Phenanthrene sorption to environmental black carbon in sediments from the Song-Liao watershed (China)

Black carbon (BC) in ten contaminated sediments from the Song-Liao watershed, NE China, was isolated upon treatments using a combustion method at 375°C, and the isolates’ sorption isotherms for phenanthrene (Phen) were determined. All sorption isotherms were nonlinear and fitted well by the Freundlich model. A negative relation was found between Freundlich sorption nonlinearity parameter (n values) and BC/total organic carbon (TOC) content of the original sediments (r ² = 0.687, p<0.01), indicating the dominance of BC in Phen sorption nonlinearity. The BC isolates from this industrialized region had n values of 0.342 to 0.505 and logK _FOC values of 6.02 to 6.42 (μg·kg⁻¹·OC⁻¹)/(μg·L⁻¹) ⁿ for Phen. At a given C _e, the BC had higher K _oc value than the original sediments, revealing a higher sorption capacity for BC. BC was responsible for 50.0% to 87.3% of the total sorption at C _e= 0.05 S _w, clearly indicating the dominance of BC particles in overall sorption of Phen by sediments.     

Effect of dissolved organic matter on sorption and desorption of phenanthrene onto black carbon

Sorption and desorption of phenanthrene （PHE） onto black carbon （BC） extracted from sediments were studied in the presence of three types of dissolved organic matter （DOM）, including L-phenylalanine （L-PH）, peptone and citric acid. The nonlinearity of the sorption isotherms increased in the presence of DOM. The presence of L-PH reduced the sorption capacity and desorption hysteresis because of the solubilization of PHE in L-PH solution. Peptone at 50-500 mg/L also led to a decrease in sorption attributed to solubilization, although the sorbed peptone on the BC surface could slightly increase PHE sorption. Unlike L-PH and peptone, citric acid enhanced the sorption capacity and irreversibility of PHE on BC mainly due to the strong sorption of citric acid on the BC surface. Our results may help to understand the different impacts of DOM on the distribution and transport of PAH in the environment.     

林丹的吸附解吸行为对其沉积物基准的影响

研究了林丹在3种沉积物上的吸附/解吸行为.结果表明,在3种沉积物上的吸附等温线都符合Freundlich模型,其吸附性能受有机碳含量和颗粒分布的影响.而解吸等温线明显地偏离吸附等温线,存在显著的解吸滞后现象,解吸用二元平衡解吸(DED)模型进行拟合,效果良好.解吸不可逆程度随着沉积物中林丹初始浓度增大而增大.由DED模型推算的沉积物基准值比用线性模型推算的基准值高46倍以上.     

双酚A在湘江沉积物上的吸附特征

探讨了双酚A(BPA)在湘江沉积物上的吸附/解吸特征.结果表明,BPA在湘江沉积物上的吸附主要以快速吸附为主,Freundlich模型能较好地描述其吸附等温线,沉积物有机质中的碳黑物质和孔隙填充相引起了BPA的非线性吸附和解吸滞后行为;沉积物对BPA的吸附是一个放热过程,主要是自发的焓推动的物理吸附;随着沉积物浓度的增大,单位沉积物上的BPA吸附量减少;随着离子强度的增大,单位吸附量也随之增大;在酸性条件下,单位沉积物上的BPA吸附量随着pH值的增大而减少,在碱性条件下这种影响不显著.     

表面活性剂对苯并[a]芘在黑炭表面吸附解吸的影响

通过静态吸附实验,研究了3种不同类型的表面活性剂(阳离子∶十六烷基三甲基溴化铵,CTAB;阴离子∶十二烷基苯磺酸钠,SDBS∶非离子,曲拉通100,TX100)对苯并[a]芘(BaP)在黑炭表面吸附解吸的影响.结果表明,3种表面活性剂的存在均会增加BaP在黑炭表面吸附的非线性程度.CTAB的存在可以促进BaP在黑炭表面的吸附同时抑制了BaP的解吸,然而SDBS的存在降低了BaP在黑炭表面的吸附并增加了吸附过程的可逆性.与CTAB和SDBS不同,TX100对BaP在黑炭表面吸附解吸的影响取决于其添加浓度.低浓度的TX100(50 mg.L-1)能够促进BaP在黑炭上的吸附并抑制BaP的解吸,吸附能力参数Kd值(在ce=50μg.L-1下)从188 062 mL.g-1增大到264 179 mL.g-1,解吸滞后指数HI从0.44降低到0.39.随着TX100浓度增加到150 mg.L-1和200 mg.L-1,TX100对BaP的吸附表现出抑制作用并能够促进BaP的解吸,Kd值(在ce=50μg.L-1下)从188 062 mL.g-1分别降低到182 751 mL.g-1和178 730 mL.g-1,解吸滞后指数从0.44分别升高到0.65和0.70.本研究为预测多环芳烃在表面活性剂污染的环境中的分布特征和最终归趋提供了理论依据.     

Effects of different sediment fractions on sorption of galaxolide

Sorption isotherms of galaxolide (HHCB) of different fractions from two sediments with different mineral and organic carbon contents were determined to compare HHCB sorption behavior and contribution to the total sorption. The HHCB sorption isotherms that used the batch equilibration method were studied on different sediments of different fractions. The sorption isotherms of 600°C heating fractions were detailed using the linear model, while the other fractions were nonlinear and fitted well with the Freundlich model. The dissolved organic carbon (DOC) removed, NaOH extracted, and 375°C heating fractions showed more nonlinear sorption than the original sediments, which suggested more heterogeneous sorption sites in these fractions. Compared to the original sediments, the 375°C heating fractions had higher carbonnormalized distribution coefficient (K _oc) values, indicating a higher sorption affinity for HHCB. Among the different sediment fractions, the contribution of the 600°C heating fractions to the overall sorption were the lowest (< 20%), while the 375°C heating fractions were the highest (up to 85%).     

Characterization of personal exposure concentration of fine particles for adults and children exposed to high ambient concentrations in Beijing, China

In China, the health risk from overexposure to particles is becoming an important public health concern. To investigate daily exposure characteristics to PM 2.5 with high ambient concentration in urban area, a personal exposure study was conducted for school children, and office workers in Beijing, China. For all participants (N = 114), the mean personal 24-hr exposure concentration was 102.5, 14.7, 0.093, 0.528, 0.934, 0.174 and 0.703 μg/m 3 for PM 2.5 , black carbon, Mn, Al, Ca, Pb, and Fe. Children's exposure concentrations of PM 2.5 were 4-5 times higher than those in related studies. The ambient concentration of PM 2.5 (128.5 μg/m 3 ) was significantly higher than the personal exposure concentration (P 0.05), and exceed the reference concentration (25 μg/m 3 ) of WHO air quality guideline. Good correlation relationships and significant differences were identified between ambient concentration and personal exposure concentration. The relationships indicate that the ambient concentration is the main factor influencing personal exposure concentration, but is not a good indicator of personal exposure concentration. Outdoor activities (commute mode, exposure to heating, workday or weekend travel) influenced personal exposure concentrations significantly, but the magnitude of the influence from indoor activities (exposure to cooking) was masked by the high ambient concentrations.     

Quantifying hysteresis of atrazine desorption from a sandy loam soil

Batch experiments were carried out to investigate the effects of initial atrazine concentrations and consecutive desorption steps on the desorption characteristics of atrazine from a sandy loam soil.As initial atrazine concentration increased,the average percentage of atrazine desorption on the sandy loam soil ranged gradually from 23.1% to 38.5% after five consecutive desorption steps.The values of the Freundlich capacity parameter,kdes,derived from the initial concentration and time-dependent desorption isotherm were consistently higher than those associated with sorption.The opposite trend was observed only for the values of nonlinear parameter,ndes,from the initial concentration-dependent desorption isotherms.Atrazine hydrolysis to hydroxyatrazine and bound residue formation were mainly responsible for the observed hysteresis in its sorption and desorption isotherms.For the initial concentration-dependent desorption isotherms,as initial atrazine concentration increased,the values of hysteretic coefficients ω and λ decreased,and H values increased.However,the relationships between initial atrazine concentration and hysteretic coefficients were not pronounced for ω,H,or λ.For the time-dependent desorption isotherms,λ and H values increased as the atrazine desorption step proceeded.The correlation between hysteretic coefficient and desorption step was highly significant for λ (P 0.0001),but not for H.     

长江口滨岸带潮滩沉积物中菲的吸附特征

以菲为多环芳烃的代表物,对长江口滨岸带潮滩沉积物进行吸附实验,并研究不同盐度、营养盐和温度条件下和不同沉积物组分对吸附的影响.结果表明,Freundlich吸附等温线能较好的拟合实验值,其KFr值与各样点TOC含量变化趋势一致,而非线性特征随样品TOC含量升高及吸附能力的增强而降低.盐度对吸附略有影响,而对于TOC含量...     

氯苯类化合物在沉积物上的非线性吸附行为

以5种自然沉积物为对象,采用批量平衡法,测定了氯苯、1,4-二氯苯、1,2,4-三氯苯和1,2,4,5-四氯苯在这5种沉积物样品上的吸附等温线,以研究沉积物自然有机质（NOM）的性质对氯苯类化合物（chlorobenzenes, CBs）吸附行为的影响.结果表明,1,2,4-三氯苯在虎门、黄沙、雅岗、三水、长洲5种沉积物中的等温吸附线性因子n都小于1,分别为0.956、 0.858、 0.872、 0.947和0.915,说明所有吸附等温线均为非线性;同时,非线性的程度n与极性指数（O+N）/C呈负相关关系,相关系数R²达0.994 7,表明NOM的聚合度（以极性指数为表征）直接影响着吸附非线性程度;5种沉积物对1,2,4-三氯苯的吸附亲和力（K_oc）随沉积物极性指数的增大而减弱,说明NOM聚合度较高的沉积物对1,2,4-三氯苯的吸附亲和力更强;氯苯、1,4-二氯苯、1,2,4-三氯苯、1,2,4,5-四氯苯在同一种沉积物（黄沙）上吸附等温线的线性因子n分别0.755、 0.788、 0.858、 0.949,非线性程度按溶质分子由小到大的顺序依次减弱,说明溶质分子本身的性质也影响着CBs在沉积物上的吸附性能.     

菲在渤海湾潮滩不同粒径沉积物上的吸附行为

采用批量试验的方法,研究了菲(PHE)在渤海湾潮间带不同粒径沉积物上的吸附行为,探讨了吸附等温式参数与有机质含最和性质之间的相关关系.结果表明:(1)不同粒径沉积物中总有机碳(TOC)含量(0.86～10.67 mg/g)表现为:粘粒＞砂粒＞粉砂粒;岐口不同粒径沉积物中碳黑(BC)含量(0.25～1.46mg/g)与T...     

Enhanced and irreversible sorption of pesticide pyrimethanil by soil amended with biochars

Biochar derived from partial combustion of vegetation is ubiquitous and potentially effective in sequestration of environmental contaminants.Biochars were prepared by burning of red gum(Eucalyptus spp.) woodchips at 450 and 850°C(labeled as BC450 and BC850).These two biochars were found to possess markedly different properties in terms of surface area and porosity.Short-term equilibration tests(24 hr) were conducted to assess the sorption-desorption behavior of pyrimethanil in the soil amended with various amounts of biochar of each type,with a special focus on the desorption behavior of the sorbed pesticide through four times successive desorption by dilution.Sorption coefficient and isotherm nonlinearity of the amended soils progressively increased with the content of biochar in the soil.Biochar BC850 with higher surface area and microporosity showed a stronger effect on the reversibility of sorption pesticide.The soils amended with 5% BC450 and 1% BC850 had nearly the same sorption capacity for pyrimethanil;however,their desorption processes were very different with 13.65% and 1.49% of the sorbed pesticide being released,respectively.This study suggested that biochar in soil could be an important factor for immobilization of a pesticide and thus affecting its environment fate in soil.     

西维因在活性炭及草木灰上的吸附及解吸特性

在详细表征活性炭(AC)、草木灰(PA)和沉积物(S)表面性质及化学组成的基础上,研究他们对农药西维因的吸附等温线及吸附和解吸动力学特征.结果表明,化学组成类似,孔隙结构不同的碳吸附剂所遵循的吸附机理不同.介孔分布较多的AC吸附机理复杂,介孔分布较少的PA以线性分配作用为主,AC对西维因的吸附量远大于PA,表面积标化饱和吸附量显示,表面积是影响吸附量的关键因素.AC对西维因的解吸量远小于吸附量,与PA的解吸量相当,PA的解吸量与吸附量相近,且解吸动力学数据均能用准一级动力学方程拟合,说明以分配作用黏附于碳吸附剂上的西维因可能又以分配的形式解吸.沉积物(S)中掺混AC和PA后,对西维因的吸附量增加,解吸量降低,证明AC和PA均具有应用于污染沉积物治理的潜力,但复杂的沉积物体系使得吸附并非简单的叠加.     

土壤-水体系中固/液比对溶解性石油烃吸附的影响

采用批实验的方法,研究了2种土壤在不同的固/液比（solid-to-solution ratio,SSR）条件下对溶解性石油烃（DPH）的吸附-解吸特性.结果表明,DPH在土壤中的吸附-解吸等温线符合线性方程;解吸表现出明显的滞后现象,滞后因子随SSR的升高而增加,随土壤有机碳含量（OC）的升高而减小,对于OC=1.54%的稻田土,当SSR从10.00 g·L^-1变化至75.00 g·L^-1,DPH的解吸滞后因子从1.43升高到2.21;对于OC=15.91%的黑土,当SSR从2.50 g·L^-1变化至5.00 g·L^-1,DPH的解吸滞后因子从1.18升高到1.37.说明吸附的不可逆性随SSR的升高而增强,随土壤有机碳含量的升高而减弱.另外,研究发现由吸附等温线计算得到的k_OC随SSR的升高（不可逆性的增强）而减小,在此基础上建立了固定体系中k_OC与SSR的关系模型,用于预测实际环境中DPH在土-水界面的迁移.     

西辽河不同粒级沉积物的氨氮吸附-解吸特征

为估算辽河吸附态氨氮入海通量,采用平衡吸附-解吸法研究了西辽河不同粒级沉积物对氨氮的吸附-解吸特征. 结果表明:不同粒级沉积物对氨氮的吸附-解吸特征均符合Langmuir和Freundlich吸附-解吸等温式;黏粒级和粉粒级沉积物的氨氮饱和吸附量较大,分别为3 643.82和2 693.71 mg/kg,相当于粗砂的8.04和5.94倍;西辽河冲泻质泥沙黏粒和粉粒所携载的吸附态氨氮的入海通量分别为170.10和164.52 mg/kg. 占沉积物氨氮吸附总量的14.99%;黏粒级和粉粒级沉积物的氨氮解吸比例较小,分别为30.66%和42.04%,入海后可分别为上覆水提供氨氮52.15和69.16 mg/kg;黏粒级和粉粒级沉积物所吸附的氨氮是氮素循环的重要组成部分;黏粒和粉粒级沉积物的腐殖质含量远远高于粗沙,在其所形成的团聚体结构中存在的孔隙填充方式——氨氮吸附是导致黏粒和粉粒级沉积物饱和吸附量较大、解吸比例较低的根本原因.      

菲在不同成熟度干酪根上的吸附与解吸行为

 采用热模拟的方法用云南先锋褐煤制得一组成熟度不同的干酪根,研究其对菲的吸附解吸行为.结果表明,菲在不同成熟度的干酪根上的吸附与解吸均呈现出明显的非线性和解吸滞后,并且非线性和解吸滞后程度随着干酪根成熟度的增加而增加,这与其内部结构和性质间存在一定的内在关系.     

海水中Cu2+和Cr3+对PFOS在沉积物上吸附行为的影响规律

为了解重金属与全氟辛烷磺酸(PFOS)共存情况下,PFOS在沉积物上的吸附规律,本研究分别测定了在海水和淡水条件下添加不同浓度的Cu2+和Cr3+(0.5~50 mM)后,PFOS在沉积物上的吸附行为。结果表明,随着[Cu2+]的增加,PFOS在沉积物上的吸附能力和非线性均增强,且当溶液中PFOS浓度越低,增强作用越明显。与淡水相比,海水环境下该增强作用更为明显。随着[Cr3+]的增加,PFOS在沉积物上的吸附能力和非线性略有增强,且海水和淡水环境中增强作用几乎相同。对比发现,海水中Cu2+对PFOS在沉积物上的吸附增强效应比Cr3+更加明显。本文研究结果将有助于定量了解和预测PFOS和重金属复合污染情况下,PFOS在海水环境中的迁移规律,并为科学评价海洋环境中PFOS和重金属的生态风险及其总量控制提供技术支撑。     

双酚S在两种典型地带性土壤中的吸附/解吸行为研究

采用批平衡实验方法研究了双酚S（BPS）在两种典型地带性土壤中的吸附/解吸行为.结果表明,吸附动力学曲线符合拟二级动力学方程.吸附等温线呈非线性,且同时符合Freundlich和Langmuir方程.相比而言,BPS更易吸附在高有机质含量的黑土中,298 K反应温度下BPS在黑土和红壤上的最大吸附容量分别为497.8和156.6 mg·kg^-1.吸附到两种土壤中的BPS存在解吸滞后现象,这可能是由于BPS以化学吸附和微孔扩散的形式存在于土壤中的缘故.溶液pH与BPS在土壤中的吸附容量呈负相关关系,即中性形态的BPS比阴离子形态的BPS具有更高的吸附容量.与结构类似物双酚A（BPA）的吸附相比,BPS在土壤中的吸附量更低,因此具有更高的迁移能力,可能会引起更高的环境健康风险.本研究结果为了解BPS在土壤中的迁移规律提供了数据支持.     

菲在大庆黑钙土有机-矿质复合体上的吸附与解吸

利用超声分散法提取了黑龙江大庆黑钙土中不同粒级有机-矿质复合体,并测定了其基本理化性质.其中粘粒复合体的有机质含量最高,比表面积以及阳离子交换容量最大.研究了多环芳烃菲在不同粒级有机-矿质复合体上的吸附和解吸行为.结果表明,菲在各粒级有机-矿质复合体上的吸附和解吸等温线均符合Freundlich方程,随粒径减小,有机-矿质复合体对菲的吸附容量以及吸附的非线性程度都增加.菲在有机-矿质复合体上的解吸表现出明显的滞后现象.高有机质含量的粘粒有机-矿质复合体对菲的吸附和持留能力均较强.      

Phosphorus sorption capacities in a headstream landscape The pond chain structure

Understanding phosphorus sorption phenomena in different wetland sediments is important in controlling the P output in headstream watersheds. The pond chain structure （PCS） is widespread in the headstream agricultural watersheds in the southeast of China. Phosphorus sorption characteristics were determined for pond surface sediments （0-12 cm） along a pond chain structure in Liuchahe watershed of Chaohu Lake. Results showed that P sorption capacities （expressed by P sorption index （PSI）） varied both with the landscape position of the ponds and sediment depth. From foothill ponds to riverside ponds the P sorption capacities indicated a significant gradient variability. The higher elevation ponds showed greater sorption capacities, and with the pond elevation decline, P sorption capacities gradually decreased. Some physico-chemical properties, such as pH, oxalate-extractable Fe （Feox）, organic matter （TOC） and Mehlich l-extractable Ca, Mg of pond sediments also indicated significant gradient variability from high elevation ponds to low elevation ponds. Feox was the sediment parameters most highly positively correlated with PSI and was the key factor in controlling P sorption capacity in the pond chain structure （r=0.92, p〈0.001）. Long-term hydrologic and sediment inputs can affect the distribution of sediment constituents and further affect the P sorption capacity. Making the best of the spatial difference of sorption capacities of ponds in watersheds to control nonpoint source P pollutant is necessary.