The effect of temperature on the rate of cyanide metabolism of two woody plants

The response of cyanide metabolism rates of two woody plants to changes in temperature is investigated. Detached leaves (1.0 g fresh weight) from weeping willow (Salix babylonica L.) and Chinese elder (Sambucus chinensis Lindl.) were kept in glass vessels with 100ml of aqueous solution spiked with potassium cyanide for a maximum of 28 h. Ten different temperatures were used ranging from 11 degrees C to 32 degrees C. The disappearance of aqueous cyanide was analyzed spectrophotometrically. The cyanide removal rate of Chinese elder was higher than that of weeping willow at all temperatures. The highest cyanide removal rate for Chinese elder was found at 30 degrees C with a value of 12.6 mg CN kg(-1) h(-1), whereas the highest value of the weeping willow was 9.72 mg CN kg(-1) h(-1) at 32 degrees C. The temperature coefficient values, Q10, which are the ratio of removal rates at a 10 degree difference, were determined for Chinese elder and weeping willow to 1.84 and 2.09, respectively, indicating that the cyanide removal rate of weeping willow was much more susceptible to changes in temperature than that of the Chinese elder. In conclusion, changes in temperature have a substantial influence on the removal rate of cyanide by plants.     

Removal of cyanide from liquid wastes by modified clinoptilolite

This paper describes the preparation and evaluation of various cationic forms of clinoptilolite for removal of cyanide from aqueous solutions. The cobalt form of the zeolite showed the highest uptake of 1.95 meq of cyanide per gram of zeolite, whereas the uptake of natural forms is 0.070 meq g^-1. The kinetics of cyanide desorption into solutions with different ionic strength were studied. Modified clinoptilolite is a good candidate for the removal and immobilisation of cyanide.     

Possible evidence for transport of an iron cyanide complex by plants

Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), oat (Avena sativa L.), and wild cane (Sorghum bicolor L.), were exposed to 15N-labeled ferrocyanide to determine whether these plant species can transport this iron cyanide complex. Plants were treated with ferrocyanide in a nutrient solution that simulated iron cyanide contaminated groundwater and soil solutions. This nutrient solution has been shown to maintain ferrocyanide speciation with minimal dissociation to free cyanide. Following treatment, all three plants showed dramatic enrichments in roots (delta 15N per thousand =1000-1500) and shoots (delta 15N per thousand =500). Barley and oat showed enrichment primarily in roots while wild cane showed a near equal enrichment in root and shoot tissues. Nitrogen-deficient barley plants treated with ferrocyanide showed a significantly greater 15N enrichment as compared to nitrogen-sufficient plants. While the results are suggestive of ferrocyanide transport by these plant species, additional study will be required to verify these results.     

液体高铁酸钠同时去除电镀废水中氰化物和重金属

采用自制的电化学装置在线制备液体高铁酸钠,然后将制得的高铁酸钠投加到电镀废水中进行处理,考察不同pH值和不同高铁酸钠投加量对废水中总氰化物、Cu2+、Ni2+去除率的影响;对比研究了高铁酸钠氧化法和次氯酸钠氧化法在处理低浓度含氰电镀废水的效果。结果表明,当pH为9~10,高铁酸钠的最佳投加量为0.024~0.048 mmol·L-1时,总氰化物、Cu2+和Ni2+的同时去除率均在90%以上;在处理低浓度含氰电镀废水时,高铁酸钠对总氰化物、Cu2+和Ni2+的同时去除率均明显高于次氯酸钠。这是因为高铁酸钠能够有效地氧化多种络合态的氰化物,包括Cu（CN）43-、Cu（CN）42-、Ni（CN）42-等,使废水中的重金属转变为离子态;然后在碱性条件下,在高铁酸盐还原产物-Fe（OH）3助凝和絮凝作用下,反应生成沉淀,达到同时去除氰化物和重金属的目的。     

Autoradiographic studies of ethylenediurea distribution in woody plants

Carbon-14-labelled ethylenediurea (EDU), synthesised from diethylenetriamine and (14)C-urea, was stem-injected into 2-year-old seedlings of sugar maple, white ash, flowering dogwood and flowering crabapple. At time intervals ranging from 1 h to 42 days after treatment, macroautoradiographs of leaf, stem and root tissue were made to determine relative distribution patterns of labelled chemical. Translocation of (14)C-EDU was very rapid and predominantly acropetal, especially after the first few hours. Maximum quantities of (14)C were found in leaf tissue approximately 7-10 days following injection, after which the intensity of the labelled chemical declined over the remainder of the study (42 days). Distribution patterns of (14)C-EDU were correlated with observed levels of protection afforded most plants when the chemical is injected 7 days before fumigation with ozone.     

几种室内植物去除低分子羰基化合物

为了寻求治理室内挥发性有机污染物的措施,以豆瓣绿、鹅掌柴、富贵竹和袖珍椰子等4种常见室内植物为供试材料,采用五氟苯肼/气相色谱/质谱法(PFPH/GC/MSD)分析方法和动态熏气法开展了相关植物去除4种羰基化合物(乙醛、丙酮、丙醛和丁醛)的实验研究。结果表明,在有光照(3 000 lx)下,豆瓣绿、鹅掌柴、富贵竹和袖珍椰子4种植物对污染物的去除速率(μmol/(m2·h))范围分别为:0.24 (丁醛)~1.36 (丙酮)、0.25(丁醛)~0.69(乙醛)、0.07(丁醛)~0.30(乙醛)及0.57(丙醛)~0.75(乙醛),而在无光照下,相应的植物去除速率(μmol/(m2·h))分别为:0.07(丁醛)~0.27(丙酮)、0.09(丁醛)~0.29(乙醛)、0.02(丁醛) ~0.22(乙醛)、0.13(乙醛)~0.45(丙酮),通过对比可以看出4种植物对C2~C4羰基化合物在光照下的去除效果明显优于在无光照的情况下。此外,4种供试植物对4种羰基化合物总的去除速率由大到小依次为:豆瓣绿 (169.26 μg/(m2·h))>袖珍椰子(149.23 μg/(m2·h)) > 鹅掌柴(94.44 μg/(m2·h))>富贵竹(29.85 μg /(m2·h))。     

四种植物潜流人工湿地脱氮除磷的研究

分别以薏苡、风车草、茭白和美人蕉为植被构建潜流人工湿地(植物床),研究其对生活污水氮磷的净化功能及其去除率与水力停留时间(HRT)的变化规律.研究结果表明,各种植物床对TN、TP的去除率随HRT的延长而增加,不同植物床的脱氮除磷效果是不同的.美人蕉植物床对TN的去除效果最好,HRT为3 d时,TN去除率为56%;HRT为6 d时,TN去除率达76%.茭白植物床对TP的去除效果最好,HRT为3 d时,TP去除率达76%;HRT为6 d时,TP去除率达93%.其他植物床也有较好的脱氮除磷效果.各种植物床处理后出水TN、TP均较低, HRT为2 d时,出水TN均低于<城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准>(GB 18918-2002)一级标准A标准;HRT为5 d时,出水TP均低于二级标准,其中茭白、美人蕉植物床处理后出水TP低于一级标准B标准.4种植物构建的潜流人工湿地对TN、TP的去除均满足一级反应动力学方程,且相关性显著.     

8种植物床人工湿地脱氮除磷的研究

分别以水葫芦、西洋芹、空心菜、水芹、混合种(黄菖蒲、千屈菜、再力花)、千屈菜、再力花、黄菖蒲等植物床构建潜流人工湿地,研究其对生活污水氮、磷的净化功能及其去除率与水力停留时间(HRT)的变化规律。结果表明,各种植物床对TN、TP的去除率随HRT的延长而增加,不同植物床的脱氮除磷效果是不同的。千屈菜植物床对TN的去除效果最好,HRT为3d时,TN去除率为56%;HRT为6d时,TN去除率达77%。再力花植物床对TP的去除效果最好,HRT为3d时,TP去除率达78%;HRT为6d时,TP去除率达96%。其他植物床也有较好的脱氮除磷效果。各种植物床处理后出水TN、TP均较低,HRT为3d时,出水TN均低于《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》(GB 18918—2002)一级A标准规定的限值(15mg/L),出水TP均低于GB 18918—2002二级标准规定的限值(3mg/L);7种植物床构建的潜流人工湿地(水葫芦的数据丢失)对TN、TP的去除均满足一级反应动力学方程,且相关性显著。     

曝气对潜流人工湿地中木本植物的影响

为了增加人工湿地植物的多样性,本文将花叶冬青(Ilex aquifolium)、月季(Rosa chinensis)和八角金盘(Fatsia japonica)3种木本植物引入潜流人工湿地,比较曝气前后系统对污水处理效果,植物的生物量与对TN、TP负荷减少的贡献率,根系形态与内部结构、根际微生物与基质酶活性的比较研究。结果表明,木本植物潜流人工湿地系统曝气后可以提高COD、NH4+-N、TN、TP的去除率,分别为6.99%、4.91%、10.25%、8.09%。湿地曝气有利于3种木本植物的生长,在曝气后比曝气前生物量增加了381.75、606.25和896.88 g/m2。曝气会促使木本植物长出大量须根,且曝气后的根系具有大量由薄壁细胞组成的通气组织的水生根特征。同时,曝气后增加了硝化菌数量,各处理单元中硝化菌增量分别为A:0.28 MPN×104/g,B:4.23 MPN×104/g,C:7.7 MPN×104/g。另外,曝气后植物根际基质中磷酸酶和尿酶的含量增加量大约在50%以上,这与系统中N和P的去除率提高的规律一致。     

不同植物和吸附剂对室内甲醛的去除效果

以绿萝、芦荟、活性炭和茶渣为材料,采用密闭箱法进行甲醛净化能力的研究。结果表明,4种物质对甲醛都具有一定的去除效果,但是作用效果差异明显。植物中绿萝对甲醛的净化效果比芦荟好,对不同初始质量浓度甲醛的去除率分别为76.5%、51.8%和40.0%,光照条件有利于植物对甲醛的吸收,甲醛的去除效率提高约39.3%。茶渣表面突起结构和较大的孔隙结构有利于甲醛的去除,对不同初始质量浓度甲醛的去除率分别为49.0%、32.6%和21.1%。动力学研究表明,在所研究的条件范围内,两种吸附剂吸附甲醛符合拟一级动力学,活性炭吸附甲醛的反应速率常数ka=0.0318 min-1,茶渣吸附甲醛的反应速率常数kt=0.0319 min-1。     

Metabolism of cyanide by Chinese vegetation

Cyanide is a high-volume production chemical and the most commonly used leaching reagent for gold and silver extraction. Its environmental behavior and fate is of significant concern because it is a highly toxic compound. Vascular plants possess an enzyme system that detoxifies cyanide by converting it to the amino acid asparagine. This paper presents an investigation of the potential of Chinese vegetation to degrade cyanide. Detached leaves (1.5 g fresh weight) from 28 species of 23 families were kept in glass vessel with 100 ml of aqueous solution spiked with potassium cyanide at 23.5 degrees C for 28 h. Cyanide concentrations ranged from 0.83 to 1.0 CN mg l(-1). The disappearance of cyanide from the aqueous solution was analyzed spectrophotometrically. The fastest cyanide removal was by Chinese elder, Sambucus chinensis, with a removal capacity of 8.8 mg CN kg(-1) h(-1), followed by upright hedge-parsley (Torilis japonica) with a value of 7.5 mg CN kg(-1) h(-1). The lowest removal capacity had the snow-pine tree (Credrus deodara (Roxb.) Loud). Results from this investigation indicated that a wide range of plant species is able to efficiently metabolize cyanide. Therefore, cyanide elimination with plants seems to be a feasible option for cleaning soils and water contaminated by cyanide from gold and silver mines or from other sources.     

Phytoremediation of petroleum hydrocarbons in tropical coastal soils I. selection of promising woody plants

GOAL, SCOPE AND BACKGROUND: This glasshouse study is aimed at evaluating tropical plants for phytoremediation of petroleum hydrocarbon-contaminated saline sandy subsurface soils. Tropical plants were selected for their ability to tolerate high salinity and remove No. 2 diesel fuel in coastal topsoil prior to further investigation of the phytoremediation feasibility in deep contaminated soils. The residual petroleum-hydrocarbon contaminant at the John Rogers Tank Farm site, a former petroleum storage facility, at Hickam Air Force Base, Honolulu, Hawaii, is located in a coastal area. It lies below a layer of silt in the subsurface, in loamy sand characterized by moderate salinity and high pH. Little is known regarding the ability of tropical plants to remediate petroleum hydrocarbon-contaminated subsurface soil in Hawaiian and other Pacific Island ecosystems although suitable plants have been identified and utilized for bioremediation in surface soil or marine sediments. METHODS: The experiments were conducted in long narrow pots under glasshouse conditions in two phases. A preliminary experiment was done with nine tropical plants: kiawe (Prosopis pallida), milo (Thespesia populnea), common ironwood (Casuarina equisetifolia), kou (Cordia subcordata), tropical coral tree (Erythrina variegata), false sandalwood (Myoporum sandwicense), beach naupaka (Scaevola sericea), oleander (Nerium oleander), and buffelgrass (Cenchrus ciliaris). These plants were screened for resistance to high salinity treatment (2% NaCl) and two diesel fuel levels (5 and 10 g No. 2 diesel fuel/kg soil) in separate treatments. Plants that showed good tolerance of both factors were further evaluated in a second phase for their efficacy in the phytoremediation of diesel-fuel petroleum hydrocarbons under moderate salinity treatment (1% NaCl). RESULTS: Tropical coral tree and buffelgrass were susceptible to either 2% NaCl or diesel fuel at 10 g/kg soil, but tolerant of diesel fuel at 5 g/kg soil. Kiawe, milo, kou, common ironwood, N. oleander, beach naupaka and false sandalwood were tolerant of high salinity (2% NaCl) or high diesel fuel level (10 g/kg soil). These seven plants were also tolerant of the combined adverse effects of a moderate salinity (1% NaCl) and 10 g diesel fuel/kg soil. Three trees, kiawe, milo and kou significantly accelerated the degradation of petroleum hydrocarbons in the soil spiked with 10 g diesel fuel/kg soil under a moderate salinity treatment (1% NaCl). CONCLUSION: Thus the tropical woody plants, kiawe, milo and kou showed potential for use in phytoremediation of petroleum hydrocarbons in coastal tropical soils. RECOMMENDATIONS AND OUTLOOK: Two fast growing trees, milo and kou, appeared promising for further phytoremediation evaluation in experiments that simulate the soil profile at the field site.     

Removal characteristics of sulfuric acid aerosols from coal-fired power plants

With increasing attention on sulfuric acid emission, investigations on the removal characteristics of sulfuric acid aerosols by the limestone gypsum wet flue gas desulfurization (WFGD) system and the wet electrostatic precipitator (WESP) were carried out in two coal-fired power plants, and the effects of the WFGD scrubber type and the flue gas characteristics were discussed. The results showed that it was necessary to install the WESP device after desulfurization, as the WFGD system was inefficient to remove sulfuric acid aerosols from the flue gas. The removal efficiency of sulfuric acid aerosols in the WFGD system with double scrubbers ranged from 50% to 65%, which was higher than that with a single scrubber, ranging from 30% to 40%. Furthermore, the removal efficiency of WESP on the sulfuric acid aerosols was from 47.9% to 52.4%. With increased concentrations of SO₃ and particles in the flue gas, the removal efficiencies of the WFGD and the WESP on the sulfuric acid aerosols were increased.

Implications: Investigations on removal of sulfuric acid aerosols by the WFGD and the WESP in the power plants were aimed at the control of sulfuric acid emission. The results showed that the improvement of the WFGD system was beneficial for the reduction of sulfuric acid emission, while the WESP system was essential to control the final sulfuric acid aerosol concentration.     

浮床植物对雨水中氮磷等污染物的去除效果

在实验室条件下,研究以美人蕉、空心菜及两者混合这3种情况下浮床植物对雨水中N、P和COD等营养盐类的去除效果及植物生长状况。结果表明两者混合种植时对TN、TP和COD的去除效果更好,其中美人蕉对TP的去除效果相对较好,空心菜对TN、COD的去除效果较好。选用混合浮床在镇江市雨水利用示范区进行雨水处理,由实验结果得知,混合植物浮床对雨水中TP、TN、COD、SS和浊度的去除效果良好,最高去除率分别达到86%、67.4%、66.4%、93.5%和95.4%。出水水质完全符合城市绿化用水标准,从而在达到雨水回用的目的,对成熟的美人蕉和空心菜进行6种重金属含量检测,也均达到相关的食用及药用标准。     

混凝-化学沉淀法处理含氰废水的实验研究

采用“分步混凝 化学沉淀”法处理苯乙腈生产过程中排放的高浓度含氰废水 ,对混凝剂种类、用量、pH、搅拌速率等因素对总氰去除效果的影响进行了探讨 ,找到了此方法处理含亚铁氰化物废水的最佳工艺条件。在最佳工艺条件下处理废水 ,出水无色透明 ,总氰降到 1mg/L以下。该方法工艺简单 ,运行费用低 ,处理效果好 ,是一种具有推广价值的新方法     

4种水生植物对复合污染水体中营养盐和全氟烷基酸的去除效果

近年来,水体中全氟烷基酸的暴露、来源和去除受到国内外关注,关于植物对全氟烷基酸单一污染水体净化的研究较多,但对于水体营养盐和全氟烷基酸等复合污染治理的研究较为缺乏。为此,选取鸢尾(Iris tectorum)、芦苇(Phragmites australis)、金鱼藻(Phragmites australis)和眼子菜(Potamogetonpusillus)为研究对象,通过室内水培实验研究了4种水生植物对复合污染水体中营养盐和全氟烷基酸(PFAAs)的去除效果。结果表明,4种水生植物对复合污染水体中营养盐和全氟烷基酸(PFAAs)均具有较好的去除能力,且不同植物对各污染物的去除效果有所差异。各植物对TN、TP、全氟辛酸(PFOA)和全氟辛烷磺酸(PFOS)的去除率分别为(56.36±4.83)%~(79.90±4.79)%、(47.36±2.18)%~(64.52±4.78)%、(38.25±3.25)%~(67.33±5.58)%和(46.23±3.93)%~(83.14±5.49)%。鸢尾对营养盐的去除效果最好,对TN和TP的去除率分别为(79.90±4.79)%和(64.52±4.78)%,但对PFOA和PFOS的去除率仅为(38.25±3.25)%和(46.23±3.93)%;金鱼藻对全氟烷基酸的去除效果显著,其植株体内PFOA和PFOS的富集含量分别可达(31.56±1.01) µg·g⁻¹和(37.15±1.54) µg·g⁻¹。所有植物对PFOS的富集效果优于PFOA,且在挺水植物中,PFOS比PFOA更倾向于在植物根部积累。     

Removal of heavy metals from a metaliferous water solution by Typha latifolia plants and sewage sludge compost

Typha latifolia plants, commonly known as cattails, were grown in a mixture of mature sewage sludge compost, commercial compost and perlite (2:1:1 by volume). Four Groups (A, B, C and D) were irrigated (once every two weeks) with a solution containing different concentrations of Cu, Ni, and Zn, where in the fifth (group M) tap water was used. At the end of the 10 weeks experimental period substrate and plants were dried, weighed and analysed for heavy metals. The amounts of all three metals removed from the irrigation solution, were substantial. In the roots and leaves/stems of T. latifolia the mean concentration of Zn reached values of 391.7 and 60.8 mg/kg of dry weight (d.w.), respectively. In the substrate of Group D all three metals recorded their highest mean concentrations of 1156.7 mg/kg d.w. for Cu, 296.7 mg/kg d.w. for Ni and 1231.7 mg/kg d.w. for Zn. Linear correlation analyses suggested that there was a linear relationship between the concentration of metals in the solutions and the concentration of metals in the substrates at the end of the experiment. The percentage removal of the metals in the substrate was large, reaching 100% for Cu and Zn in some groups and almost 96% for Ni in group D. The total amount of metals removed by the plants was considerably smaller than that of the substrate, due mainly to the small biomass development. A single factor ANOVA test (5% level) indicated that the build up in the concentration of metals in the roots and the leaves/stems was due to the use of metaliferous water solution and not from the metals pre-existing in the substrate. The contribution of the plants (both roots and leaves/stems) in the removing ability of the system was less than 1%.     

铜氰溶液的电子束辐照降解

研究了铜氰溶液中总氰初始浓度、pH、铜浓度等对总氰降解效率的影响,比较了KCN溶液和铜氰溶液的总氰降解率,初步推断了铜氰溶液在辐照过程中的降解机制.实验结果表明,在同样的辐照剂量下,随着总氰初始浓度的增加,总氰降解率降低,相应的总氰降解G值增大;铜浓度越低,总氰降解率越高;pH越小的铜氰溶液总氰降解率越高.电子束辐照KCN溶液和铜氰溶液的总氰降解反应属于表观一级反应.在相同的辐照剂量下,KCN溶液的总氰降解率比铜氰溶液要高得多.铜氰溶液的电子束辐照降解过程非常复杂,主要是铜氰络合离子逐步离解出的CN-与·OH的反应.     

水厂常规工艺去除有机物和总磷

有机物、总磷是我国地表水源主要污染物,涉及范围广,污染浓度高,是影响水厂出水安全的重要因素。以某水厂净水系统为依托,分析水厂常规工艺对有机物和总磷的去除效果及影响因素。研究表明,地表水源水厂所采用的混凝+沉淀+过滤+消毒的传统工艺对有机物的去除率不高,在22.1%～61.3%之间,平均去除率为38.3%;其中,混凝沉淀是常规工艺中去除CODMn的关键环节,占总去除效果的43%～68%,过滤环节去除率约为10%;温度和混凝剂投加量是影响CODMn去除效果的主要因素。常规工艺对总磷的去除效果较好,去除率约为60%～90%,冬季略低,其他季节略高;混凝沉淀单元与过滤单元对总磷均有较好的去除效果,去除率分别为25%～77%和40%～76%。在当前水质条件下,水厂现行工艺可满足常规状况下有机物和总磷的去除需要。