长期倾倒疏浚物对珠江口内伶仃岛东南倾倒区环境的影响

依据1989～2005年间对内伶仃岛东南倾倒区的监测资料，分析了该倾倒区及其邻近海域的环境变化特征，探讨了长期倾倒疏浚物对该倾倒区环境的影响。其环境变化特征为：①倾倒区内淤积严重，水深持续变浅；②海水质量呈下降趋势，影响水质的主要因子是无机氮和无机磷；③表层沉积物质量好转，倾倒区表层沉积物中各污染物平均含量均比周围海域低；④海水中叶绿素a含量主要随季节变化，浮游植物和浮游动物种类比较丰富，群落结构较稳定，底栖生物优势类群更替明显，生物量和栖息密度变化大，倾倒区的底栖生物种类和数量较周围海域低，底栖生物体内部分污染物质含量呈下降趋势。长期倾倒疏浚物对内伶仃岛东南倾倒区水深和底栖生物群落产生不利影响，但对表层沉积物质量和底栖生物体内污染物含量可能产生了一定的有利影响。     

厦门海域春夏季微型浮游动物对浮游植物的摄食压力初探

应用稀释法对厦门海域浮游植物生长率(k)和微型浮游动物的摄食率(g)进行了估算。结果显示：5月,西海域18测站k、g分别为2．41、0．78d^-1;南部海域27测站分别为2．43、1．32d^-1。8月18测站k、g分别为3．00、2．90d^-1;27测站分别为1．94、0．91d^-1。说明厦门海域作为典型的亚热带港湾,具有高的k、g值。分粒级研究结果显示：8月,18测站微型浮游动物对微型浮游植物(Micro)具摄食偏好;而27测站微型浮游动物对Micro和Nano级的摄食率相近。应用流式细胞技术研究18测站微微型真核浮游植物的k、g,结果表明：春季,生长率和摄食率分别为2．00、1．02d^-1;夏季分别为1．52、0．96d^-1。     

东山湾微型浮游动物摄食压力分析

2011年5月份和8月份利用"海洋2号"科学考察船在东山湾海域3个站位进行现场试验和调查,研究了微型浮游动物对浮游植物和异养细菌的摄食压力。结果表明:对比国内其他海区,该调查海域是高生长率、高周转率的海区,微型浮游动物摄食压力处于中等水平;当微型浮游动物摄食率远高于浮游植物生长率时,微型浮游动物摄食作用对能量的转换效率较高;细菌的生长繁殖和微型浮游动物对异养细菌的摄食受到温度和营养盐的双重影响,微型浮游动物对异养细菌的摄食作用能控制细菌的生长和繁殖;在调查期间,调查海域异氧细菌生产力与浮游植物初级生产力的比值由春季的1.26%增加到夏季的2.77%,但均很小,说明浮游植物初级生产力完全可以满足细菌生产的需要;调查海域主要生产者是浮游植物,异养浮游细菌的生产力较低,其能量沿食物链向上传递的效率夏季高于春季,而浮游植物初级生产力向上营养级传递的效率却是春季高于夏季。     

2012年秋季庙岛群岛南部海域浮游植物分布及与水环境的关系

于2012年秋季对庙岛群岛南部海域浮游植物和环境因子进行了调查,并利用多元统计分析了庙岛群岛南部海域浮游植物分布特征及其与水环境因子的关系。本次调查共发现浮游植物94种,细胞平均丰度为6.65106 cells/m3。浮游植物细胞丰度呈现从靠近陆域(南部,庙岛海峡)到海域(北部,长山水道)逐渐增加的变化特征。主成分分析(PCA)浮游植物的分布特征表明,浮游植物主要分布于调查海域的东部、北部和西部海域,即外海海域。冗余分析(RDA)讨论浮游植物的分布与环境因子的关系表明,水深、温度和总磷是影响庙岛群岛南部海域浮游植物分布的关键性环境因子。     

红色赤潮藻主导的混合赤潮对浮游生物群落结构的影响——以浙江南部沿海为例

根据2016年6月中旬浙江南部沿海一次红色赤潮藻主导的混合赤潮的调查数据,分析了赤潮海域和非赤潮海域浮游生物的种类及丰度、优势种、多样性指数差异以及其与水环境因子的相关性。结果表明,该海域共鉴定出浮游植物22种,浮游动物20种,赤潮区浮游植物平均丰度显著高于非赤潮区,赤潮区与非赤潮区浮游动物平均丰度和生物量差异不显著。赤潮区浮游植物均匀度指数显著低于非赤潮区,而赤潮区和非赤潮区浮游动物各指数均差异不显著。赤潮发生对桡足类影响较大,其在赤潮区的种类和丰度均显著少于非赤潮区。主成分分析结果表明非赤潮区最主要优势种红色赤潮藻与氮磷浓度呈正相关,赤潮区则相反。浮游动物总丰度在非赤潮区及赤潮区均与叉状角藻丰度呈正相关,与有毒赤潮生物具刺膝沟藻丰度呈负相关。以上结果表明红色赤潮藻为主的混合赤潮爆发能够显著改变赤潮发生海域浮游生物的群落结构。     

2007年夏季南海北部微型浮游动物摄食研究

2007年8月中国科学院南海北部开放航次期间,对南海北部的7个站位开展了微型浮游动物研究,用稀释法研究了浮游植物的生长率和微型浮游动物对浮游植物的摄食压力。浮游植物增长率变化范围为0.136～6.21/d;微型浮游动物摄食率变化范围为0.012～4.61/d,微型浮游动物对浮游植物生物量的摄食压力为1.2%～99%;微型浮游动物对初级生产力的摄食压力为2.18%～434%。浮游植物瞬时增长率与微型浮游动物丰度和叶绿素a呈负相关,随着叶绿素a和微型浮游动物丰度的降低,浮游植物瞬时增长率提高。微型浮游动物对初级生产力的摄食压力与其丰度呈正相关,微型浮游动物种类越多,丰度越高,对浮游植物生物量的摄食压力越大。微型浮游动物对初级生产力的摄食压力与盐度呈显著负相关,与叶绿素a呈显著正相关,随着叶绿素a浓度升高而摄食压力变大。     

渤海长兴岛海域微型和微微型浮游植物多样性

为研究微型/微微型浮游植物在褐潮生消过程的多样性变化,以18S rDNA V4区作为目标基因,结合高通量测序技术,对2014年5月、7月和2015年5月、7月长兴岛近岸海域海水中微型/微微型浮游植物多样性进行了检测.结果表明,高通量测序技术可有效地检测长兴岛近岸海域海水中微型/微微型浮游植物多样性,自行设计的V4(F/R)引物在微型/微微型浮游植物群落鉴定方面更为高效.2014年5月、7月在长兴岛海域分别检出微型/微微型浮游植物143、165种,2015年5月、7月分别检出123、167种.微型/微微型浮游植物群落中绿藻门相对丰度最高,2014年5月、7月分别为44.5%、65.6%,2015年5月、7月分别为81.8%、73.7%.微型/微微型浮游植物多样性指数和种类数都是同年7月高于5月,说明7月海水中微型/微微型浮游植物群落结构较5月稳定.同时发现了渤海海域的褐潮致灾种微拟球藻(Nannochloris sp.)和金牛微球藻(Ostreococcus tauri),2014年和2015年其平均优势度分别为0.37和0.39;而已发现的褐潮致灾种——抑食金球藻(Aureococcus anophagefferens)在长兴岛海域的4次调查中虽都有检出,但其优势度(平均为0.000 3)较低.      

浙江洞头列岛海域水体富营养化及其与赤潮的关系

根据2003年至2005年调查资料,以霓屿岛海域、三盘港海域以及竹屿岛海域为代表对浙江洞头列岛海域的水体富营养化及其与赤潮的关系进行分析研究.结果表明,丰水期水体中营养盐含量明显高于平水期,霓屿海域和三盘港海域富营养化最为严重,无机氮是水质富营养化的主要因素.富营养化和营养盐的结构是2004年5月在洞头列岛海域发生的具齿原甲藻赤潮的物质基础和首要条件,赤潮生物的生长与无机氮和无机磷存在负相关关系     

莱州湾西部海域枯水期富营养化程度研究

根据2004年5月份的调查资料,选择透明度、盐度、活性磷酸盐、溶解无机氮、硅酸盐、叶绿素a、浮游植物、浮游动物、底栖生物作为评价因子,利用层次分析法确定了各因子的层次关系和权重,建立了以营养盐和富营养化症状为基础的综合评价指数模型,对莱州湾海域的营养水平进行了评价.各站点最终评价结果表明:莱州湾海域磷酸盐、无机氮超标严重,整体已表现出富营养化,其中黄河口和小清河口附近富营养化较为明显,这主要是受到陆源排污和海水养殖的影响,基本符合实际情况.     

大亚湾冬春季微型浮游动物摄食研究

2004年12月和2005年3月份分别在大亚湾5个典型站位采样,用现场稀释法研究了冬春季大亚湾微型浮游动物对浮游植物的摄食率(g)和浮游植物的生长率(μ)。结果显示:12和3月份大亚湾浮游植物的生长率分别为0．18-1．19 d-1,0．16-1．14 d-1,微型浮游动物的摄食率分别为1．00-2．08 d-1,0．33-1,74 d-1,微型浮游动物对浮游植物现存量的摄食压力范围为76％-287％,47％-258％,对潜在初级生产力的摄食压力范围分别为101％-445％,70％-330％。说明大亚湾作为典型的亚热带海湾,具有高的μ、g值,微型浮游动物对浮游植物的摄食压力也处于较高水平。     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions

The contribution of aliphatic-rich plant biopolymer to sorption of hydrophobic organic compounds is significantly important because of their preservation and accumulation in the soil environment,but sorption mechanism is still not fully understood.In this study, sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions was examined to better understand the contributions of respective fraction.Toward this end,cuticular materials were isolated from the fruits of tomato by chemical method.The tomato cuticle sheet consisted of waxes (6.5 wt%),cuticular monomer (69.5 wt%),and polysaccharide (24.0 wt%).Isotherms of l-naphthol to the cuticular fractions were nonlinear (N value (0.82-0.90)) at the whole tested concentration ranges.The KodKow ratios for bulk cuticle (TC1),dewaxed cuticle (TC2),cutin (TC4),and desugared cuticle (TC5) were larger than unity,suggested that tomato bulk cuticle and cutin are much powerful solption medium.Sorption capability of cutin (TC4) was 2.4 times higher than the nonsaponifiable fraction (TC3).The 1-naphthol interactions with tomato cuticular materials were governed by both hydrophobic-type interactions and polar (H-bonding) interactions. Removal of the wax and polysaccharide materials from the bulk tomato cuticle caused a significant increase in the sorption ability of the cuticular material.There was a linear negative trend between K_(oc) values and the amount of polysaccharides or fraction's polarities ((N O)/C);while a linear positive relationship between K_(oc) values and the content of cutin monomer (linear R~2=0.993) was observed for present in the cuticular fractions.Predominant sorbent of the hydrophobic organic compounds (HOCs) in the plant cuticular fraction was the cutin monomer,contributing to 91.7% of the total sorption of tomato bulk cuticle.     

Alterations of organ histopathology and metallolhionein mRNA expression in silver barb, Puntius gonionotus during subchronic cadmium exposure

Common silver barb,Puntius gonionotus,exposed to the nominal concentration of 0.06 mg/L Cd for 60 d,were assessed for histopathological alterations(gills,liver and kidney),metal accumulation,and metallothionein(MT)mRNA expression.Fish exhibited pathological symptoms such as hypertrophy and hyperplasia of primary and secondary gill lamellae,vacuolization in hepatocytes,and prominent tubular and glomerular damage in the kidney.In addition,kidney accumulated the highest content of cadmium,more than gills and liver.Expression of MT mRNA was increased in both liver and kidney of treated fish.Hepatic MT levels remained high after fish were removed to Cd-free water.In contrast,MT expression in kidney was peaked after 28 d of treatment and drastically dropped when fish were removed to Cd-free water.The high concentrations of Cd in hepatic tissues indicated an accumulation site or permanent damage on this tissue.     

Seed selections for crystallization of calcium phosphate for phosphorus recovery

Seed induces and promotes the crystallization of calcium phosphate, and acts as carrier of the recovered phosphorus （P）. In order to select suitable seed for P recovery from wastewater, three seeds including Apatite （AP）, Juraperle （JP） and phosphate-modified Juraperle （M-JP） were tested and compared. Batch and fixed-bed column experiments of seeded crystallization of calcium phosphate were undertaken by using synthetic wastewater with 10 mg/L P phosphate. It shows that AP has bad enduring property in the crystallization process, while JP has better performance for multiple uses, and M-JP is a hopeful seed for P recovery by crystallization of calcium phosphate.