Biosorption of copper(II) from aqueous solutions by pre-treated biomass of marine algae Padina sp

Biosorption of heavy metals can be an effective process for the removal and recovery of heavy metal ions from aqueous solutions. The biomass of marine algae has been reported to have high uptake capacities for a number of heavy metal ions. In this paper, the adsorption properties of a pre-treated biomass of marine algae Padina sp. for copper(II) were investigated. Equilibrium isotherms and kinetics were obtained from batch adsorption experiments. The biosorption capacities were solution pH dependent and the maximum capacity obtained was 0.80 mmol/g at a solution pH of about 5. The biosorption kinetics was found to be fast, with 90% of adsorption within 15 min and equilibrium reached at 30 min. The effects of light metal ions on copper(II) uptake were studied and the presence of light metal ions did not affect copper(II) uptake significantly. Fixed-bed breakthrough curves for copper(II) removal were also obtained. This study demonstrated that the pre-treated biomass of Padina sp. could be used as an effective biosorbent for the treatment of copper(II) containing wastewater streams.     

Characterization and lead(II), cadmium(II), nickel(II) biosorption of dried marine brown macro algae Cystoseira barbata

Purpose

The objectives of this research are to identify the functional groups and determine corresponding pK _a values of the acidic sites on dried brown algae Cystoseira barbata using FTIR and potentiometric titrations, and to investigate the biosorption ability of biomass towards divalent nickel, cadmium, and lead ions. Adsorption was studied as a function of solution pH and contact time, and experimental data were evaluated by the Langmuir isotherm model.

Methods

CaCl₂ pretreatment was applied to the sorbent for enhancing the metal uptake capacity. The effect of solution pH on biosorption equilibrium was investigated in the pH range of 1.5?C5.0. Individual as well as competitive adsorption capacity of the sorbent were studied for metal cations and mixtures.

Results

The retention of the tested metal ions was mostly influenced from pH in the range of 1.5?C2.5, then stayed almost constant up to 5.0, while Ni(II) uptake showed the highest variation with pH. Potentiometric titrations were performed to find the number of strong and weak acidic groups and their acidity constants. The density of strong and weak acidic functional groups in the biomass were found to be 0.9 and 2.26?mmol/g, respectively. The FTIR spectra of the sorbent samples indicated various functionalities on the biomass surface including carboxyl, hydroxyl, and amino and sulphonate groups which are responsible for the binding of metal ions.

Conclusions

The capacity of the biomass for single metal ions (around 1?mmol/g) was increased to 1.3?mmol/g in competitive adsorption, Pb(II) showing the highest Langmuir intensity constant. Considering its extremely high abundance and low cost, C. barbata may be potentially important in metal ion removal from contaminated water and industrial effluents.     

Biosorption potential of brown algae,Sargassum polycystum,for the removal of toxic metals,cadmium and zinc

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - In this research work, the biosorption potential of brown algae, Sargassum polycystum, was investigated for the removal of toxic metals, cadmium (Cd)...     

Biosorption characteristics of Bacillus gibsonii S-2 waste biomass for removal of lead (II) from aqueous solution

Lead (II) has been as one of the most toxic heavy metals because it is associated with many health hazards. Therefore, people are increasingly interested in discovering new methods for effectively and economically scavenging lead (II) from the aquatic system. Recent studies demonstrate biosorption is a promising technology for the treatment of pollutant streams. To apply these techniques, suitable adsorbents with high efficiency and low cost are demanded. The waste biomass of Bacillus gibsonii S-2 biosorbent was used as low-cost biosorbent to remove metallic cations lead (II) from aqueous solution. To optimize the maximum removal efficiency, the effect of pH and temperature on the adsorption process was studied. The isotherm models, kinetic models and thermodynamic parameters were analysed to describe the adsorptive behaviour of B. gibsonii S-2 biosorbent. The mechanisms of lead (II) biosorption were also analysed by FTIR and EDX. The results showed that the optimum pH values for the biosorption at three different temperatures, i.e. 20, 30 and 40 °C, were determined as 4. The equilibrium data were well fitted to Langmuir model, with the maximum lead (II) uptake capacities of 333.3 mg?g^?1. The kinetics for lead (II) biosorption followed the pseudo-second-order kinetic equation. The thermodynamic data showed that the biosorption process were endothermic (?G?<?0), spontaneous (?H?>?0) and irreversible (?S?>?0). The mechanism of lead (II) biosorption by the waste biomass of B. gibsonii S-2 biosorbent could be a combination of ion exchange and complexation with the functional groups present on the biosorbent surface. The application of the waste biomass of B. gibsonii S-2 for lead (II) adsorption, characterized with higher lead (II) sorption capacity and lower cost, may find potential application in industrial wastewater treatment.     

Ionic strength effects in biosorption of metals by marine algae

Biosorption, the passive accumulation of metals by biomass, can be used as a cost-effective process for the treatment of metal polluted industrial effluents. The green alga Ulva fascia and the brown seaweeds Sargassum hemiphyllum, Petalonia fascia, and Colpomenia sinuosa were characterized in terms of their number of binding sites, their charge density and intrinsic proton binding constant (pKa) using pH titrations at different ionic strengths. The determined number of binding sites decreased in the order Petalonia > or = Sargassum > Colpomenia > Ulva. Due to their high number of binding sites Sargassum and Petalonia are most promising for biosorption applications. The decrease of proton binding with increasing ionic strength and pH as well as the increase of Cu and Ni binding with increasing pH and decreasing ionic strength could be described by the Donnan model in conjunction with an ion exchange biosorption isotherm.     

Biosorption of lead(II) in aqueous solution by spent mushroom Tricholoma lobayense

The biosorption of lead(II) ions in both simulated and real wastewater by spent mushroom Tricholoma lobayense, was studied in this work. The results show a biomass with a high potential for removing lead ions from wastewater. The optimum pH for the adsorption is 4, and the adsorption process is fast. The best sorbent mass of the biomaterial is 5 g/L with an initial lead(II) concentration of 1 mmol/L. The process follows the Langmuir isotherm model, and the biosorption capacity of lead ions reaches to 210 mg/g, which is higher than many biosorbents previously studied. The mechanism of biosorption may be mainly attributed to ion exchange. The FT-IR study identifies the functional groups responsible for this process. A scanning electron microscope showed a significant change of the sorbent surface after the biosorption process. The energy dispersive elemental analysis also confirmed the adsorption of lead(II) ions.     

Biosorption of reactive black 5 by Corynebacterium glutamicum biomass immobilized in alginate and polysulfone matrices

Corynebacterium glutamicum, a lysine fermentation industry waste, showed promise for the removal of Reactive black 5 (RB5). Due to practical difficulties in solid-liquid separation, the free biomass was immobilized in two polymer matrices: calcium alginate and polysulfone. Initially, the optimization of biomass loading in polymeric beads and bead dosage were examined. Of the different combinations examined, 4% (with bead dosage of 2 g per 40 ml) and 14% (with bead dosage of 1 g per 40 ml) in the case of alginate and polysulfone beads, respectively, were identified as the optimal conditions. According to the Langmuir model, at pH 1, the maximum RB5 uptakes of 352, 282 and 291 mg g(-1) were observed for free, alginate and polysulfone-immobilized biomass, respectively. According to the Weber-Morris model, intraparticle diffusion was found to be the potential rate limiting step for the immobilized beads. Regeneration experiments, with 0.01 M NaOH and Na(2)CO(3) as eluents, revealed that polysulfone beads exhibited invariable RB5 uptake capacity and very high mechanical stability even at the end of twentieth cycle, confirming the technical feasibility of the biosorption process for industrial applications.     

Determination of bioconcentration potential of tetrachloroethylene in marine algae by 13C

The use of stable isotope of organic-carbon, organic-¹³C, as a tracer for the determination of the concentration of tetrachloroethylene (PCE), C_A, in Heterosigma akashiwo and Skeletonema costatum was examined. C_A determined by the ¹³C and GC methods showed good agreement with each other. This suggests that it is reasonable and reliable to determine the bioconcentration potentail of PCE in marine algae. Fitting values of bioconcentration potentail parameters, including uptake rate constant k₁, elimination rate constant k₂ and bioconcentration factor on the basis of dry weight BCF_D, were done not only to the time course for PCE uptake by the algae with the bioconcentration model, but also to experimental data for “percent inhibition(%)∼exposure concentration of PCE∼time” with the combined bioconcentration and probability model. The values obtained from the bioconcentration model were consistent with those from the combined bioconcentration and probability model. With the parameters (such as k₁, k₂, growth rate constant k_G, critical concentration of HOCs in the organism resulting in growth inhibition C_A¹ and spread factor S) the variability in toxicity (such as EC₁₀, EC₅₀, EC₇₀) can be estimated from the combined bioconcentration and probability model, which fits well with the experimental observations.     

氧化石墨烯-氧化锌净化铅离子废水

利用改性Hummers法制备氧化石墨,并成功地将氧化锌负载到氧化石墨上催化降解铅离子。利用SEM、XRD、FTIR等对氧化石墨烯-氧化锌的形貌进行表征,并用以净化铅离子废水。通过实验分析得知废水净化的原因有两方面:光催化效应和吸附理论,然后考察其影响净化过程的因素。结果表明,氧化石墨烯-氧化锌对溶液中铅离子在紫外光下有较强的吸附和催化降解能力,在t=4 h,pH=7条件下,其最大净化量可达到184 mg/g。     

Comparative study of chromium biosorption by red, green and brown seaweed biomass

Dried biomass of the macroalgae Fucus vesiculosus and Fucus spiralis (brown), Ulva spp. (comprising Ulva linza, Ulva compressa and Ulva intestinalis) and Ulva lactuca (green), Palmaria palmata and Polysiphonia lanosa (red) were studied in terms of their chromium biosorption performance. Metal sorption was highly pH dependent with maximum Cr(III) and Cr(VI) sorption occurring at pH 4.5 and pH 2, respectively. Extended equilibrium times were required for Cr(VI) binding over Cr(III) binding (180 and 120min, respectively) thus indicating possible disparities in binding mechanism between chromium oxidation states. The red seaweed P. palmata revealed the highest removal efficiency for both Cr(III) and Cr(VI) at low initial concentrations. However, at high initial metal concentrations F. vesiculosus had the greatest removal efficiency for Cr(III) and performed almost identically to P. lanosa in terms of Cr(VI) removal. The Langmuir Isotherm mathematically described chromium binding to the seaweeds where F. vesiculosus had the largest q(max) for Cr(III) sorption (1.21mmol g(-1)) and P. lanosa had the largest Cr(VI) uptake (0.88mmol g(-1)). P. palmata had the highest affinity for both Cr(III) and Cr(VI) binding with b values of 4.94mM(-1) and 8.64mM(-1), respectively. Fourier transform infrared analysis revealed interactions of amino, carboxyl, sulphonate and hydroxyl groups in chromium binding to Ulva spp. The remaining seaweeds showed involvement of these groups to varying degrees as well as ether group participation in the brown seaweeds and for Cr(VI) binding to the red seaweeds.     

A comparative investigation on the biosorption of lead by filamentous fungal biomass

The removal of lead from aqueous solutions by adsorption on filamentous fungal biomass was studied. Batch biosorption experiments were performed to screen a series of selected fungal strains for effective lead removal at different metal and biomass concentrations. Biosorption of the Pb²⁺ ions was strongly affected by pH. The fungal biomass exhibited the highest lead adsorption capacity at pH 6. Isotherms for the biosorption of lead on fungal biomass were developed and the equilibrium data fitted well to the Langmuir isotherm model. At pH 6, the maximum lead biosorption capacity of Mucor rouxii estimated with the Langmuir model was 769 mg/g dry biomass, significantly higher than that of most microorganisms. Biomass of Mucor rouxii showed specific selectivity for Pb²⁺ over other metals ions such as Zn²⁺. Ni²⁺ and Cu²⁺. This fungal strain may be applied to develop potentially cost-effective biosorbent for removing lead from effluents. The technique of scanning electron microscopy coupled with X-ray dispersion analysis shows that Pb²⁺ has exchanged with K⁺ and Ca²⁺ on the cell wall of Mucor rouxii, thereby suggesting ion exchange as one of the dominant mechanisms of metal biosorption for this fungal strain.     

Biosorption of Pb(II) by biomass of KC-2: kinetic, equilibrium and characteristic studies

Performance and characteristics of biosorption of Pb(II) had been studied in a batch system using the fungal strain biomass, KC-2. The biosorption performance was investigated by analysing the effects of such factors as the initial pH, initial Pb(II) concentration, and contact time at 303 K. The maximum Pb(II) adsorption was obtained at pH 5.0. The experimental data were described by the pseudo first-order, pseudo second-order and intraparticle diffusion kinetic models, and were closely followed the pseudo second-order kinetic model. The equilibrium experimental data were well fitted to Langmuir model and the maximum biosorption capacity was 84.03 mg g(-1). The adsorption mechanism was examined by FTIR, SEM and EDAX analysis. Results indicated that carboxylic, hydroxyl and amine groups were involved in the biosorption and ion exchange mechanism existed.     

污泥衍生吸附剂对铅离子的吸附机理研究

研究了化学活化法热解制取污泥衍生吸附剂的工艺过程,得出相应工艺条件.利用污泥衍生吸附剂吸附溶液中重金属离子Pb2 ,得到动力学模型.实验结果表明:(1)该吸附过程分为3个阶段:初始阶段(t≤20 min)、过渡阶段(20 min＜t≤30 min)和后期阶段(t＞30 min),满足线性方程dC/dt=kC;(2)该吸附过程的吸附活化能E=26.5 kJ/mol,吸附频率因子A=6900 s-1.整个吸附过程为扩散吸附,吸附传质速度由孔隙扩散阶段和内表面吸附共同控制.     

污泥衍生吸附剂对铅离子的吸附机理研究

研究了化学活化法热解制取污泥衍生吸附剂的工艺过程，得出相应工艺条件。利用污泥衍生吸附剂吸附溶液中重金属离子Pb^2＋，得到动力学模型。实验结果表明：（1）该吸附过程分为3个阶段：初始阶段（t≤20min）、过渡阶段（20min〈t≤30min）和后期阶段（t〉30min），满足线性方程dC／dt=kC；（2）该吸附过程的吸附活化能E=26，5kJ／mol，吸附频率因子A=6900s^-1。整个吸附过程为扩散吸附，吸附传质速度由孔隙扩散阶段和内表面吸附共同控制。     

Biosorption of copper, cobalt and nickel by marine green alga Ulva reticulata in a packed column

Biosorption of copper, cobalt and nickel by marine green alga Ulva reticulata were investigated in a packed bed up-flow column. The experiments were conducted to study the effect of important design parameters such as bed height and flow rate. At a bed height of 25 cm, the metal-uptake capacity of U. reticulata for copper, cobalt and nickel was found to be 56.3+/-0.24, 46.1+/-0.07 and 46.5+/-0.08 mgg(-1), respectively. The Bed Depth Service Time (BDST) model was used to analyze the experimental data. The computed sorption capacity per unit bed volume (N0) was 2580, 2245 and 1911 mgl(-1) for copper, cobalt and nickel, respectively. The rate constant (K(a)) was recorded as 0.063, 0.081 and 0.275 lmg(-1)h(-1) for copper, cobalt and nickel, respectively. In flow rate experiments, the results confirmed that the metal uptake capacity and the metal removal efficiency of U. reticulata decreased with increasing flow rate. The Thomas model was used to fit the column biosorption data at different flow rates and model constants were evaluated. The column regeneration studies were carried out for three sorption-desorption cycles. The elutant used for the regeneration of the biosorbent was 0.1 M CaCl2 at pH 3 adjusted using HCl. For all the metal ions, a decreased breakthrough time and an increased exhaustion time were observed as the regeneration cycles progressed, which also resulted in a broadened mass transfer zone. The pH variations during both sorption and desorption process have been reported.     

嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌对镉的吸附

利用从重金属镉污染地分离并纯化得到的1株嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌(Stenotrophomonas maltophilia)作为吸附剂,考察了镉初始浓度、菌浓度、吸附时间、温度及pH对镉吸附效果的影响.结果表明,在镉初始质量浓度为1.0 mg/L、30℃、pH为6～7条件下,菌质量浓度为2.0 g/L时,吸附120 min对镉...     

Biosorption of Cr(VI) by free and immobilized Pediastrum boryanum biomass: equilibrium, kinetic, and thermodynamic studies

Background and purpose

The biosorption of Cr(VI) from aqueous solution has been studied using free and immobilized Pediastrum boryanum cells in a batch system. The algal cells were immobilized in alginate and alginate?Cgelatin beads via entrapment, and their algal cell free counterparts were used as control systems during biosorption studies of Cr(VI).

Methods

The changes in the functional groups of the biosorbents formulations were confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectra. The effect of pH, equilibrium time, initial concentration of metal ions, and temperature on the biosorption of Cr(VI) ion was investigated.

Results

The maximum Cr(VI) biosorption capacities were found to be 17.3, 6.73, 14.0, 23.8, and 29.6?mg/g for the free algal cells, and alginate, alginate?Cgelatin, alginate?Ccells, and alginate?Cgelatin?Ccells at pH?2.0, which are corresponding to an initial Cr(VI) concentration of 400?mg/L. The biosorption of Cr(VI) on all the tested biosorbents (P. boryanum cells, alginate, alginate?Cgelatin, and alginate?Ccells, alginate?Cgelatin?Ccells) followed Langmuir adsorption isotherm model.

Conclusion

The thermodynamic studies indicated that the biosorption process was spontaneous and endothermic in nature under studied conditions. For all the tested biosorbents, biosorption kinetic was best described by the pseudo-second-order model.     

Kinetics of the reduction of hexavalent chromium with the brown seaweed Ecklonia biomass

The dead biomass of the brown seaweed, Ecklonia sp., is capable of reducing toxic Cr(VI) into less toxic or nontoxic Cr(III). However, little is known about the mechanism of Cr(VI) reduction by the biomass. The objective of this work was to develop a kinetic model for Cr(VI) biosorption, for supporting our mechanism. The reduction rate of Cr(VI) increased with increasing total chromate concentration, [Cr(VI)], and equivalent concentration of organic compounds, [OCs], and decreasing solution pH. It was found that the reduction rate of Cr(VI) was proportional to [Cr(VI)] and [OCs], suggesting the simple kinetic equation -d[Cr(VI)]/dt=k[Cr(VI)][OCs]. When considering the consumption of organic compounds due to the oxidation by Cr(VI), an average rate coefficient of 9.33 (+/-0.65)microM(-1)h(-1) was determined, at pH 2. Although the function of the pH could not be expressed in a mechanistic manner, an empirical model able to describe the pH dependence was obtained. It is expected that the developed rate equation could likely be used for design and performance predictions of biosorption processes for treating chromate wastewaters.     

铅与苄嘧磺隆复合污染对青紫泥微生物生物量的影响

通过实验室培养试验研究了铅(0、100、300、500、800 mg/kg)与苄嘧磺隆(0、5、10 mg/kg)单独及其复合污染对青紫泥田水稻土壤微生物生物量的影响.结果表明,两种污染物在整个培养过程中都对微生物生物量C、N产生了显著的抑制作用,其交互作用在各个取样时期也均达到了显著水平;在整个培养过程中微生物生物量C、N的含量表现出先降低后升高的变化趋势,在第7～14天下降到最低点;而对微生物生物量C/N比的影响则表现出先升高后下降的趋势.