二氧化硫暴露对谷子幼苗气孔运动、脯氨酸代谢和抗氧化酶系统的影响

二氧化硫(SO_2)是一种有毒的大气污染物,主要经气孔进入植物体内.目前对于SO_2毒性的研究多集中在氧化损伤方面,关于SO_2对植物脯氨酸代谢的影响及相关分子机制的研究还很少.本文以谷子幼苗为材料,研究了不同浓度SO_2气体暴露对叶片气孔运动、脯氨酸代谢和抗氧化酶系统的影响.结果显示,10 mg·m~(-3) SO_2熏气对谷子幼苗的叶片形态、相对含水量、气孔开度、脯氨酸含量及抗氧化酶活性均无明显影响.30 mg·m~(-3) SO_2暴露24～72 h后,叶片出现明显的受损症状,相对含水量降低,叶面气孔开度减小;30 mg·m~(-3) SO_2熏气导致叶中脯氨酸含量显著增加,脯氨酸脱氢酶(PDH)活性明显升高.同时,长时间的SO_2胁迫可诱导SiPDH基因表达上调,而脯氨酸合成相关基因SiP5CS、SiP5CR表达受到明显抑制.此外,谷子幼苗暴露于30 mg·m~(-3) SO_2时,叶中超氧阴离子(O■)产生速率与对照相比显著提高,诱导超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性增强,从而将过氧化氢(H_2O_2)含量维持在正常水平.以上结果表明,SO_2对谷子的毒性效应具有浓度依赖性.高浓度SO_2暴露下,谷子能够通过控制气孔开放、调节脯氨酸代谢和抗氧化酶活性等过程来适应SO_2胁迫.     

外源脱落酸缓解二氧化硫对胡杨细胞的毒性

二氧化硫(SO_2)是一种常见的大气污染物.前期研究表明,过氧化氢(H_2O_2)和一氧化氮(NO)参与调控SO_2诱导的胡杨细胞毒性.脱落酸(ABA)是一种植物逆境激素,目前关于ABA在植物细胞响应SO_2胁迫中的具体作用并不清楚.因此,本文以胡杨愈伤细胞为材料,采用SO_2衍生物处理,研究外源ABA在植物细胞SO_2毒性缓解中的作用及相关机制.结果发现:2 mmol·L~(-1)SO_2衍生物处理胡杨细胞9 h后,细胞电解质外渗率和细胞死亡率明显增加;外源施用5μmol·L~(-1)ABA可明显缓解SO_2对胡杨细胞的毒性,降低电解质外渗率和细胞死亡率.2 mmol·L~(-1)SO_2衍生物胁迫下,与SO_2单独处理组相比,添加外源ABA能够使胡杨细胞的抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性分别提高23.9%和48.0%,从而减少胞内H_2O_2水平.此外,SO_2胁迫下,外施ABA后胡杨细胞的Pe Nia1、Pe Nia2基因表达受到明显抑制,细胞硝酸还原酶(NR)活性降低24.1%,胞内NO合成减少.以上结果表明,SO_2胁迫下,外源施加ABA可有效降低胡杨细胞内H_2O_2和NO水平,从而缓解SO_2对胡杨细胞的毒性.     

SO2熏蒸小麦对粘虫生长的影响

用低浓度SO_2熏蒸过的小麦饲养幼虫,研究SO_2污染对粘虫生长的影响.SO_2浓度为50和100ppb时,幼虫的发育历期显著缩短,存活率提高10％左右,整个幼虫期的发育-存活指数和平均相对生长速度(MRGR)分别比对照组高15％和2.5％左右.用上述两个浓度的SO_2处理的幼虫食料植物对成虫的繁殖力也有一定的促进作用,但对蛹的历期和成虫的寿命没有影响.     

二氧化硫和氟化氢单独和复合熏气对金荞麦影响的初步试验

在工矿区和城市周围大气中,植物往往受到二种以上有害气体复合污染的伤害。六十年代以来,关于气体复合污染(如SO_2 O_3、SO_2 NO_2、SO_2 乙烯、NO_2 O_3、SO_2 HF及SO_2 NH_3等)对植物影响的研究,日益受到重视,有的实验组合对某些植物的伤害表现为增效作用,如SO_2 O_3,SO_2 乙烯;有的则产生拮抗作用,如SO_2 NH_3;有的只是简单相加或彼此不相影响,本工作对孕蕾期金荞麦受到SO_2、HF单独和复合熏气所产生的反应、伤害症状及其对生长、发育和产量的影响进行了实验。     

我国北方两地环境臭氧浓度对矮菜豆生长的影响

地表臭氧对植物具有显著毒害作用,矮菜豆(Phaseolus vulgaris L.)已被证实对臭氧非常敏感.选用对臭氧敏感性不同的矮菜豆(R123,臭氧耐受性及S156,臭氧敏感性)分别在3个地点(北京昌平、北京生态中心、哈尔滨市)进行室外直接暴露实验,旨在探讨当前环境臭氧浓度对矮菜豆生长的影响.结果表明,生态中心和昌平两地菜豆在当前臭氧浓度下叶片都出现严重臭氧损伤症状,整个生长季S156型菜豆平均臭氧损伤比例比R123型菜豆高23.5%;臭氧损伤自开花期开始,开花期至结荚期损伤加剧,在豆荚成熟期臭氧损伤比例达到最大值.豆荚产量对比发现,昌平和生态中心两地S156型与R123型豆荚产量比值分别为0.48和0.24,哈尔滨地区为0.73,二者比值为1视为生长不受臭氧影响.可见,北京地区较高的环境臭氧浓度已使敏感性作物矮菜豆显著减产.     

二氧化硫胁迫下拟南芥miRNA表达谱分析

以拟南芥为材料,利用高通量测序技术并结合生物信息学分析方法,检测二氧化硫(SO_2)处理后拟南芥植株的小分子RNA表达谱,筛选SO_2胁迫响应microRNAs(miRNAs)分子,研究植物miRNAs对逆境胁迫的应答机制.结果发现,30 mg·m~(-3) SO_2处理72 h后,拟南芥地上组织小分子RNA长度分布发生改变,在对照组和SO_2组中均有大量特有的小分子RNA序列,说明SO_2胁迫可诱导拟南芥小分子RNA的表达改变.SO_2胁迫诱导186个保守miRNA和16个新miRNA分子差异表达,其靶基因主要涉及转录调控、信号转导、代谢、刺激响应等生理过程.差异表达的miR160和miR393可通过生长素信号途径调控植株生长发育,参与植物对SO_2的胁迫响应.本研究揭示了植物中参与SO_2胁迫应答的miRNA种类及作用机制,进一步阐明了miRNAs在植物抗逆应答过程中的作用.     

低浓度SO2长期暴露对小麦生长和产量的影响

随着化石燃料,特别是煤的燃烧量日益增加,大气层SO_2的浓度越来越高,成为当今世界对绿色植物危害最严重的大气污染物之一。SO_2对植物,特别是对农作物的影响,已受到普遍重视。近年来,我国有关科研人员陆续开展了SO_2对农作物生长、发育和代谢等方面影响的研究,本文报道利用野外开顶式熏气装置研究低浓度SO_2对冬小麦生长和产量影响的试验结果。     

增施CO2对C3和C4植物根际氯氰菊酯残留浓度的影响

CO2减排和土壤污染修复是我国实现经济和环境可持续发展必须解决的两大难题.基于生物固碳对根际微环境的影响,本研究提出通过增施CO2强化土壤有机污染的植物修复过程,为同时解决CO2减排和土壤污染植物修复面临的困境提供新思路.在模拟的CO2增施环境中,以C3植物菜豆和C4植物玉米为供试植物,以氯氰菊酯为目标污染物,研究增施CO2对C3和C4植物根际氯氰菊酯残留浓度的影响.结果表明,增施CO2可显著增加C3植物菜豆的地上和地下干重,在氯氰菊酯添加浓度为0、20、40 mg.kg-1时地下干重分别比自然CO2水平时增加了54.3%、31.9%和30.0%.增施CO2提高了未添加氯氰菊酯土壤的菜豆根际微生物数量,但降低了添加氯氰菊酯土壤的菜豆根际微生物数量.增施CO2对未添加氯氰菊酯土壤的菜豆根际氯氰菊酯残留浓度没有显著影响,但降低了菜豆根际氯氰菊酯的残留浓度,分别比自然CO2水平时下降24.0%（20mg.kg-1）和16.9%（40 mg.kg-1）.然而,对C4植物玉米而言,增施CO2对植物生物量、根际微生物、根际氯氰菊酯残留浓度下降没有明显促进作用,甚至有抑制作用.本实验表明,增施CO2降低了C3植物根际氯氰菊酯残留浓度,可以考虑将增施CO2作为C3植物修复土壤污染的强化措施,但对C4植物的影响还有待进一步研究.     

SO2污染的次生作用--促进粘虫的生长

将3龄幼虫接种在暴露于低浓度SO_2的小麦植株上自由取食12d,研究SO_2污染对粘虫生长的影响;对照组小麦用经过活性炭过滤的空气处理。结果表明,随着SO_2浓度升高,幼虫历期逐渐缩短,幼虫期的平均相对生长速率依次增大。用人工饲料进行的类似试验结果,排除了SO_2污染直接促进粘虫生长的可能性。根据对食料植物水解氨基酸含量的测定结果,可以假设在非污染条件下生长的麦叶中,蛋氨酸和精氨酸含量偏低使粘虫处于亚最适生长状态,SO_2污染增加了食料中这两种限制性氨基酸的浓度,导致幼虫转入最佳生长状态。     

APEC前后北京SO2垂直分布特征及其对二次硫酸盐生成的影响

SO_2是北京大气中重要的污染气体.为探讨亚太经合组织(APEC)峰会前后北京大气SO_2的垂直分布及其对二次硫酸盐(SO_4~(2-))生成的影响,我们于2014年10月21日至11月30日在地面和北京325 m气象塔260 m高度处同步开展了气体SO_2和亚微米颗粒物中硫酸盐(SO_4~(2-))实时连续在线观测.结果显示,采暖前,北京地面SO_2浓度较低,但高层由于显著受到区域输送的影响浓度较高,两层污染物变化趋势也存在明显差异.采暖后,即APEC后,受本地供暖排放影响,SO_2和SO_4~(2-)浓度显著增加,两层的总体差异也相应减小,变化趋势也更为一致.湿度对SO_2的液相转化起关键作用.我们发现近地面SO_2的转化率(SOR)显著高于260 m,这主要与地面较高的湿度相关.事实上,SOR随着湿度增加而迅速增大,进一步凸显了湿度对SO_2液相氧化的影响.另外,我们也发现SO_2特别是260 m在低湿范围(RH40%)内随湿度增加而逐渐升高,但在高湿范围(RH50%)内则呈下降趋势,说明不同湿度范围内的来源或者生成机制可能有所不同.SO_4~(2-)和PM_(2.5)浓度均随着湿度的增加而增加,但不同湿度范围,增加速率不同.通过相关性和和后向轨迹分析表明,区域输送(特别是途经北京西部和南部的气团)和本地燃煤排放分别是采暖前后污染物的主要来源.     

硝酸还原酶介导的NO合成参与SO2引发的拟南芥气孔运动的调节

以拟南芥为材料,研究了硝酸还原酶(NR)途径在植物适应SO2胁迫中的作用.结果表明:SO2胁迫可诱导4周龄拟南芥植株叶片NR活性增强、一氧化氮(NO)水平提高,NR活性和NO水平与SO2暴露时间呈正相关.NR抑制剂叠氮化钠(NaN3)可缓解SO2诱发的NO水平升高.RT-PCR检测发现,SO2熏气72 h时拟南芥NR途径关键基因Nia1、Nia2和NiR1均转录上调.研究还发现,SO2可诱发拟南芥野生型、突变体nia2、nia1nia2的气孔关闭,NaN3和NO清除剂c-PTIO可阻止SO2诱发的野生型和nia2气孔关闭,说明通过NR途径合成的NO参与了SO2胁迫诱发的拟南芥气孔运动调节.研究结果表明,NR活性的增强介导了SO2胁迫期间拟南芥叶片NO水平的升高,后者参与胁迫期间拟南芥气孔运动的调控,以增强拟南芥植株对SO2胁迫的适应性.     

Inhibition of photosynthesis and leaf conductance interactions induced by SO2, NO2 and SO2 + NO2

Effects of 2-h exposures to 0–1 μmol mol⁻¹ SO₂, NO₂ and (1:1) SO₂ + NO₂ on CO₂ uptake by standardized snap bean leaves were studied. Interactions resulting from pollutant-induced changes in leaf conductance were evaluated. Minimum exposure concentrations required to depress CO₂ exchange rates (CER) under the test conditions were:0.17 μmol mol⁻¹ SO₂, 0.38 μmol mol⁻¹ NO₂, and 0.08 μmol mol⁻¹ of each pollutant in the 1:1 mixture. Treatments with 1 μmol mol⁻¹ NO₂ reduced CER 10% without affecting leaf conductance. One μmol mol⁻¹ SO₂ depressed CER by 50%. Leaf conductances increased in SO₂-treated leaves showing 30% inhibition of CER. Greater inhibition led to subsequent stomatal closure. Inhibition caused by the individual pollutants (applied singly) was linear over the range of concentrations investigated. The dual-pollutant mixture produced a synergistic response that was most pronounced at the lower pollutant concentrations. The potentiated effect was correlated with marked stomatal closure.Experimental plants for this study were grown under low moisture stress conditions to enhance stomatal opening in the plant stock material and reduce (damp) the potential for further SO₂-induced stimulation of stomatal opening. The experiments were designed to obtain limiting data for the test conditions.     

二氧化硫与植物之间的剂量—反应关系的研究

本研究采用野外开顶式和CSTR熏气装置对小麦、大麦、棉花、大豆和菜豆等植物进行SO2急性伤害、低浓度SO2长期暴露试验,测定植物伤害阈值和剂量—反应关系,生长和产置的反应及其对新陈代谢的影响。 研究结果指出,在一定的浓度和暴露时间下,植物对SO2具有不固定的敏感性。根据植物对SO2的敏感性,提出了敏感性、敏感中等和抗性这三种类型植物的急性伤害阈值。剂量—反应表面图表明,植物产生急性伤害需要一定的起始暴露时间,植物伤害程度与SO2之间不呈正比SO2浓度和暴露时间对叶片可见伤害都有影响,两者相比,浓度是更重要的因素。 低浓SO2长期暴露对植物生长和产量有抑制作用,干物质积累降低,叶面积减少,植株矮小。一般说来,对叶的影响大于对茎和根的影响,产量与SO2之间呈负相关。 SO2污染引起植物叶片气孔阻力,细胞外渗液K₊离子浓度和相对电导率增加,并与剂量呈正相关。SO2造成植物光合色素减少,急性伤害加速叶绿素a的破坏,而低浓度SO2长期暴露却使叶绿素b破坏加重;并对过氧化物酸活性有诱导作用。      

Protecting the photosynthetic performance of snap bean under free air ozone exposure

Tropospheric ozone(O_3) is a major air pollutant and causes serious injury to vegetation. To protect sensitive plants from O_3 damage, several agrochemicals have been assessed,including cytokinin(e.g., kinetin, KIN) and ethylenediurea(EDU) with cytokinin-like activity.In higher plant, leaves are primarily injured by O_3 and protective agrochemicals are often applied by leaf spraying. To our knowledge, the mitigating abilities of EDU and KIN have not been compared directly in a realistic setup. In the present research, impacts of elevated O3(2 × ambient O_3, 24 hr per day, for 8 days) on an O_3 sensitive line(S156) of snap bean(Phaseolus vulgaris), which is often used for biomonitoring O_3 pollution, were studied in a free air controlled exposure system. The day before starting the O_3 exposure, plants were sprayed with a solution of EDU(300 ppm), KIN(1 mmol/L) or distilled water, to compare their protective abilities. The results demonstrated that 2 × ambient O_3 inhibited net photosynthetic rate and stomatal conductance, increased the minimal fluorescence yield of the dark-adapted state, decreased the maximal quantum yield of PSII photochemistry, and led to visible injury. KIN and EDU alleviated the reduction of the photosynthetic performance, and visible injury under O_3 fumigation. The plants sprayed with EDU showed greater ability to mitigate the O_3 damage than those sprayed with KIN. Chlorophyll fluorescence imaging may have detected more precisely the differences in O_3 response across the leaf than the conventional fluorometer.     

NR途径参与调节SO2胁迫下拟南芥含硫抗氧化物水平

以拟南芥为材料,研究了硝酸还原酶(NR)途径在植株响应SO_2过程中对含硫抗氧化物水平的影响.结果发现,野生型拟南芥植株中谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GPX)和谷胱甘肽硫转移酶(GST)活性高于NR缺失突变体(nia1nia2);SO_2暴露后,野生型和突变体nia1nia2植株中半胱氨酸(Cys)和谷胱甘肽(GSH)含量显著增加,GPX和GST的活性诱导性增高,且野生型植株中上述4项指标的增幅高于突变体;拟南芥逆境响应基因GSTU24和GPX7在野生型和突变体nia1nia2中差异表达,且对SO_2的响应程度不同.研究表明,植株体内NR途径与拟南芥细胞中含硫抗氧化物水平有关,NR缺失影响逆境应答中含硫抗氧化物水平的提高及抗逆基因转录,说明NR途径参与调节了植株逆境响应中含硫抗氧化物的合成及相关氧化还原反应与解毒过程.     

Effect of SO2 on performance of the turnip moth,Agrotis segetum Schiff

Effect of SO₂-enriched air on the turnip moth, Agrotis segetum Schiff.was investigated by rearing the larvae on rape leaves that had been exposed to 40 or 80 ppb of the air pollutant in field fumigation chambers. An examination on the 11th day showed that the larvae in both treatments survived more, developed markedly faster, their fresh v/eig'ht and mean relative growth rate were significantly greater than those of control insect. Improvement of their growth and development resulted in decrease of total larval duration by 0.5 - 1.0 day. Pupal and adult performances were little affected by SO₂ level to which larval food plant was exposed. Possible reason responsible for enhanced growth and development of the insect species was discussed.     

Secondary effect of SO2 pollution: enhanced growth of the army worm, Mythimna separata (Walker)

Effects of SO₂ pollution on growth of the army worm, Mythimna separata, were investigated by rearing the larvae for 12 days on the wheat plants being exposed to SO₂ levels ranged from 50 to 200 ppb in the field open-top fumigation devices. Larval period shortened while their mean relative growth rate (MRGR) increased as SO₂ dose elevated. Similar experiment with the insect on the artificial diet excluded the possibility that SO₂ pollution directly stimulated growth of the army worm.The patterns of change in amino acid hydrolysates in the host foliage suggested that contents of methionine, and perhaps, arginine in food material exposed to unpolluted air were at such levels that they could only support sub-optimum growth of the insect, and SO₂ pollution increased concentrations of these limiting amino acids, resulting in better performance of the larvae.     

Effects of SO2 on physiology,elemental content and injury development of winter wheat

The effects of sulfur dioxide on buffering capacity, chlorophyll content, stomatal conductance, mineral composition and leaf injury of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum, cv. Yecora Rojo) were studied. Plants were exposed to sulfur dioxide (0, 79, 183, and 393 μg m⁻³) in open-top chambers. Exposures were conducted in Riverside, California, during the coolest part of the year when the plants are believed to be more sensitive to sulfur dioxide than during the rest of the year. Physiological measurements, injury rating and collection of leaf material for chemical analysis were carried out after 22 days of exposure. The results of these measurements were compared with yield data from the final harvest which took place after 118 days of exposure. Elevated SO₂ concentrations caused decrease of buffering capacity, increase of total sulfur content and increase of injury of wheat leaves. These changes correlated significantly with reduction of total seed weight and weight of 100 wheat seeds at the final harvest. Stomatal conductance to water vapor, chlorophyll content and two leaf mineral concentrations (calcium, potassium) were not significantly affected by sulphur dioxide exposure. The results of this study indicated that buffering capacity, total sulfur content and injury of leaves could be used as early indicators of SO₂ stress in wheat and its subsequent yield losses.