要重视和加强发民企业的消防管理工作

发电厂到处都是易燃易爆物品,火灾事故发生率高,损失大,是防火重点单位。对全面加强发电厂的消防管理工作,有效地防止火灾事故发生,提出了一些建议和措施。     

预防发电机火灾事故琐谈

发电机是发电厂的主要设备,一旦发生火灾事故,不仅本企业的设备受到损失,而且直接影响到其它厂矿企业的生产和千家万户的生活用电。因此,了解发电机发生火灾事故的原因及其预防方法,并做好这方面的防火安全工作,非常重要。     

电力变压器火灾事故预防

电力变压器是发电厂变电站的重要设备,随着电力工业的不断发展,变压器的容量越来越大,变压器任何内部故障,都有可能导致变压器爆炸起火.电力变压器爆炸起火将导致严重后果.变压器火灾事故的预防措施为:……     

基于人工神经网络的城市火灾事故的预测方法

随着社会经济的飞速发展,城市化进程的加快和人口的迅速增长,城市火灾频繁发生,造成的损失呈上升趋势。针对城市火灾事故发生的特点,根据人工神经网络基本原理和特性,建立了城市火灾事故神经网络预测模型;为了更精确预测城市火灾事故的发生,将城市火灾事故分为了高峰期(春节)和非高峰期两个时段分别进行预测;应用神经网络预测模型和分时段相结合方法对某城市火灾事故进行了实际预测。结果表明,神经网络模型是城市火灾事故预测的有效工具,该模型与时段法的结合能准确预测火灾事故发生的趋势。     

我国煤矿重特大火灾事故统计分析

为研究我国煤矿重特大火灾事故一般性特征及致灾原因,用统计分析法,从时间、地域、地点、煤矿所有制、点火源、外部致灾原因等维度综合分析2000—2021年发生的360起重特大火灾事故。结果表明：第4季度是重特大火灾事故高发期;贵州、山西和黑龙江3省重特大火灾事故起数和死亡人数分别占全国的45.28%和47.11%;发生在硐室中的特大火灾事故概率最高,占硐室重特大事故的52.38%;2011—2021年发生在采煤工作面的重特大火灾事故有增多的趋势;乡镇煤矿重特大火灾事故起数及死亡人数在事故总起数和死亡总人数中的占比均超过了60%,但同比呈梯度下降趋势,且基本保持平稳;由违规明火、自热点火和摩擦撞击引发的重特大火灾事故占比逐渐上升,而由放电点火和爆破点火引发的重特大火灾事故占比逐渐下降;管理不善是导致重特大火灾事故的主要原因。     

火灾事故中的调查询问

在进行火灾事故调查的过程中,调查询问主要是确定火灾发生的原因,这也是调查人员最常采用的手段,但调查询问的结果会直接影响到后期的调查记录以及办案质量。本文主要是针对火灾事故调查中调查询问方式的有效应用进行了相关分析,希望能够通过有效的调查询问来确定火灾事故的原因,进而找到消灭火灾事故的突破口。     

北京市火灾事故特征的统计分析

为全面了解北京市火灾事故的基本情况,使用聚类分析和描述性统计对火灾事故统计数据进行了分析。结果显示,北京火灾事故存在一定的空间分布特征,中南部较其他区域火灾风险较高。火灾事故的时间趋势显示,起火次数、伤亡人数有降低趋势,直接经济损失有上升趋势。不同起火原因引起的火灾事故起数和直接经济损失中,电气和生活用火不慎引起的火灾事故占主要部分。研究对于认识北京火灾事故的特征、发展趋势和有重点的进行火灾事故预防有重要意义。     

灰色Elman神经网络在火灾事故预测中的应用研究

针对我国火灾事故现状,结合灰色理论和神经网络的特点,提出灰色Elman神经网络火灾事故预测模型。依据我国1998—2007年火灾事故统计数据,分别选用GM(1,1)模型和灰色Elman神经网络模型对1998—2005年数据(火灾起数)进行拟合,对2006年、2007年数据进行(火灾起数)预测。结果表明:灰色Elman神经网络火灾事故预测模型符合火灾事故的特点;有效地解决了传统灰色预测模型在火灾事故预测中误差大稳定性差的缺陷,提高了预测精度;可对火灾事故进行预测与分析,为消防安全管理提供依据,以最大限度地减少火灾事故的发生。     

用好“一枪三器”预防棉纺企业火灾

棉纺企业是火灾事故多发行业,据统计,在纺织行业的火灾事故中,棉纺企业占68．3％;在棉纺企业的火灾事故中,前纺车间占74．6％;在前纺车间的火灾事故中,清棉、梳棉两道工序占82．9％;其中清棉工序又占67．5％。所以,抓好清棉、梳棉两大重点部位的消防安全工作,对棉纺企业尤为重要。     

陕西省火灾事故的灰色预测

使用灰色GM(1,1)模型对陕西省2005～2011年的火灾数据进行灰色建模,对模型的检验结果显示模型有很好的精度。在此基础上对陕西省2012～2015年的火灾事故发生数、火灾事故伤亡人数以及火灾事故损失进行预测。结果表明,未来四年陕西省火灾事故发生起数和火灾事故伤亡人数有降低的趋势,火灾损失额有增长的趋势。预测结果对于火灾事故的管理和政策的制定有重要意义。     

Development of a 3D risk analysis technique for fire disaster and its application on accident simulation of a public site

In this research, we constructed a three-dimensional fire risk analysis technique (3D-FRAT) for common building fires. To demonstrate its effect, the 3D-FRAT employed a self-developed 3D risk-calculating module in combination with the Fire Dynamics Simulator (FDS) software to simulate the Welcome Restaurant accident that happened on February 15, 1995 in Taichung City, Taiwan. This study only focuses on thermal radiation and provide a preliminary method to quantify a fire risk. Different firefighting equipment that comply with the related building and fire-preventive regulations have been used in the simulations to test their mitigating effectiveness on the accident. The results were shown by animation, 3D pictures, and sliced pictures to facilitate the researchers’ understanding of human hazards caused by thermal radiation or smoke in a specific fire accident. The minimal personnel escaping times for different hazardous factors were estimated; various firefighting designs that can reduce loss of human life and property were also perused. According to the simulation results, the individual risk values in Welcome Restaurant were between 3.108 × 10⁻⁹ to 2.719 × 10⁻⁵ (deaths/year). It is foreseeable that the 3D-FRAT can become a useful tool for related organizations to choose better fire-resistant buildings or fire-fighting equipment in the future.     

基于X3D技术的化学灾害事故处置在线培训系统

从消防部门处置化学灾害事故训练需求出发,采用基于Web的虚拟现实和智能组卷技术,设计并实现了一种化学灾害事故处置在线培训系统。按照化学危险品在储存、运输、生产环节中发生泄漏、燃烧和爆炸等事故类型进行分类,提供了危险源理化性质、事故特点及危害性分析、灭火救援行动措施等知识的在线学习和考试功能。在技术实现方面,采用互联网Web3D标准X3D技术,以三维方式模拟事故场景和表现知识内容,为用户提供了一个网络化、沉浸式的三维互动学习模式和环境。系统的设计和实现为化学灾害事故处置培训工作网络化、培训内容系统化、表现形式多样化提供了一种新的思路。     

中美消防员殉职原因的对比研究

根据中美两国2000-2014年消防员伤亡数据,从伤亡数量、事故类型、殉职原因等方面进行对比分析。结果表明:从接警次数与牺牲人数比、每10万起火灾死亡人数比来看,中国高于美国;两国由于火场作业造成的消防员牺牲人数最多,发生事故数量最多;中国消防人员殉职主要原因是建筑物坍塌、爆炸、交通事故,故在灭火救援作业中,防止建筑物倒塌事故、提高消防员的应急避险能力及培养消防员安全意识是中国消防员急需加强的能力。研究成果对进一步强化消防队伍能力建设、减少消防人员伤亡有一定指导意义。     

高层建筑新型灭火装置的设计

高层建筑外围火灾灭火工作开展困难,为增强灭火效果,本文按照自上而下的灭火思路,探讨在高层建筑顶部设计一种新型灭火装置。该装置可迅速转向火灾一侧,升降到准确的高度,从外向内灭火。克服了现有云梯消防车存在的举高有限、供水器材的耐压强度不够等问题。该装置的设计可在紧急情况下弥补现有灭火设施的不足,为高层建筑外围灭火解决方案的完善提供了新的参考。     

建筑火灾坍塌危险性的评估

从建筑火灾坍塌事故的特点及危害入手,分析了火灾中影响建筑坍塌时间的因素,阐述了建筑火灾坍塌前兆,得出建筑火灾坍塌危险性评估结论:在无爆炸发生情况下,无先天质量问题的钢筋混凝土建筑,一般在火灾持续5、6个小时内不会发生整体坍塌;我国北方建筑比南方的建筑普遍抗烧塌性相对较强;按防震设计的震区建筑,其火灾抗塌性明显增强;灭火冷却及时的建筑不易坍塌。     

基于云模型的灭火救援作战方案优选方法研究

为了解决灭火救援作战方案优选中存在的模糊性和随机性问题,提出基于云模型的优选方法。首先,根据消防部队灭火救援作战的目标和特点,确定作战方案优选指标集;其次,通过专家咨询建立优选指标的权重云,采用指标近似法确定优选指标的评价云;最后,依据云的算数运算规则对各灭火救援作战方案进行评价,从而确定最佳方案。实例表明:该方法实现作战方案优选中定性语言和定量评价之间的转化,优选结果客观可行、符合人的思维方式,便于灭火救援指挥人员进行决策指挥。     

Missing safety measures led to the jet fire and seven deaths at a steel plant in Turin. Dynamics and lessons learned

The Authors of this paper are the technical experts that were entrusted by the Public Prosecutor to conduct the technical inquiry into the accident that occurred in the ThyssenKrupp plant in Torino on December 6, 2007. The paper contains the results of the inquiry under the above mentioned point of view. The dynamics of the accident, the main causes and the consequences have been defined.This was an unusual accident from which important lessons can be learned. On December 6, a modest fire developed in the entry section of a pickling and annealing line in the TK plant in Turin. The eight workers on duty seized the firefighting equipment and started to try to extinguish the fire. The workers had portable fire extinguishers and a fire hydrant, so they had to get close to the fire to fight it. Suddenly, a violent jet fire, caused by the rupture of a hydraulic circuit, occurred. The flame instantaneously struck the eight workers while they were still fighting the fire. Seven workers suffered very serious burns, one died instantaneously while the other six had over the following month. One of the workers, who was partly protected by an operating machine, suffered only minor burns and survived. The paper contains some important lessons that have been learned from the present case, which demonstrate that the fire risk at pickling and annealing lines has generally been underestimated by the steel industry. The fire risk due to hydraulic actuators is also evident and new fire fighting strategies are suggested.     

不同区域古村镇消防行车时间统计特征研究

消防队介入时间是减少火灾损失、提高灭火成功概率的关键,作为消防队介入时间的重要部分,行车时间受到路况、天气等因素的影响,具有很大的不确定性.以位于远郊区和城市中心区域的两个典型古建筑群灭火救援的消防行车时间为研究对象,采用基于电子地图模拟导航的方法实时获取不同时刻消防站到古建筑群的行车时间,结合数据统计对比分析结果表明...     

Safety climate and firefighting: Focus group results

BackgroundFirefighting is a hazardous occupation and there have been numerous calls for fundamental changes in how fire service organizations approach safety and balance safety with other operational priorities. These calls, however, have yielded little systematic research.MethodsAs part of a larger project to develop and test a model of safety climate for the fire service, focus groups were used to identify potentially important dimensions of safety climate pertinent to firefighting.ResultsAnalyses revealed nine overarching themes. Competency/professionalism, physical/psychological readiness, and that positive traits sometimes produce negative consequences were themes at the individual level; cohesion and supervisor leadership/support at the workgroup level; and politics/bureaucracy, resources, leadership, and hiring/promotion at the organizational level. A multi-level perspective seems appropriate for examining safety climate in firefighting.ConclusionsSafety climate in firefighting appears to be multi-dimensional and some dimensions prominent in the general safety climate literature also seem relevant to firefighting. These results also suggest that the fire service may be undergoing transitions encompassing mission, personnel, and its fundamental approach to safety and risk.Practical applicationsThese results help point the way to the development of safety climate measures specific to firefighting and to interventions for improving safety performance.     

Resilience-based optimal firefighting to prevent domino effects in process plants

Domino effects triggered by fire can cause extremely severe damages to the chemical and process plants. In the need of a more effective prevention of fire domino effects, the present study focuses on firefighting which has received less attention compared to passive and active fire protection systems. Considering both the vulnerability and recoverability phases during fire domino effects, we have introduced a methodology for optimal identification of firefighting strategies so as to increase the resiliency of process plants in dealing with fire escalation scenarios. The area above the resilience curve (AARC), which is equal to the accumulation of loss of resilience over time, was considered as the metric to identify the optimal firefighting strategies. In other words, the strategy leading to the lowest AARC can be selected as the optimal strategy from a resiliency perspective.