三江平原小叶章湿草甸CH4地-气交换特征

用密闭不透明箱-气相色谱法对三江平原小叶章湿草甸进行了为期2 a的现场观测研究.结果表明三江平原季节性积水的小叶章湿草甸全年CH4排放呈明显的双峰型变化.在非冰冻期(5月至10月)CH4排放通量为0.297～18.914 mg·m-2·h-1, 排放峰值出现在6月和8月、9月;冰冻期(11月至次年4月)CH4排放通量为0.048～2.921 mg·m-2·h-1, 排放低值出现在冬季的12月至次年3月之间,以及发生季节性干旱的7月.冰雪覆盖下的小叶章湿地依然有CH4排放,冰冻期CH4排放量约占全年排放总量的4.94%.在季节性积水或过湿的环境中,小叶章湿草甸CH4排放通量的季节变化主要由温度和土壤水分条件共同控制,其日变化特征表现为白天排放通量大,夜间则小.     

植物对沼泽湿地生态系统N2O排放的影响

利用静态暗箱/气相色谱法连续3个生长季(2003-2005年)对三江平原小叶章草甸和毛果苔草沼泽N2O排放通量进行野外对比观测试验.结果表明,植物不同生长阶段对湿地生态系统N2O排放通量的影响不尽相同.植物的参与促进了湿地生态系统N2O的排放,2003-2005年生长季小叶章草甸土壤-植物系统N2O排放通量分别是土壤表观N2O排放通量的1.58倍、2.09倍和2.34倍,同期毛果苔草沼泽土壤-植物系统N2O排放通量分别是土壤表观N2O排放通量的1.86倍、1.50倍和1.33倍.3个生长季小叶章草甸N2O排放通量均大于毛果苔草沼泽,这主要是由土壤理化性质的空间变异性以及水文情况的差异造成的.     

崇明岛稻麦轮作生态系统主要温室气体排放特征及影响因素分析

采用静态箱——气相色谱法对崇明岛稻麦轮作生态系统主要温室气体CO2、CH4和N2O排放进行了田间原位观测,并分析了影响温室气体排放的主要因素.结果表明,崇明岛稻麦轮作生态系统中,CH4和N2O的显著排放仅出现在水稻生长季,且透明箱与暗箱测得通量季节变化趋势具有高度一致性;水稻田是CH4和N2O的排放源,是CO2的吸收汇;冬小麦生长季农田表现为CH4的吸收汇,是CO2和N2O的排放源.整个稻麦轮作周期内,CH4、N2O以及暗箱CO2(即呼吸排放CO2)通量与各温度因子呈现出显著或极显著正相关性;CH4通量与土壤含水率、土壤C/N比值均存在极显著正相关性.另外,稻田CH4通量与土壤有机质(SOM)含量之间存在极显著正相关性,与土壤NH+4-N含量呈显著正相关关系;而稻田N2O通量与NO-3-N含量存在极显著正相关关系.     

互花米草入侵盐沼湿地CH4和N2O排放日变化特征研究

甲烷（CH4）和氧化亚氮（N2O）是导致全球气候变暖的2种重要温室气体,探索其源汇及地域排放特征一直是全球变化研究领域的核心内容。CH4和N2O通量的日变化研究是正确估算大时间尺度下CH4和N2O排放量的基础。利用静态箱法原位观测了江苏沿海芦苇（Phragmites australis）、盐蒿（Suada salsa）、光滩、水面以及互花米草（Spartina alterniflora）入侵湿地CH4和N2O排放的日变化特征。结果表明,1）互花米草湿地地上部生物量为1.70 kg·m^-2,土壤有机碳质量分数为13.55 g·kg^-1;分别是芦苇和盐蒿湿地的2.50-3.43和2.15-4.15倍。2）互花米草和芦苇湿地土壤10 cm处氧化还原电位（Eh）有明显日变化,最低值出现在3：00,最高值出现在12：00;光滩和盐蒿湿地没有明显的日变化。3）互花米草湿地 CH4日平均排放通量为0.52 mg·m^-2·h^-1,是其他湿地的2.12-6.40倍;N2O日平均通量为-3.24μg·m^-2·h^-1,显著低于盐蒿湿地、光滩和水面（P＜0.05）。互花米草和芦苇湿地CH4排放通量最高值（0.73 mg·m^-2·h^-1和0.30 mg·m^-2·h^-1）出现在15：00,最低值（0.37 mg·m^-2·h^-1和0.17 mg·m^-2·h^-1）出现在3：00,均与土壤孔隙水中CH4浓度呈显著负相关（P＜0.05）。互花米草湿地CH4排放通量与10 cm土温、Eh和生态系统CO2净交换量（NEE）显著正相关（P＜0.05）。互花米草和芦苇湿地N2O通量9：00-18：00为负值,21：00—6：00为正值,均与NEE呈显著负相关（P＜0.05）。盐蒿湿地、光滩和水面CH4和N2O排放通量没有明显日变化特征。互花米草入侵提高了沿海湿地CH4排放,但降低了N2O排放,植物对CH4传输作用以及向根际传输O2和易分解有机物是导致互花米草和芦苇湿地CH4和N2O排放表现出日变化特征的原因。     

互花米草入侵盐沼湿地CH_4和N_2O排放日变化特征研究

甲烷(CH4)和氧化亚氮(N2O)是导致全球气候变暖的2种重要温室气体,探索其源汇及地域排放特征一直是全球变化研究领域的核心内容。CH4和N2O通量的日变化研究是正确估算大时间尺度下CH4和N2O排放量的基础。利用静态箱法原位观测了江苏沿海芦苇(Phragmites australis)、盐蒿(Suada salsa)、光滩、水面以及互花米草(Spartina alterniflora)入侵湿地CH4和N2O排放的日变化特征。结果表明,1)互花米草湿地地上部生物量为1.70 kg·m-2,土壤有机碳质量分数为13.55 g·kg-1;分别是芦苇和盐蒿湿地的2.50~3.43和2.15~4.15倍。2)互花米草和芦苇湿地土壤10 cm处氧化还原电位(Eh)有明显日变化,最低值出现在3:00,最高值出现在12:00;光滩和盐蒿湿地没有明显的日变化。3)互花米草湿地CH4日平均排放通量为0.52 mg·m-2·h-1,是其他湿地的2.12~6.40倍;N2O日平均通量为-3.24μg·m-2·h-1,显著低于盐蒿湿地、光滩和水面(P0.05)。互花米草和芦苇湿地CH4排放通量最高值(0.73 mg·m-2·h-1和0.30 mg·m-2·h-1)出现在15:00,最低值(0.37mg·m-2·h-1和0.17 mg·m-2·h-1)出现在3:00,均与土壤孔隙水中CH4浓度呈显著负相关(P0.05)。互花米草湿地CH4排放通量与10 cm土温、Eh和生态系统CO2净交换量(NEE)显著正相关(P0.05)。互花米草和芦苇湿地N2O通量9:00-18:00为负值,21:00—6:00为正值,均与NEE呈显著负相关(P0.05)。盐蒿湿地、光滩和水面CH4和N2O排放通量没有明显日变化特征。互花米草入侵提高了沿海湿地CH4排放,但降低了N2O排放,植物对CH4传输作用以及向根际传输O2和易分解有机物是导致互花米草和芦苇湿地CH4和N2O排放表现出日变化特征的原因。     

红壤丘陵区冬闲稻田CH4和N2O排放通量的研究

CH4和N2O是与全球气候变化密切相关的2种主要温室气体,其排放规律以及减排措施已成为当前研究的热点。休闲期抛荒稻田普遍存在于我国西南和南方地区,而对于其CH4和N2O排放规律的研究还比较少。本实验选取江西红壤丘陵区进行观测,于稻田休闲期采用静态箱-气相色谱法进行原位观测,旨在探讨休闲期CH4和N2O的排放规律,可为制定减排措施提供一定的依据。研究结果表明：红壤丘陵区冬闲稻田CH4和N2O平均排放通量（以CH4和N2O-N计）分别为0.03mg.m-2.h-1和3.27μg.m-2.h-1。冬闲期CH4和N2O平均排放通量与土温、降雨量无明显线性关系（P〉0.05）。冬闲稻田排放CH4和N2O的综合温室效应（以CO2-eq计）为7.58 g.m-2,其中,CH4和N2O产生的温室效应（以CO2-eq计）分别为2.33和5.25 g.m-2。N2O排放量是冬闲稻田温室气体观测中不可忽视的部分。     

红壤丘陵区冬闲稻田CH4和N2O排放通量的研究

CH4和N2O是与全球气候变化密切相关的2种主要温室气体,其排放规律以及减排措施已成为当前研究的热点。休闲期抛荒稻田普遍存在于我国西南和南方地区,而对于其CH4和N2O排放规律的研究还比较少。本实验选取江西红壤丘陵区进行观测,于稻田休闲期采用静态箱-气相色谱法进行原位观测,旨在探讨休闲期CH4和N2O的排放规律,可为制定减排措施提供一定的依据。研究结果表明:红壤丘陵区冬闲稻田CH4和N2O平均排放通量(以CH4和N2O-N计)分别为0.03mg.m-2.h-1和3.27μg.m-2.h-1。冬闲期CH4和N2O平均排放通量与土温、降雨量无明显线性关系(P>0.05)。冬闲稻田排放CH4和N2O的综合温室效应(以CO2-eq计)为7.58 g.m-2,其中,CH4和N2O产生的温室效应(以CO2-eq计)分别为2.33和5.25 g.m-2。N2O排放量是冬闲稻田温室气体观测中不可忽视的部分。     

水热条件对不同坡位兴安落叶松林土壤CH4通量的影响

兴安落叶松林是我国北方最大的针叶林,在我国具有重要的碳汇地位,对我国以及全球的气候变化具有重要影响。由于独特的高寒高湿和多年冻土的特殊生态环境,兴安落叶松林土壤中 CH4的吸收与释放的规律与众不同。因此,开展对土壤 CH4动态及其与环境关系的研究,对揭示兴安落叶松林碳汇能力的形成、碳释放动态以及兴安落叶松林对气候变化的作用具有重要的理论和实践意义。作者于2011年5月到9月间在内蒙古根河国家生态站,在不同坡位的4种典型兴安落叶松林群落中布设样地,采用静态箱-红外气体分析仪收集气体并分析CH4通量的变化,同时测定不同深度的土壤温度,测定土壤含水率。借助SAS方差分析、相关性分析等统计方法,对兴安落叶松林土壤CH4通量的季节变化进行研究,同时分析土壤温度及含水率对 CH4通量的影响。结果表明,CH4的季节动态变化规律：坡顶 CH4通量为春季释放,夏季吸收,秋季释放,吸收大于释放,通量的平均值为-68.12μg·m^-2·h^-1;坡上部CH4通量为春夏秋3季均吸收,通量的平均值为-342.49μg·m^-2·h^-1;坡下部CH4通量为春季释放,夏季吸收,秋季释放,释放大于吸收,通量的平均值为67.8μg·m^-2·h^-1;坡脚CH4通量为春夏秋3季均释放,通量的平均值为263μg·m^-2·h^-1。总的来说,在生长季兴安落叶松林土壤甲烷通量吸收大于释放,说明地处寒温带的大兴安岭是CH4的汇。观测期间CH4通量与温度及土壤含水率均有一定的相关性,二者从不同角度影响CH4通量的变化,而随着坡位的变化土壤水热条件也随之改变,这同样是影响CH4通量的一个重要因素。     

油菜地CO2、N2O排放及其影响因素

2005年11月至2006年5月采用静态箱法对成都平原典型水稻 - 油菜轮作区油菜地CO2、N2O排放通量进行原位测定.结果表明,CO2排放通量为121.4～1 585.8 mg·m-2·h-1,平均656.8 mg·m-2·h-1;N2O排放通量为18.0～521.0 μg·m-2·h-1,平均168.0 μg·m-2·h-1.在整个油菜生长期内,地下5 cm土壤温度与CO2、N2O排放通量之间呈指数函数关系.3种不同处理油菜地CO2、N2O排放通量均为常规处理＞无氮处理＞裸地处理.土壤温度、施氮和植物生长是影响油菜地CO2、N2O排放的主要因素.     

不同种植制度对稻田旱作季节CH_4和N_2O排放的影响

通过大田试验研究了稻田旱作季节几种典型种植制度对CH4和N2O排放的影响,包括休闲(fallow)、油菜对照(OR-ck)、小麦对照(W-ck)、油菜施N(OR-N)和小麦施N(W-N)5个处理。试验结果表明,稻田旱作季节N2O排放明显,CH4排放量较低,甚至表现为弱的CH4汇。稻田旱作季节N2O排放除受到N肥和种植制度影响外,还受土壤含水量影响,施N处理显著促进了N2O排放,降雨后N2O排放明显。小麦和油菜施N处理N2O平均排放通量分别为18.51和13.47μg.m-2.h-1,季节累积排放量分别为87.31和59.48 mg.m-2,均显著高于对照和休闲处理。不同作物种类间N2O平均排放通量无显著差异,N2O季节累积排放量则表现为小麦显著高于油菜。各处理综合温室效应(100 a)依次为:OR-NW-NW-ckfallowOR-ck。各施N处理综合温室效应以N2O为主,但各无N处理则以CH4为主,也不容忽视。     

广西英罗港不同红树林群落土壤CO2和CH4通量对气温变化的响应

采用WEST-1011便携式土壤通量测量仪对广西北海英罗港自然保护区不同红树植物群落土壤的CO2和CH4排放通量特征以及其与气温的关系进行研究。结果表明,各群落土壤CH4通量的值都较小,在-2~3μmol.m-2.s-1之间;红海榄Rhizophora stylosa群落、木榄Brugiera gymmonhiza群落一天的CO2通量变化很小,秋茄Kandelia candel群落一天的CO2通量变化比较明显,最大值出现在19：00,为5.001μmol.m-2.s-1,桐花树Aegiceras corniculatum群落一天的CO2通量变化明显,最大值出现在11：00,为8.325μmol.m-2.s-1。排放通量与气温做相关性研究发现,气温与红海榄群落、木榄群落土壤CH4通量与气温呈不显著的正相关关系,与秋茄群落呈现极其显著的负相关关系,与桐花树群落呈显著的负相关关系;气温与红海榄群落、木榄群落、秋茄群落、桐花树群落的土壤CO2通量均呈不显著的负相关关系。     

Atmospheric Deposition, Mineralization and Leaching of Nitrogen in Subtropical Forested Catchments, South China

In recent years, China has conducted considerable research focusing on the emission and effects of sulphur (S) on human health and ecosystems. By contrast, there has been little emphasis on anthropogenic nitrogen (N) so far, even though studies conducted abroad indicate that long-range atmospheric transport of N and ecological effects (e.g. acidification of soil and water) may be significant. The Sino-Norwegian project IMPACTS, launched in 1999, has established monitoring sites at five forest ecosystems in the southern part of PR China to collect comprehensive data on air quality, acidification status and ecological effects. Here we present initial results about N dynamics at two of the IMPACTS sites located near Chongqing and Changsha, including estimation of atmospheric deposition fluxes of NO_x and NH_x and soil N transformations. Nitrogen deposition is high at both sites when compared with values from Europe and North America (25–38 kg ha^–1 yr^–1). About 70% of the deposited N comes as NH₄, probably derived from agriculture. Leaching of N from soils is high and nearly all as NO₃ ^–1. Transformation of N to NO₃ ^–1 in soils results in acidification rates that are high compared to rates found elsewhere. Despite considerable leaching of NO₃ ^–1 from the root zone of the soils, little NO₃ ^–1 appears in streamwater. This indicates that N retention or denitrification, both causing acid neutralization, may be important and probably occur in the groundwater and groundwater discharge zones. The soil flux density of mineral N, which is the sum of N deposition and N mineralization, and which is dominated by the N mineralization flux, may be a good indicator for leaching of NO₃ ^–1 in soils. However, this indicator seems site specific probably due to differences in land-use history and current N requirement.     

北京城区大气多环芳烃的沉降特征

从2006年6月至2007年6月期间采集了北京市区的降尘和大气TSP,分析了其中的PAHs和降尘的粒度。降尘颗粒大部分在100μm以下,体积平均径和中位径D50的范围分别为18.89-53.117μm和11.59-28.98μm。全年降尘平均沉降通量为0.451 9 t/（km2.d）,冬季高,夏秋季低;∑16PAHs的沉降通量平均为4.76 g/（km2.d）,冬季高,夏季低,与同期的大气SO2的API指数显著相关。TSP中的∑16PAHs与降尘中的∑16PAHs具有显著的相关关系,成分谱一致。PAHs的沉降速率变化范围为0.004-5.46 cm/s,夏季高、冬季低。交通沿线∑16PAHs的沉降通量远远高于非交通线的沉降通量。     

粤港澳地区多环芳烃的多介质归趋

以广东省及港澳两地为研究区域,在完全混合和稳态假设下采用多介质逸度模型估算了目前状况下16种优控多环芳烃(PAH16)在环境各相中的质量浓度及跨界面迁移通量,并采用实测质量浓度数据进行模型验证。除个别数据外,预测质量浓度与验证质量浓度的差别在一个数量级以下,且多数在半个量级之内。模型计算结果表明:化石燃料燃烧是当地PAH16的主要来源,大气和土壤中的降解是其消失的主要途径,PAH16在该地区的最重要界面迁移过程是气地(水)交换。     

Seasonal Changes in Soil Atmospheric Co2 Concentrations in Two Upland Catchments and Associated Changes in River Water Chemistry

Seasonal changes in river water chemistry and in soil atmospheric CO₂ concentrations at two depths and drainage water solute composition at two upland peaty podzol sites in north east Scotland were monitored over 12 months. the CO₂ concentrations were controlled by changes in soil temperature and moisture status. Highest CO₂ concentrations were observed in late summer 1988 when both soil temperatures and the moisture status of the soils were high. Then maximum CO₂ concentrations of 4% (v/v) were recorded for one of the sites. No significant correlations between seasonal changes in soil CO₂ concentrations and river water solute composition were observed. Nevertheless the field results and laboratory experiments indicated that in upland areas, where soils with acid surface horizons are common, soil CO₂ substantially influences river water chemistry at baseflow, increasing the pH and cation concentration of the soil water draining into the river. the results suggest that transfer of carbon as dissolved CO₂ in drainage water is a significant pathway for CO₂ transfer to the atmosphere.     

Seasonal Changes in Soil Atmospheric Co2 Concentrations in Two Upland Catchments and Associated Changes in River Water Chemistry

Seasonal changes in river water chemistry and in soil atmospheric CO₂ concentrations at two depths and drainage water solute composition at two upland peaty podzol sites in north east Scotland were monitored over 12 months. the CO₂ concentrations were controlled by changes in soil temperature and moisture status. Highest CO₂ concentrations were observed in late summer 1988 when both soil temperatures and the moisture status of the soils were high. Then maximum CO₂ concentrations of 4% (v/v) were recorded for one of the sites. No significant correlations between seasonal changes in soil CO₂ concentrations and river water solute composition were observed. Nevertheless the field results and laboratory experiments indicated that in upland areas, where soils with acid surface horizons are common, soil CO₂ substantially influences river water chemistry at baseflow, increasing the pH and cation concentration of the soil water draining into the river. the results suggest that transfer of carbon as dissolved CO₂ in drainage water is a significant pathway for CO₂ transfer to the atmosphere.     

若尔盖高原泥炭沼泽湿地CO2呼吸通量特征

若尔盖高原沼泽湿地是我国最大的高原泥炭沼泽湿地。采用静止箱/气相色谱法,2004年5月至10月对若尔盖高原泥炭沼泽湿地CO2呼吸通量进行了观测。沼泽湿地CO2呼吸通量平均值为200.40mg·m-2·h-1,最大值为402.37mg·m-2·h-1,最小值为61.09mg·m-2·h-1。沼泽湿地周边的沼泽化草甸CO2呼吸通量平均值为425.50mg·m-2·h-1,最大值为891.74mg·m-2·h-1,最小值为124.23mg·m-2·h-1。二者均在7、8月出现排放峰值。沼泽湿地CO2呼吸通量日变化为单峰型,高峰出现在13时和15时。沼泽湿地CO2呼吸与温度具有相关性,其中与5cm深的土壤温度相关性最好。若尔盖高原沼泽湿地CO2呼吸通量的平均值仅为三江平原常年积水沼泽湿地的约36%,这可能是若尔盖高原沼泽湿地有泥炭积累,而三江平原沼泽湿地无泥炭积累或仅有少量积累的重要原因之一。     

城市地表汞含量及释放通量影响因素分析

测定了长春市不同类型地表汞含量及其释放通量，分析了地表汞释放通量的影响因素。研究结果表明，不同地表土样的汞含量存在很大的差异；煤炭堆放地和沥青地地表汞含量较高，应引起足够的重视。地表汞释放通量受地表汞含量、地表类型、降水、太阳辐射等因素的影响。降水期间或降水后期地表汞释放通量明显增加。可见，地表汞释放是一个动态过程，随时间和空间而变化。     

Analytical evaluation of mesoscale fluxes and pressure field

Terrain in natural areas is never homogeneous: there may be a variety of vegetation types and patches of vegetated and unvegetated areas which can modify the mesoscale atmospheric flow. Moreover, horizontal thermal inhomogeneities in the planetary boundary layer are a well known source of mesoscale circulation systems such as land and sea breezes, mountain-valley winds, and urban heat island circulations. Since those phenomena are not resolved in regional scale numerical models, therefore an analytic procedure able to evaluate the relative importance of mesoscale and turbulent heat fluxes associated with surface thermal heterogeneities is of crucial importance in the optic of developing a parameterization of mesoscale effects generated by these heterogeneities for use in larger scale models. In the present paper we analyze how small a horizontal variation in surface heating can be and still produce a significant mesoscale circulation, how the heat and momentum fluxes associated to mesoscale flows can penetrate deeply into the mid-troposphere, and how they modify tropospheric relevant climate parameters, such as the atmospheric static stability. In addition, we evaluate the terms of the pressure gradient force, nonlinear and linear, non-hydrostatic and hydrostatic, as function of time and space scales of the mesoscale flow. The present paper is mainly a review of analytical results, the numerical comparison and verification using RAMS is in progress.     

Preparation of reverse osmosis membrane with high permselectivity and anti-biofouling properties for desalination

• Nanoparticle incorporation and anti-biofouling grafting were integrated. • Flux of modified membranes was enhanced without rejection sacrificing. • Anti-biofouling property of modified membranes was improved. High performance is essential for the polyamide (PA) reverse osmosis (RO) membranes during the desalination process. Herein, RO membranes with high permselectivity and anti-biofouling properties were fabricated by nanoparticles incorporation and anti-biofouling grafting. Hydrotalcite (HT) incorporation was performed with a dual role, enhancing water flux and acting as grafting sites. The HT incorporation increased the water flux without sacrificing the salt rejection, compensating for the loss caused by the following grafting reaction. The exposed surface of HT acted as grafting sites for anti-biofouling agent dimethyloctadecyl[3-(trimethoxysilyl)propyl]ammonium chloride (DMOTPAC). The combination of HT incorporation and DMOTPAC grafting endowed RO membranes with high permselectivity and anti-biofouling properties. The water flux of the modified membrane PA-HT-0.06 was 49.8 L/m²·h, which was 16.4% higher than that of the pristine membrane. The salt rejection of PA-HT-0.06 was 99.1%, which was comparable to that of the pristine membrane. As to the fouling of negatively charged lysozyme, the modified membrane’s water flux recovery was superior to that of the pristine membrane (e.g. 86.8% of PA-HT-0.06 compared to 78.2% of PA-pristine). The sterilization rates of PA-HT-0.06 for E. coli and B. subtilis were 97.3% and 98.7%, much higher than those of the pristine membrane (24.0% for E. coli and 26.7% for B. subtilis).