生物复垦技术

本文介绍了生物复垦的基本内容，主要包括复垦土地的土壤评价，复垦土壤改良方法，植被品种筛选和植被工艺。     

煤矿区采动与复垦土壤存在的问题与对策

本文从煤矿区采动与复垦土壤角度出发，系统地分析并探讨了井工采煤和露天采煤采动与复垦土壤存在的诸多问题，并提出了一些解决办法。     

复垦对土壤颗粒组成、分形维数、团聚体影响

徐州市铜山县柳新采煤塌陷复垦区的井工采煤区土地塌陷及复垦对土壤颗粒组成、土壤结构、容重等造成严重影响。借助激光粒度仪检测了塌陷地及其复垦土壤颗粒粒径分布,分别采用干筛和湿筛法对团聚体进行了筛分。运用分形原理研究了土壤的分形维数,并采用团聚体平均直径、破坏率、水稳性团聚体含量等指标分析了复垦对团聚体稳定性的影响。结果表明,土壤颗粒组成在塌陷地和未塌陷地区总体表现为上层到下层黏粒含量逐渐增加、粉粒逐渐减少;复垦对土壤颗粒组成进了重新分配,层次间表现明显紊乱特征。土壤分形维数变化范围在2.00~2.20之间,平均分形维数表现为未塌陷地复垦土壤塌陷地,分别为2.193、2.164、2.086,复垦土壤表现为复垦14 a复垦24 a复垦1 a。复垦过程中土壤水稳性团聚体比例、团聚体平均直径均有很大程度提高,且复垦时间越长,提高越大,水稳性团聚体破坏度逐渐降低,团聚体稳定性也逐渐增强。统计分析表明,土壤颗粒分形维数、土壤团聚体稳定性与土壤颗粒组成具有一定的相关性。复垦重建过程改善了塌陷地土壤状况,土壤颗粒组成、分形维数及团聚体结构趋于向正常土壤方向转变。     

君安矿区复垦土壤的环境质量分析与评价

以君安矿区复垦土壤为调查研究对象,分析了该矿区不同复垦基质的主要重金属污染元素Pb、Cu、Cd和Cr的含量,并采用三步评价法对该矿不同区域复垦土壤的环境质量进行了分析与评价。结果表明:君安矿西区、东区复垦土壤环境质量合格,北区、南区和中区复垦土壤均不符合我国土壤环境质量标准;通过将矿区与全国土壤背景值进行比较可知,矿区复垦土壤未受到重金属Cu的污染,受Cd、Cr的污染较轻,受Pb的污染较严重。该研究可为进一步确定矿区土壤复垦方向提供依据。     

接种AM真菌对压实土壤柠条叶片生理与光合特性的影响

以矿区常用复垦植物——柠条作为供试物种,采用室内实验模拟矿区压实土壤,研究接种AM真菌与土壤压实对柠条叶片生理生化和光合特性的影响。结果表明:土壤压实导致柠条叶片SOD、POD、CAT活性下降、脯氨酸、可溶性糖与可溶性蛋白含量降低,叶片相对电导率、丙二醛含量显著升高。接种AM真菌有助改善压实土壤中柠条叶片生理特性,增强光合作用。与单纯压实处理相比,接种AM真菌使压实处理柠条抗氧化酶SOD、POD、CAT活性分别提高1.34,1.65,1.51倍;可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白含量分别升高33.90%,5.30%,脯氨酸含量降低53.20%;叶片相对电导率、丙二醛含量显著降低15.58%、19.98%;激素调节物质IAA、CTK、GA激素分泌分别增加18.39%、45.19%、14.40%,ABA降低34.33%;叶片净光合速率、气孔导度和蒸腾速率有明显升高。表明接种AM真菌能够提高柠条抗氧化酶活性、调节渗透物质和激素分泌,降低细胞膜脂过氧化水平,维持细胞结构稳定,促进柠条光合作用增强,提高柠条的生产力。在土壤压实严重的矿区,可以通过接种AM真菌提高柠条抗压实胁迫的能力,以提高压实土壤矿区植被恢复质量。     

扎赉诺尔露天煤矿排土场复垦与土壤微生物反馈响应

以扎赉诺尔露天煤矿排土场边坡与平台区域的复垦土壤为研究对象,通过对土壤理化性质测定、土壤菌群结构分析,以及与环境因子相关性分析,将其与未复垦的土壤进行比较,探究排土场复垦与土壤微生物的反馈响应。研究发现:复垦土壤的理化性质差异主要与试验区域土壤深度有关,深度为0~10 cm的土壤相比10~20 cm的土壤理化性质变化更大,其中土壤容重、机械组成和pH对复垦土壤的影响作用明显高于土壤有机碳、土壤总氮和碳氮比,对照组土壤的pH为8.87和8.76,远高于复垦土壤的pH。排土场复垦前后土壤菌群结构差异大,复垦有助于改善土壤微生物菌群结构,且土壤中有机碳和总氮含量增加对其有促进作用。     

浅议采煤塌陷区复垦技术研究

本文主要阐述了充填复垦的方法及复垦过程中土壤的性质变化,目前充填复垦根据充填材料的不同分为粉煤灰、煤矸石、河湖於泥及垃圾充填,复垦土壤性质的变化主要集中在土壤的容重、孔隙度、水分、养分、生物活性、土壤生产力、污染物质及其修复的研究上.     

复垦尾矿库土壤生态系统服务价值评估

在测定不同复垦年限尾矿库土壤理化性状的基础上,从侵蚀控制、肥力保持和物种保育3个方面揭示不同复垦年限尾矿库土壤生态服务价值量变化情况。研究结果表明:1)随着复垦年限的增加,土壤侵蚀模数逐年降低,复垦12年后土壤侵蚀模数降低至12.67 t/(hm~2·a),有效控制了土壤侵蚀,保育了土壤;2)随着复垦年限的增加,土壤理化性质得到了有效改善,土壤生态系统服务价值总体增加,保育物种功能价值比重显著提升。     

煤矸石充填复垦地土壤理化性质的时空变化特征

为研究煤矿区煤矸石充填复垦地土壤理化特性的时空变化,以淮南张集矿煤矸石复垦区为研究对象,采取室外田间小区试验和室内试验分析方法,选取不同覆土厚度80 cm(依次命名为A~E)共5类试验地块,分别于2012年与2016年对复垦区土壤容重、水分、pH值、养分等因素进行研究,并分析煤矸石作为充填基质的复垦效应,采用模糊综合评判法评判各复垦地块土壤质量。结果显示:土壤容重随复垦时间增加呈现下降趋势;土壤含水量随时间呈上升趋势;2016年各地块土壤pH值较2012年皆呈现下降趋势,且复垦地养分含量普遍高于2012年对应的复垦地;从2012—2016年,复垦地块各理化指标变异系数显著减小;2016年A、D两地块的土壤质量综合指标值较2012年分别下降了38.7%、13.12%,B、C、E则上升了68.71%、9.61%、27.0%。     

阳新县复垦工矿废弃地土壤重金属污染及潜在生态风险评价

为探究湖北省阳新县复垦工矿废弃地土壤重金属污染状况及其潜在生态风险,对研究区采集的69个复垦工矿废弃地表层土壤样品中As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Hg、Ni、Pb和Zn 8种重金属元素的含量进行了测定,在此基础上分别采用内梅罗综合污染指数法和潜在生态风险指数法对复垦土壤中重金属污染程度和潜在生态风险进行了评价。结果表明:研究区复垦土壤中重金属元素Cd、Cu、Hg、Pb和Zn的含量均值高于湖北省土壤元素背景值,存在一定程度的富集,部分复垦土壤中重金属元素As、Cd、Cu和Ni的含量超过《土壤环境质量农用地土壤污染风险管控标准(试行)》(GB 15618—2018)中的土壤污染风险筛选值,超标率分别为8.7%、4.3%、10.1%和1.4%;复垦土壤中无清洁级别,预警、轻度污染、中度污染和重度污染土壤分别占1.48%、69.57%、18.84%和10.14%,各类型复垦土壤中重金属污染程度依次为金属矿采选废弃地其他工矿废弃地砂石场废弃地煤矿采选废弃地,复垦土壤中各重金属单因子污染指数依次为CdCuHgPbZnNiAsCr;复垦土壤中重金属元素As、Cr、Cu、Ni、Pb和Zn的单项潜在生态风险均处于低生态风险级别,而Cd和Hg最高分别达到较高和极高生态风险级别,复垦土壤重金属综合生态风险中,低生态风险、中等生态风险和高生态风险级别的土壤分别占66.67%、30.43%和2.90%,无极高生态风险级别的土壤。总体而言,研究区复垦土壤中重金属元素Cd和Cu的污染较突出,但考虑到毒性响应,复垦土壤中重金属Hg和Cd的污染更应引起警惕。     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.