused deviation in the aerosol trend in the year 2014.     

大气气溶胶多层结构的激光雷达探测

目的探测大气气溶胶的垂直分布,表征气溶胶的垂直结构和各层气溶胶的性质。方法使用金华站点激光雷达观测数据进行个例分析,用梯度法对边界层进行反演,利用退偏振比、颜色比和光学厚度对大气中不同高度的气溶胶层进行分析。结果大气垂直结构会出现多层不同性质的气溶胶层,激光雷达可以准确地探测气溶胶随时间变化的垂直结构特征。选取0点至8点进行分析表明,在1.5km高度上下出现两层气溶胶层,上下两层气溶胶层呈现出不同的性质,且其性质会随时间变化而改变。结论大气边界层以外气溶胶分布较为复杂,利用激光雷达探测的气溶胶消光系数、退偏振比、颜色比和光学厚度等参数能够较好地表征气溶胶的垂直结构和各层气溶胶的性质。     

华北平原夏收期间气溶胶卫星遥感探测分析

为研究2014年华北平原在夏收期间气溶胶污染的时空分布特征及形成原因,对2014年6月MODIS卫星的华北平原的气溶胶光学厚度(AOD)、细粒子比(FMF)、火点分布及后向轨迹进行了分析.结果表明,2014年6月华北平原的气溶胶光学厚度值在1.2~2.0之间,远高于年平均值1.0~1.2,而6月的火点分布主要集中在6—14日,此阶段的气溶胶光学厚度值高于6月6日前及14日以后的气溶胶光学厚度值.在两个特定研究区——华北南部及长三角地区,通过对6月的3个阶段的细粒子比进行分析,发现火点集中阶段细粒子排放增多,确定此次污染极有可能是由秸秆燃烧造成.在火点集中时期,两个研究区的后向轨迹说明,污染主要来自火点分布密集区域,进一步确定了秸秆燃烧是华北平原在夏收期间的主要污染源之一.     

基于卫星资料的华东地区气溶胶三维分布特征研究

利用MODIS和CALIPSO level2气溶胶产品,通过统计分析多个气溶胶光学参数（光学厚度、消光系数、色比和退偏振比）的时空分布及其变化,得出2007~2016年华东地区（27°N~37°N,113°E~123°E）气溶胶三维分布特征.结果表明,华东地区气溶胶光学厚度（AOD）年平均呈现出北高南低,平原高、山地低的分布特征.AOD季节分布表现为春夏高,秋冬低,夏季最高,冬季最低,且研究区域北部（31°N以北）AOD季节变化比南部地区剧烈.气溶胶消光系数（σ）随高度呈指数衰减,秋冬（春夏）低层σ较大（小）但随高度衰减较快（慢）,2km以下北高南低.年平均色比（CR）随高度递增,变化范围为0.6~0.7,随时间有减小趋势.CR季节特征为4km以下春季最大,夏季最小且均一;4km以上冬季最大,夏季最小.年平均退偏振比（PDR）随高度递增,变化范围为0.1~0.25,北部较大.PDR季节特征为5km以下春季最大,夏季最小;5km以上冬季最大,夏季最小.从气溶胶组成来看,华东地区2km以下以污染沙尘为主;2~5km春季以沙尘为主,其它季节以烟尘为主;5km以上冬春以沙尘为主,夏秋以烟尘为主.     

Industrial and wildfire aerosol pollution over world heritage Lake Baikal

Lake Baikal is the biggest reservoir of fresh water with unique flora and fauna; presently it is negatively affected by climate change, water warming, industrial emissions, shipping, touristic activities, and Siberian forest fires. The assessment of air pollution - related Baikal's ecosystem damage is an unsolved problem. Ship, based expedition exploring the Baikal atmospheric aerosol loading, was performed over the lake area in July 2018. We combine the aerosol near - water and vertical distributions over the Lake Baikal basin with meteorological observations and air mass transportation simulations. Lidar sounding of aerosol fields in the troposphere assesses the atmospheric background in the pristine areas and the pollution during fire-affected periods. Aerosol optical properties (scattering and spectral absorption) converted to the particle number size, black carbon (BC) mass, and Absorption Angstrom Exponent (AAE) provide the inside into aerosol characterization. Transport of industrial emissions from Krasnoyarsk and Irkutsk regions, and wildfire plumes from Republic of Yakutia relates the pollution sources to the increased concentrations of fine particle numbers, PM₁₀ and BC mass over Southern and Northern/Central Baikal, respectively. The highest PM₁₀ and BC are associated to the harbor and touristic areas of intensive shipping and residential biomass burning. Deposition estimates applied to aerosol data exhibit the pollution fluxes to water surface over the whole Baikal area. AAE marks the impact of coal combustion, residential biomass burning, and wildfires indicating the high pollution level of the Lake Baikal ecological system .     

Evolutionary processes and sources of high-nitrate haze episodes over Beijing, Spring

Rare and consecutive high-nitrate haze pollution episodes were observed in Beijing in spring2012. We present detailed characterization of the sources and evolutionary mechanisms of this haze pollution, and focus on an episode that occurred between 15 and 26 April. Submicron aerosol species were found to be substantially elevated during haze episodes, and nitrates showed the largest increase and occupation(average: 32.2%) in non-refractory submicron particles(NR-PM_1), which did not occur in other seasons as previously reported. The haze episode(HE) was divided into three sub-episodes, HEa, HEb, and HEc. During HEa and HEc, a shallow boundary layer, stagnant meteorological conditions, and high humidity favored the formation of high-nitrate concentrations, which were mainly produced by three different processes —daytime photochemical production, gas-particle partitioning, and nighttime heterogeneous reactions — and the decline in visibility was mainly induced by NR-PM_1.However, unlike HEa and HEc, during HEb, the contribution of high nitrates was partly from the transport of haze from the southeast of Beijing — the transport pathway was observed at ~800–1000 m by aerosol Lidar —and the decline in visibility during HEb was primarily caused by PM_(2.5). Our results provide useful information for air quality improvement strategies in Beijing during Spring.     

Aerosol structure and vertical distribution in a multi-source dust region

The vertical distribution of aerosols was directly observed under various atmospheric conditions in the free troposphere using surface micro-pulse lidar (MPL4) at the Zhangye Station (39.08°N, 100.27°E) in western China in the spring of 2008. The study shows that the aerosol distribution over Zhangye can be vertically classified into upper, middle and lower layers with altitudes of 4.5 to 9 km, 2.5 to 4.5 km, and less than 2.5 km, respectively. The aerosol in the upper layer originated from the external sources at higher altitude regions, from far desert regions upwind of Zhangye or transported from higher atmospheric layers by free convection, and the altitude of this aerosol layer decreased with time; the aerosols in the middle and lower layers originated from both external and local sources. The aerosol extinction coefficients in the upper and lower layers decreased with altitude, whereas the coefficient in the middle layer changed only slightly, which suggests that aerosol mixing occurs in the middle layer. The distribution of aerosols with altitude has three features: a single peak that forms under stable atmospheric conditions, an exponential decrease with altitude that occurs under unstable atmospheric conditions, and slight change in the mixed layer. Due to the impact of the top of the atmospheric boundary layer, the diurnal variation in the aerosol extinction coefficient has a single peak, which is higher in the afternoon and lower in the morning.     

基于MODIS_C006的乌鲁木齐10年气溶胶光学厚度变化特征

利用2006~2015年美国NASA地球观测系统(EOS)中分辨成像仪MODIS Level 2 10 km分辨率产品MYD04__L2__C006数据,分析乌鲁木齐市存在轻度以上(包括轻度)大气污染状况下的10年气溶胶光学厚度变化特征.结果表明,乌鲁木齐市10年平均AOD年内呈单峰分布,AOD从1~4月逐渐增大,4月达全年峰值,为0.37±0.19,10月达到最低值,为0.22±0.20;受春季沙尘天气频发影响,AOD季节变化特征表现为春季最大,城区大气污染状况严重,夏季、冬季次之,秋季最小,且乌鲁木齐市区大气污染状况较郊区严重;10年AOD均值为0.293;2006年出现AOD年均最高值为0.33,最低值出现在2008年,为0.24,较2007年单年降幅达23.3%.乌鲁木齐市10年AOD年际变化呈上升趋势,且低值点与高值点较以往研究均有不同程度增幅,虽然2015年出现减弱势头,乌鲁木齐市近10年的大气污染状况仍较严重,仍需加强控制.     

Trends of the sunshine duration and diffuse radiation percentage on sunny days in urban agglomerations of China during 1960–2005

The long-term observational data of sunshine duration (SD) and diffuse radiation percentage (defined as diffuse solar radiation/total solar radiation, DRP) on sunny days during 1960–2005 were analyzed in 7 urban agglomerations and the whole of China. The results show that the sunny sunshine duration (SSD) has decreased significantly except at a few stations over northwestern China in the past 46 years. An obvious decrease of the SSD is found in eastern China, with the trend coefficients lower than − 0.8. Accompanied by the SSD decline, the sunny diffuse radiation percentage (SDRP) in most stations shows obvious increasing trends during the 46 years. The averaged SDRP over China has increased 2.33% per decade, while the averaged SSD shows a decrease of − 0.13 hr/day per decade. The correlation coefficient between SDRP and SSD is − 0.88. SSD decreased over urban agglomerations (small to large city clusters) in the past 46 years, especially in large cities and medium cities, due to the strong anthropogenic activities and air pollution represented by aerosol option depth (AOD) and tropospheric column NO₂ (TroNO₂). On the regional scale, SSD has an opposite trend from SDRP during 1960 to 2005, and the variation trends of regional mean values of SSD and SDRP in southeastern China are more pronounced than those in northwestern China.     

台湾海峡及周边海区气溶胶时空分布特征的遥感分析

首次利用连续3年(2002～2004)的MODIS气溶胶卫星遥感资料分析了台湾海峡及周边海区的气溶胶时空分布特征.研究表明,台湾海峡及周边海区气溶胶多年平均光学厚度沿岸呈带状分布且表现出随离岸距离呈指数降低的空间分布特征.各典型海区中,台湾海峡多年平均气溶胶光学厚度最高;其次为东海南部和南海北部,西北太平洋海区的气溶胶光学厚度最低.4个季节的气溶胶光学厚度时空分布特征明显不同,呈现出春季高、冬季略高于秋季、夏季低的特点.春季受我国北方沙尘天气影响,整个海区气溶胶光学厚度高于其它季节,达到0.32;沙尘气溶胶在冬季季风的作用下能够向南跨越东海,最远传输到西北太平洋海区上空,使得该海区的气溶胶光学厚度值达到0.22,明显高于其它季节,夏季则由于东南季风和多降雨天气的影响,陆源污染物向海扩散条件差,气溶胶光学厚度低,仅为0.12,气溶胶类型分布分析表明,近岸海区的气溶胶类型主要以来自陆源的污染和烟尘气溶胶为主,春、秋以及冬季在大气动力的作用下可以输送到较远的海区上空;远岸海区的气溶胶类型则可能主要以海盐气溶胶或沙尘气溶胶(春季)为主;近远海之间海区的气溶胶类型分布则主要以污染气溶胶和海盐气溶胶(或沙尘气溶胶)混合为主.     

基于典型站位AERONET数据气溶胶类型分析

气溶胶是影响大气环境的重要因素,气溶胶光学厚度（AOD）是气溶胶的重要光学特征参数之一,气溶胶类型分析可以对区域大气研究提供科学依据.基于2015年12月—2019年11月AERONET数据选取的11个典型站位不同波段的AOD进行层次聚类分析,将所选站位最终划分为北京、沿海、太湖、西藏4个区域.然后基于图形分类法划分为6种气溶胶类型（清洁、沙漠粉尘、大陆、次大陆、城市工业和生物质燃烧型）.北京区域主要的气溶胶类型为城市工业型和大陆型,其中冬季主要为大陆型和清洁型、春季为大陆型和城市工业型、夏季和秋季主要为城市工业型气溶胶;沿海区域主要的气溶胶类型为大陆型气溶胶,其中冬、夏和秋季主要为大陆型和清洁型、春季主要为城市工业型和大陆型气溶胶;太湖区域城市工业型气溶胶占比最多,为41.96%,冬、春和夏季主要为城市工业型气溶胶,秋季主要为大陆型气溶胶;西藏区域清洁型气溶胶占比为80.53%,春夏秋冬四季以清洁型气溶胶为主.     

Characteristics of particulate-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons emitted from industrial grade biomass boilers

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs) are carcinogenic or mutagenic and are important toxic pollutants in the flue gas of boilers. Two industrial grade biomass boilers were selected to investigate the characteristics of particulate-bound PAHs: one biomass boiler retro-fitted from an oil boiler(BB1) and one specially designed(BB2) biomass boiler. One coal-fired boiler was also selected for comparison. By using a dilution tunnel system, particulate samples from boilers were collected and 10 PAH species were analyzed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry(GC–MS). The total emission factors(EFs) of PAHs ranged from 0.0064 to0.0380 mg/kg, with an average of 0.0225 mg/kg, for the biomass boiler emission samples. The total PAH EFs for the tested coal-fired boiler were 1.8 times lower than the average value of the biomass boilers. The PAH diagnostic ratios for wood pellets and straw pellets were similar.The ratio of indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene/[indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene + benzo(g,h,i)perylene] for the two biomass boilers was lower than those of the reference data for other burning devices, which can probably be used as an indicator to distinguish the emission of biomass boilers from that of industrial coal-fired boilers and residential stoves. The toxic potential of the emission from wood pellet burning was higher than that from straw pellet burning, however both of them were much lower than residential stove exhausts.     

MODIS 3 km气溶胶光学厚度产品检验及其环境空气质量指示

分析了MODIS C006 3 km卫星遥感气溶胶产品的算法流程,并与AERONET观测数据进行对比验证,综合新疆阿克苏地区地面空气子站1年的颗粒物质量浓度(PM10)、环境气象资料(能见度、湿度等),评估了该高分辨率气溶胶产品的精度和稳定性.分析表明,MODIS 3 km AOD与AERONET地基AOD(Issyk-Kul)的相关系数(r)达到0.8836,满足期望误差要求,但存在高估;研究区AOD和PM10存在同步变化趋势,新疆阿克苏市区2个空气子站PM10质量浓度与AOD的相关系数(r)均大于0.55,直接对比的相关性好于类似研究;经高度订正和湿度订正后AOD-PM10的相关系数和拟合优度均有所提高,标准误差和变异系数均下降,但提升并不明显.这一相关性结果与研究区本底气象环境条件有关.MODIS 3 km AOD的季平均结果表明,阿克苏地区AOD存在显著的季节性变化,春季明显高于其他季节,主要城市春季平均AOD在1.5以上,夏季和秋季AOD均值基本介于0.6~0.7之间,阿克苏市主城区夏秋季AOD季均值仍在1.0以上,反映人口集聚、城市交通工业发展等大气人为污染的增加导致AOD的增高.结果表明,MODIS C006 3 km AOD产品质量稳定,其月、季平均等长时间尺度结果有更好的空间覆盖,可满足区域环境空气质量评估的需要.     

上海地区大气气溶胶光学厚度的遥感监测

采用V5.2算法,以MODIS 1B数据为数据源,利用Matlab软件进行数据预处理,反演了上海地区大气气溶胶光学厚度(AOD). 将AOD反演值分别与NASA的MOD04-L2气溶胶产品(10 km×10 km)以及CE-318太阳光度计实测结果进行对比. 结果表明:V5.2算法与NASA气溶胶产品相比,其精度更好,分辨率更高. 基于V5.2算法和利用MODIS遥感影像反演结果,分析了上海市典型天气AOD; 同时,将反演值与城市空气污染指数(API)进行了对比. 结果表明:AOD从一定程度上可以反映地面大气污染状况. 上海2008年AOD 12月最小,大气相对较清洁,6月最大,大气相对较浑浊;AOD的日际变化呈早晚高、中午略低的趋势,其中每日的09:00和18:00出现全天最高值,12:00左右也会出现小高峰.