Symport transport of ferrichrome-type siderophores

The energetics of ferrichrome transport by bacterial membranes are explained by a unique structural feature of the metal-laden form of the siderophore which enables complexing of alkaline-earth cations.     

Intercontinental transport of air pollution

There is an increasing interest on the intercontinental transport of air pollution among the three main emission regions at northern mid-latitudes: North America, Europe, and East Asia. Air pollutants with sufficient long lifetime can be transported from one continent to another. Observations from ground sites, aircraft and satellites have demonstrated this intercontinental-scale transport of air pollutants in the free troposphere. Numerical models have been applied to understand the pathways of the transport and the impact of intercontinental pollution transport. This paper reviews current observational evidence and modeling studies of intercontinental transport of ozone and its precursors, and the resulting impacts on air quality.     

Pesticide transport in field soils

Pesticide contamination of water supplies has become a national issue. However, it is very challenging to quantitatively describe pesticide transport in field settings. The objective of this study was to quantify pesticide transport processes in field soils through modeling and field experiments. A transfer function model was modified to describe pesticide transport in the field. The model can be used to characterize the stochastic convective transport process with input chemical concentration changing with time, non-uniform soil water content distributions, adsorption, and degradation. A field experiment was conducted to assess the fate and mobility of two commonly used herbicides, dicamba and picloram. The herbicides were applied at two application rates to four plots (two replicates). The general transfer function was useful in fitting all the herbicide data within the different plots and depths, and was also utilized to predict herbicide concentration distributions with time and depth. The predicted results had reasonably good agreement with the field experimental data. For all comparisons, the predicted results matched the trend of the concentration distributions extremely well. By considering spatial and temporal variabilities, and other factors of the field soils, the modified transfer function proved to be a comprehensive and useful tool to model pesticide transport processes in field settings.     

Nucleocytoplasmic transport of messenger RNA

The Science of Nature -     

Secondary organic aerosol formation and transport

A Lagrangian trajectory model simulating the formation, transport and deposition of secondary organic aerosol is developed and applied to the Los Angeles area, for the air pollution episode of 27–28 August 1987. The predicted secondary organic aerosol on 28 August 1987 represents 15–22% of the measured particulate organic carbon at inland locations in the base case simulations, and 5–8% of that at coastal locations. A maximum secondary organic aerosol concentration of 6.8 μg m⁻³ is predicted for Claremont, CA, during this episode. On a daily average basis at Claremont about 46% of this secondary organic aerosol is predicted to be a result of the oxidation of non-toluene aromatics (xylenes, alkylbenzenes, etc.), 19% from toluene, 16% from biogenic hydrocarbons (α-pinene, ß-pinene, etc.), 15% from alkanes and 4% from alkenes. The major uncertainties in predicting secondary organic aerosol concentrations are the reactive organic gas emissions, the aerosol yields and the partitioning of the condensable gases between the two phases. Doubling the reactive organic gas (ROG) emissions results in an increase of the secondary organic aerosol predicted at Claremont by a factor of 2.3. Predicted secondary organic aerosol levels are less sensitive to changes in secondary organic aerosol deposition and NO_x emissions than to ROG emissions.     

吸附质污染物输运研究

对含沙水体中的吸附质污染物输运过程进行分析,从单元体出发推导考虑泥沙影响的污染物输运方程。导出的方程考虑了冲刷沉降、孔隙水扩散和孔隙水混合作用的影响,并应用于灌河口的TP浓度计算,验证结果较好。     

Cellular arsenic transport pathways in mammals

Natural contamination of drinking water with arsenic results in the exposure of millions of people world-wide to unacceptable levels of this metalloid. This is a serious global health problem because arsenic is a Group 1 (proven) human carcinogen and chronic exposure is known to cause skin, lung, and bladder tumors. Furthermore, arsenic exposure can result in a myriad of other adverse health effects including diseases of the cardiovascular, respiratory, neurological, reproductive, and endocrine systems. In addition to chronic environmental exposure to arsenic, arsenic trioxide is approved for the clinical treatment of acute promyelocytic leukemia, and is in clinical trials for other hematological malignancies as well as solid tumors. Considerable inter-individual variability in susceptibility to arsenic-induced disease and toxicity exists, and the reasons for such differences are incompletely understood. Transport pathways that influence the cellular uptake and export of arsenic contribute to regulating its cellular, tissue, and ultimately body levels. In the current review, membrane proteins (including phosphate transporters, aquaglyceroporin channels, solute carrier proteins, and ATP-binding cassette transporters) shown experimentally to contribute to the passage of inorganic, methylated, and/or glutathionylated arsenic species across cellular membranes are discussed. Furthermore, what is known about arsenic transporters in organs involved in absorption, istribution, and metabolism and how transport pathways contribute to arsenic elimination are described.     

提高武器装备的运输环境适应性

阐述了武器装备环境分析时应考虑的运输环境危害因素,讨论了这些因素对武器装备的影响.认为增强武器装备本身的运输环境适应能力、通过科学的包装减缓环境影响、或两种方法同时使用,是提高武器装备运输环境适应性的有效途径.     

胡敏酸在土壤中的迁移

研究了不同条件下胡敏酸在土壤中的迁移过程.结果表明,其迁移过程表现出较大的差异,在溶液pH值、胡敏酸浓度和溶液流速均较高时,胡敏酸迁移的阻滞因子和在土壤中的吸附系数均较低,有利于胡敏酸在土壤中的迁移;在溶液pH值、胡敏酸浓度和溶液流速均较低时,土壤对胡敏酸迁移的阻滞作用较大.胡敏酸的迁移还与土壤性质有关,土壤黏粒含量和阳离子交换量越高,胡敏酸在土壤中吸附的越多,越不利于迁移.在土壤中的吸附是胡敏酸迁移的主要控制因素,在预测胡敏酸在水土环境中迁移时,应该充分考虑不同条件下胡敏酸在不同性质土壤中的吸附.     

生物覆盖层属性对气体输运过程的影响

为更好地理解生物覆盖介质属性对甲烷减量化过程中气体通量分布的影响,将熟化时间为24个月和2个月的新旧绿色废物分别用于建设1#和2#生物覆盖单元.通过分布在其表面的12个静态箱测量混合气体的组成和通量,结合生物覆盖层含水率和干密度对示踪气体进行回归分析,并利用数值模拟工具模拟示踪气体的输运过程.测量结果表明,两个覆盖单元表面气体通量分布呈现高度变异性,其中,1#单元中气体通量的最大值与最小值的差别达9倍,在2#单元中,这种差异放大到20倍.生物覆盖层中含水率和干密度(孔隙度)也同样呈现出高度变异性,多元回归分析表明,含水率和干密度的分布与气体通量的分布明显线性关系,其中,含水率的分布总体上决定了气体的输运路径.数值模拟结果表明,气体在2#单元中的输运受到扩散过程的影响较大,结构性因子变异程度更高导致了预测的不确定性.     

Regional scale transport model for ammonia and ammonium

A regional scale operational model for the simulation of air and precipitation quality originating from ammonia is presented. The aim of the simulation is to determine, quantitatively, the complex effects of the following: emission density of ammonia, wind pattern in the transport layer, mixed-layer height, precipitation conditions, transformation, dry and wet deposition, and hemispheric background value. The model estimates annual average concentrations and yearly depositions for ammonia species in rural areas of the country. Results were validated against 1 year of data measured at regional pollution stations in Hungary. The computed values agreed well with the measurements.     

铁路运输企业能效对标管理体系研究——以某铁路运输企业为例

能效对标管理体系由能效对标指标体系和对标评价体系所组成。本文以某铁路运输企业为例,结合其实际工作特点,建立能效对标指标体系,针对企业自身和下属站段分别制定了两级对标指标;建立能效对标评价体系,对企业自身和下属单位分别进行对标评价。能效对标管理为该铁路运输企业运营管理提供了一种新模式,能效对标管理体系的建立为其能效对标工作的开展和能效水平的提升提供了支撑和依托。     

关于我国酸雨的污染物输送问题

我国燃煤消耗量很大,排放二氧化硫而引起的酸雨污染正引起国内外,特别是东亚地区各国的重视。本文通过4个方面探讨我国酸雨中污染物的输送问题：酸雨输送研究方式和湿沉降过程;我国酸雨分布和硫酸型特点;酸雨与天气系统的关系;我国典型酸雨区研究的成果。由此说明酸雨作为污染物的湿沉降,其前体物的主要部分涉及输送可能是中距离的,即几百公里以内。我国排放污染物对邻国酸雨长距离输送的影响可能存在,但影响究竟有多大则有待于大规模详细研究的结果。     

Transfer and transport of aluminum in filtration unit

Aluminum salt coagulants were used prevalently in various water works.In this article,the effects of filtration on residual aluminum concentration and species distribution were researched by determining the concentration of diiferent aluminum species before and after single layer filter,double layer filter,and membrane filtration units.In the research,size exclusion chromatography(SEC)was used to separate colloidal and soluble aluminum,ion exchange chromatography(IEC)was used to separate organic and inorganic aluminum, and inductivity coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry(ICP-AES)was used to determine the aluminum concentration.The results showed that the rapid filtration process had the ability of removing residual aluminum from coagulant effluent water,and that double layer filtration was more effective in residual aluminum removal than single layer filtration,while nano filtration was more effective than micro filtration.It was found that when the residual aluminum concentration was below 1mg/L in sediment effluent,the residual aluminum concentration in treated water was above 0.2 mg/L.The direct rapid filtration process mainly removed the suspended aluminum.The removal of soluble and colloidal aluminum was always less than 10% and the natural small particles that adsorbed the amount of soluble or small particles aluminum on their surface were difficult to be removed in this process.Micro filtration and nano filtration were good technologies for removing aluminum;the residual aluminum concentration in the effluent was less than 0.05 mg/L.     

Road transport and urban air quality in China

１　ＩｎｔｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎＴｈｅＣｈｉｎｅｓｅｇｏｖｅｒｎｍｅｎｔｈａｓｔａｋｅｎｔｈｅａｕｔｏｍｏｂｉｌｅｉｎｄｕｓｔｒｙａｓｏｎｅｏｆｉｔｓｐｉｌｌａｒｉｎｄｕｓｔｒｉｅｓｏｆＣｈｉｎａ．Ｔｈｅｃｕｒｒｅｎｔｐｅｒｃｅｎｔａｇｅｏｆａｕｔｏｍｏｔｉｖｅｔｒａｎｓｐｏｒｔａｔｉｏｎｏｆｐａｓｓｅｎｇｅｒｓｉｓ４５％,ｗｈｉｌｅｔｈａｔｏｆｃａｒｇｏｉｓａｐｐｒｏｘｉｍａｔｅｌｙ１５％．Ａｕｔｏｍｏｂｉｌｅｎｏｗｐｌａｙｓａｍｏｒｅｉｍｐｏｒｔａｎｔｒｏｌｅｉｎｓｈｏｒｔｒａｎｇｅｔｒａｎｓ…     

3H在黄土中迁移的滞后特征

为证实3H在介质中的吸附,进行了饱和条件下的3H和Br-、3H和99Tc与非饱和条件下的3H和131I的溶质迁移野外现场实验和室内模拟实验.结果表明,3H的迁移速度滞后于Br-、99Tc和131I.模拟结果表明,3H在饱和黄土中迁移的延迟因子约为1.95～2.05,相当于在地下水中迁移的速度比地下水流速慢了50%.影响3H迁移滞后的因素主要有土壤黏土矿物的吸附,土壤中不流动水的存在及土壤的理化性质.该结果对用3H对地下水定年和测速的精度提出了质疑,也为中、低和极低放射性废物处置场中处置3H废物的安全评价提供依据.