影响硫酸盐测定的因素

用铬酸钡间接原子吸收法测定水中的硫酸盐，发现稀释倍数、盐度、酸度等对其影响特别大，通过试验比较，总结出应对措施，解决了测定结果的稳定度和可靠性。     

好氧颗粒污泥形成的影响因素及其应用

结合近年来国内外学者关于好氧污泥颗粒化的研究成果,对影响好氧污泥颗粒化的影响因素进行了较为深入系统的分析,提出了适宜的运行控制条件及所需注意的问题。     

土壤环境质量及其演变的影响因素

阐述了土壤环境质量的定义以及近百年来的土壤环境质量的演变，着重分析了土壤环境质量演变的诸多影响因素，并提出了土壤污染防治的对策。     

影响生物脱氮除磷的因素

对生物脱氮除磷的基本原理作了简要分析，因其脱氮和除磷受多种因素影响，择其主要影响因素进行综述，以便为工程应用提供依据。     

影响高锰酸盐指数测定的主要因素

影响高锰酸盐指数测定准确性的主要因素有样品酸度、蒸馏水水质、高锰酸钾溶液浓度、水浴加热温度和滴定时间。通过环境标准样品的分析试验，考察这5个因素对高锰酸盐指数的影响程度；     

BOD5测定中的影响因素

BOD5的测定方法众多，文中从实验用水的质量、接种稀释液的要求、COD5值的确定、计算结果的取舍等方面予以分析．提出经验性的建议和办法。     

臭氧氧化法处理苯酚废水的影响因素分析

将含臭氧的气体通入模拟苯酚废水,其反应过程受到很多因素的控制,比如各种反应物的投加量、投加方式、以及溶液的环境因素,如溶液pH、温度和影响反应（加速或促进）的物质存在等。文中通过实验评估各影响因素对其影响的程度,可为苯酚废水处理的实际应用提供指导和参考。     

Factors Influencing Regional Municipal Solid Waste Management Strategies

Abstract

Although regionalization policies have been proven as good strategies for municipal solid waste (MSW) management in previous studies, the optimal allocation of the waste stream is significantly affected by several influential factors, thus further investigation of the impacts of these factors on regional MSW management strategies is necessary. This study demonstrated the impacts of waste-to-electricity transformation coefficient (WETC) of incinerators and the fluctuation of unit tipping fees on the regional MSW flow/allocation of the Taipei metropolitan area from practical and economic perspectives. Real-world data and linear programming were used to obtain the least-cost alternatives under different scenarios. Analytical results indicated some treatment facilities had geographic superiority and their priorities changed when actual WETCs of incinerators were considered. Treatment facilities located at weighted centers were identified. The allocation of MSW among incinerators and landfills is affected by fluctuation of unit tipping fees within a certain range. Treatment facilities sensitive to the changes in unit tipping fees were also identified. Regression equations were also established that can estimate the cost items of MSW management scenarios with different unit tipping fees. The results of this study are very useful for daily basis regulation of MSW administration.     

影响恶臭监测结果的因素及其对策

使用三点比较式臭袋法进行恶臭监测，对经常影响监测结果的几个因素加以分析，并提出相应的对策。     

Atmospheric Factors Influencing Daily Sulfate Concentrations in Chicago Air

Abstract

Confidence interval construction for central tendency is a problem of practical consequence for those who must analyze air contaminant data. Determination of compliance with relevant ambient air quality criteria and assessment of associated health risks depend upon quantifying the uncertainty of estimated mean pollutant concentrations. The bootstrap is a resampling technique that has been steadily gaining popularity and acceptance during the past several years. A potentially powerful application of the bootstrap is the construction of confidence intervals for any parameter of any underlying distribution. Properties of bootstrap confidence intervals were determined for samples generated from lognormal, gamma, and Weibull distributions. Bootstrap t intervals, while having smaller coverage errors than Student's t or other bootstrap methods, under-cover for small samples from skewed distributions. Therefore, we caution against using the bootstrap to construct confidence intervals for the mean without first considering the effects of sample size and skew. When sample sizes are small, one might consider using the median as an estimate of central tendency. Confidence intervals for the median are easy to construct and do not under-cover. Data collected by the Northeast States for Coordinated Air Use Management (NESCAUM) are used to illustrate application of the methods discussed.     

Spatial Factors Influencing Winter Primary Particle Sampling and Interpretation

ABSTRACT

Aerosol samplers collect material that is locally generated as well as that transported from upwind; knowing the extent of the area from which the sample is drawn is necessary for proper interpretation of sampler data. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) PM_2.5 monitoring guidelines recognize a conceptual hierarchy of sampler spatial representation, but provide no objective measures of a site’s spatial representativeness. A case study of a sampler tributary area in central California provides insights into the factors that determine a sampler’s spatial representation. Winter diurnal cycles of fine particle concentrations at places of habitation ranging from urban cores to small farm towns show a marked cycle that can be linked to local human activity. Assessment of the possible causes of the observed cycles leads to the hypothesis that local sources dominate primary particle mass in winter samples. The hypothesis was tested using a simple model to relate routine 24-hr PM₁₀ and PM_2.5 samples to a sampler’s surroundings. Model results indicate that even minor sources very close to a sampler will overwhelm any regional component in a sample. The results for the cases studied also demonstrate that, in winter, most coarse (PM_10-2.5) particles collected are less than 2 hr old, and most primary fine (PM_2.5) particles are less than 4 hr old. Even on days that are not truly “stagnant,” samplers are very strongly influenced by their immediate surroundings (distances less than 10 km), and only weakly influenced by regional emissions.

The implications for interpretation of sample analyses are as follows: 1. Typical PM sampling networks are unlikely to represent regional conditions;

2. Similarity of samples in time and space between widely separated samplers probably arises from sampling analogous local environments rather than a uniformly mixed regional air mass;

3. Even weak sources near a sampler will prevent regionally representative samples, so that “background” specification in models can be strongly skewed by misapplication of sampler data;

4. Source-receptor relationships within a single modeling grid cell can cause measured and modeled source impacts at a sampler to diverge by orders of magnitude, even for grid cells as small as 1 km; and

5. Differential deposition of coarse and fine particles will skew source apportionment by chemical tracers unless the tracers and the source emissions have the same size distribution.

     

Factors Influencing 2,4-D Sorption and Mineralization in Soil

Abstract

This study quantified 2,4-D [(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid] sorption and mineralization rates in five soils as influenced by soil characteristics and nutrient contents. Results indicated that 2,4-D was weakly sorbed by soil, with Freundlich distribution coefficients ranging from 0.81 to 2.89 µg^1?1/n  g^?1 mL^{1/ n} . First-order mineralization rate constants varied from 0.03 to 0.26, corresponding to calculated mineralization half-lives of 3 and 22 days, respectively. Herbicide sorption generally increased with increasing soil organic carbon content, but the extent of 2,4-D sorption per unit organic carbon varied among the soils due to differences in soil pH, clay content and/or organic matter quality. Herbicide mineralization rates were greater in soils that sorbed more 2,4-D per unit organic carbon, and that had greater soil nitrogen contents. We conclude that the effect of sorption on herbicide degradation cannot be generalized without a better understanding of the effects of soil characteristics and nutrient content on herbicide behavior in soil.     

Factors Influencing the Variability of SO2 Concentrations in Istanbul

ABSTRACT

The correlation between sulfur dioxide (SO₂) concentrations measured at the European and Asian sides of Istanbul and meteorological parameters is investigated using principal component analysis (PCA) and multiple regression analysis techniques. Several meteorological parameters are selected to represent the atmospheric conditions during two winter periods: 1993–1994 and 1994–1995. Six principal components are found to explain the majority of the observed meteorological variability. Surface pressure, 850-mb temperature, and surface zonal (east-west) and meridional (north-south) winds show high loadings on separate factors identified by PCA. We seek dominant meteorological parameters that control the SO₂ levels at each monitoring station. Several multiple regression analysis models are fitted to the data from each monitoring station using six principal components and previous day SO₂ concentrations as independent variables.

Results suggest that the most important parameters, highly correlated with SO₂ concentrations in the Istanbul metropolitan area, are atmospheric pressure and surface zonal and meridional winds. These components have more influence on the determination of the air pollution levels at the Asian side than at the European side.     

生态环境监测中高锰酸盐指数测定影响因素分析研究

文中从水浴时间、计时开始方式和溶液酸度3个方面,对环保部标准样品研究所低、中、高3个已知浓度标准样品进行实验分析。结果表明,在加入5 mL 1+3硫酸,从每锅第一个样品放入水浴锅开始计时和最佳水浴时间为29 min条件下,所测定的高锰酸盐指数值具有较高的准确度和精密度。     

制革行业环境影响因素及污染治理措施

按照ISO14001的要求，对制革行业主要环境影响因素进行了识别，并提出了控制这些环境影响因素的具体办法，使环境管理体系和污染防治措施得到有机的结合。     

次溴酸盐氧化法测定海水氨氮影响因素的探讨

测定海水中氨氮时,经常会出现曲线线性不好、空白值高等情况。文中通过对实验室环境、实验用水、器皿、试剂、操作过程等因素进行分析探讨,找出了实验出现问题的原因,并进行了校正。     

Factors Influencing the Emissions of Nitrated-Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons(Nitro-PAH) from Diesel Engines

The potential problem of 1-nitropyrene (1-NP) formation during filter sampling of diesel emissions from dilution tubes is assessed. Rates of formation are calculated using data generated from several independent filter exposure studies. A portion of the 1-NP (12% average) found in participates collected from light-duty (LDD) and heavy-duty diesels (HOD) was found to be due to formation on the filter under average sampling conditions of 10-15/1 dilution at 44°C with 3 ppm NO₂ for 23 min. On the average, the concentration of 1-NP in participates emitted from HDD is 16 times less than that found in LDD run under similiar transient conditions. The average emission rate of 1-NP generated from the LDD and HDD was 4.7 μg/km and 1.5 μg/km, respectively for the vehicles operating under Federal Test Procedure (FTP)-transient conditions. Under operating conditions which increase exhaust temperature (increased speed and load), the concentration of nitro-PAH is significantly reduced with a concurrent increase in the concentration of partially oxidized nitro-PAH and dinitro-PAH. The concentration of 1-NP in the particulates measured from HDD in these dilution tube studies (0.33-0.95 ppm, depending upon engine load) is comparable to that measured in highway tunnel experiments (0.54 ppm average).     

钙基脱硫剂高温固硫性能的影响因素试验分析

对含硫量为1．51％的大同煤，在不同的气氛和工况下加入钙基脱硫剂，并辅以添加剂，在800—1200℃的高温下开展了较为系统的试验和分析。与CaCO3和CaO相比，Ca（OH）2具有更好的高温固硫性能；Ca（OH）2、CaCO3和CaO在900℃左右均表现出很好的固硫率；氧化气氛较适用于1000℃以下固硫；高温取Ca／S比为2．0～2．5时较适合；按一定比例添加Fe2O3、SiO2和Al2O3配置的复合脱硫剂脱硫效率更高（试验值66．67％），复合添加剂能提高1000℃以上的固硫率，加宽了最佳固硫温度范围，且能维持比较稳定的高温固硫效果；不同条件下，CaSO4分解特性不同。     

Identifying influencing factors on paved roads silt loading

The factors that influence the increase or decrease of silt loadings on paved roadways have not been fully quantitatively investigated. They were identified in this study based on the quarterly silt loading sampling data collected from 20 sites by the Clark County Department of Air Quality and Environmental Management in Southern Nevada for the period from 2000 to 2003. The silt loading and associated data collected over these years at one sampling site may inherently possess site-specific characteristics that can be better incorporated by using panel data models. The factors that are identified as significant are the presence of curbs and gutters, shoulder type, pavement conditions, and the presence of construction activities in the vicinity of roadways. The presence of curbs and gutters, stabilized shoulders, and good pavement conditions would result in decreased silt loadings. Conversely, the presence of construction activities within the immediate vicinity of sampled areas would result in increases of silt loadings on the roadway surfaces. Based on the analysis of the results, it was recommended that constructing curbs, gutters and stabilized shoulders, preventing or reducing construction track-out from construction activity, and improving pavement conditions be the preferred control measures to reduce silt loading on paved roadways.