民用飞机实验室APU开车高温尾气排放影响因素分析

目的 对民用飞机APU在气候实验室内开展极端气候环境下的起动和工作试验,建立一种APU高温尾气安全排放方法。方法 用CFD仿真手段对采用排气管道将APU高温尾气排出气候实验室的可行性及影响因素(包括管道直径、距离、背压等)进行系统性分析研究。结果 气管道入口距离APU管道出口过近时,将有利于APU排气,引射比ε与排气管道出口压力Pex及排气管道直径D线性相关,排放温度tex与管道直径D成反比。在排气管道入口设置平滑收敛段,利于消除涡流,减轻负压程度,并在一定范围内提高引射比。结论 采用管道被动排气是可行的,合适的排气管道设计为D/d=2.0,L/d=1.5,并在管道入口设置平滑收敛段。     

基于双电极传感器的腐蚀电流检测系统抗扰技术

目的 针对金属电化学腐蚀中腐蚀电流检测,设计一种高精度I-V转换的微电流检测电路,突破宽范围微弱电流高精度检测技术。方法 通过分析电路的稳定性,针对100 pA~10 mA的微弱腐蚀电流采集,采用法安级偏置运放实现I-V转换,设计基于ADG708电子开关的8档自动调节电路,并通过24位ADC实现高精度模数转换。针对微弱电流采集中信号易受噪声的影响,设计自适应滤波器用于信号滤波处理。结果 通过MATLAB仿真自适应滤波器的有效性,结果表明,在采集i(k)=2sin(2πk)电流时,误差从0.29 mA(1σ)降低到0.003 9 mA(1σ)。通过电流源校准测试系统精度,在100 pA时误差最大,为4.7%;在10 mA时误差最小,为0.049%。当电流值低于100 nA时,测量误差可以控制在5%以内;100 nA以上时,测量误差可以控制在1%以内。结论 在微弱电流采样中引入自适应滤波器后,系统的采样精度显著提高,突破了宽范围的腐蚀电流采集技术,实现了微弱电流检测。可以将腐蚀电流应用在金属腐蚀速率的评价中。     

基于机器学习分类算法解析EIS数据的有机涂层性能评价方法

目的 基于机器学习分类算法快速评估有机涂层的防腐性能。方法 通过实验室加速试验模拟涂层真实的退化过程,并根据测得的电化学数据,分析不同退化阶段的等效电路元件参数。随后,采用随机抽样方法获取大量数据,用于机器学习模型训练。通过对比支持向量机(SVM)、k最近邻(k-NN)和随机森林(RF)3种不同的机器学习算法,以及多种输入特征集训练的涂层性能分类器模型的准确率,分析最适合用于涂层性能快速评估的机器学习算法和电化学特征。结果 根据不同输入特征训练的k-NN和RF模型均表现出良好的预测效果,而SVM模型的预测效果相对较差。根据不同频率范围训练的分类器模型中,在低频区表现最佳,而在高频区表现较差。结论 基于阻抗虚部、虚部+实部和阻抗模值3种输入特征训练的RF分类器模型的预测效果最准确。不同频率区间内,低频区的阻抗特征更能准确表征涂层性能。     

利用黑松树轮δ13C 重建山东塔山地区近七十年来冬春季节的平均气温

对采自山东塔山的黑松(Pinus thunbergii Parl) 树芯样本进行交叉定年后建立树轮稳定碳同位素序列（δ¹³C 序列）。将得到的树轮δ¹³C 序列进行校正以去除大气CO₂的影响,提取其高频部分分析与气候要素的响应关系,发现黑松树轮δ¹³C 的高频序列与对应年份平均气温的响应比对降水量的响应显著。气温和降水对树轮δ¹³C 的影响均有滞后效应,即塔山地区树轮δ¹³C 能记录冬季气候变化。在相关分析基础上用回归方程重建了山东塔山地区近七十年冬春季节（即上年12 月— 当年5 月）的平均气温,分析发现重建序列有明显的冷暖交替上升的变化趋势。     

真空管道列车悬浮电磁铁散热性能研究

目的 研究真空管道交通中磁浮列车悬浮电磁铁温度随管道内真空度及环境温度的变化规律。方法 建立三维电磁铁模型,利用Fluent软件研究真空度(0～80 kPa)、环境温度(283～323 K)对电磁铁温升性能的影响,并对Realizable k-ε和RNG k-ε 2种湍流计算模型进行对比。结果 电磁铁表面温度随真空度的增大而升高,当真空度超过60 kPa时,电磁铁表面温度快速升高。随着环境温度的增加,电磁铁表面温度呈近似线性关系增大。Realizable k-ε和RNG k-ε 2种湍流模型的仿真结果基本相同。结论 真空度和环境温度对悬浮电磁铁散热性能均有很大影响,在设计真空管道列车时,需考虑电磁铁散热能力,并采取相应措施。     

恶臭假单胞菌Pseudomonas putida 5-x细胞壁膜系统的Cu2+吸附性能

对1株从电镀废水中分离出的革兰氏阴性菌恶臭假单胞菌P.putida 5-x的细胞表面组分对Cu²⁺的吸附性能进行了分析研究.结果表明,分离的P.putida 5-x细胞壁膜的Cu²⁺吸附容量是完整细胞的5倍之多.细胞表面组分如肽聚糖层、细胞外膜和细胞内膜在P.putida 5-x细胞壁膜的Cu²⁺吸附过程中都发挥了作用.肽聚糖层、细胞外膜和内膜在P.putida 5-x细胞壁膜中的含量依次为细胞内膜>外膜>肽聚糖层,而它们的Cu²⁺吸附容量的大小依次为肽聚糖层>外膜>内膜.在P.putida 5-x细胞壁膜对Cu²⁺的吸附过程中,肽聚糖层贡献了不到15%的吸附容量,而细胞外膜和内膜分别贡献了30%～35%和25%～30%.P.putida 5-x细胞外膜中的磷脂含量明显比其它报道的革兰氏阴性细菌的细胞外膜高,这可能是P.putida 5-x细胞外膜具有较高Cu²⁺吸附容量的主要原因,并由此导致P.putida 5-x细胞壁膜的高Cu2+吸附容量.     

有机膨润土在Pb2+和p-硝基苯酚复合污染中的吸附及机理

以Pb²⁺、p-硝基苯酚为代表污染物,用实验室模拟法研究了有机膨润土在重金属-有机物混合污染体系中的吸附行为.结果表明,在有机膨润土/Pb²⁺/p-硝基苯酚体系中,溶液中共存Pb²⁺会延缓p-硝基苯酚在有机膨润土上的吸附速率;Pb²⁺与p-硝基苯酚产生竞争吸附,竞争作用的大小与溶液中p-硝基苯酚和Pb²⁺的浓度比c(酚/Pb)以及有机膨润土对污染物的吸附机制有关,相对于吸附机制以分配作用为主的100CTMAB-膨润土,Pb²⁺与p-硝基苯酚在以表面吸附为主的100TMAB-膨润土上的竞争吸附更强.     

金属基体复合材料圆锥壳的材料参数识别及动力学敏感性研究

目的 研究以金属作为基体的碳酚醛复合材料圆锥壳的动力学特性,基于模态实验建立复合材料参数优化识别方法。方法 通过建立金属基体复合材料圆锥壳结构的动力学模型,表征各层材料参数对结构动力学特性的影响。开展典型铝合金-环氧胶-碳酚醛圆锥壳自由模态实验,在模态实验结果基础上,采用数值仿真开展复合材料参数识别,并采用响应面优化法研究获得材料参数的全局最优解。最后,开展结构模态对复合材料参数的敏感性分析。结果 基于拉丁超立方抽样和多项式代理模型,建立了多层复合圆锥壳的高效代理模型。对于[0, 90]S铺层的复合材料圆锥壳结构,前5组模态频率参数对E11最敏感,对v23最不敏感,剪切模量的影响介于拉伸模量及泊松比之间。结论 建立了针对各向同性-正交各向异性材料组合的多层复合圆锥壳结构的动力学模型及参数识别方法,可为结构动力学设计提供参考。     

改性生物炭固定床对模拟湖库水体中Mn2+的吸附

湖库是社会生产发展的重要水资源,而湖库饮用水中锰离子（Mn²⁺）的季节性超标成为威胁人类的生活健康和社会安全生产的重要因素之一.首先,开展了NaOH改性生物炭的静态吸附研究,并考察了热解温度（400、500和600℃）和改性条件（未改性、碱前处理改性和碱后处理改性）对吸附性能的影响,研究表明碱前处理改性能提高生物炭的吸附容量,在400℃时获得最大吸附容量为41.06 mg ·g^-1.之后,开展了改性生物炭固定床对Mn²⁺的动态吸附研究.结果表明,碱改性生物炭在静态吸附状态下的吸附能力越强,其在固定床动态吸附过程中的穿透点（c_t/c₀=0.1）和饱和点（c_t/c₀=0.9）时间越长;当分别提高Mn²⁺初始浓度和进水流速时,固定床吸附的穿透点时间由360 min分别缩短至160 min和200 min,饱和点时间由865 min分别缩短至700 min和600 min.Thomas吸附模型能较好地拟合生物炭固定床吸附过程,表明动态吸附过程中,生物炭对Mn²⁺的去除由化学吸附主导,研究结果可为实际运行提供科学指导.     

换热器T2紫铜管在水线部位的腐蚀机理研究

目的 基于对换热器中T2紫铜管因受残留水作用而出现泄漏降压现象的研究,分析换热器T2紫铜管在水线部位的腐蚀机理。方法 通过T2紫铜管的润湿试验,对腐蚀样品进行宏观和微观形貌观察,对点蚀坑部位的腐蚀产物进行EDS和XPS等表征手段分析,探究腐蚀产物的成分和结构,从而推导出反应机理。结果 铜管水线上部位和下部位都以均匀腐蚀为主,但是颜色有所差异。水线部位以点蚀为主,肉眼即可见排成直线的斑点状腐蚀坑,腐蚀产物的颜色主要为黑色和绿色。根据表征分析结果可知,腐蚀体系中含有HCO3^‒和SO4^2‒。腐蚀产物的组成有,内层Cu2O,外层CuO,水线部位和水线以下部位铜管表面还有一层CuCO3Cu(OH)2膜。结论 根据腐蚀产物的元素分析可知,在HCO3^‒和SO4^2‒共同存在的环境中,铜具有很高的点蚀敏感性,T2紫铜管很容易发生局部腐蚀,加之氧浓差电池的作用,水线部位铜管发生严重的点蚀以致穿孔失效。     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Alterations of organ histopathology and metallolhionein mRNA expression in silver barb, Puntius gonionotus during subchronic cadmium exposure

Common silver barb,Puntius gonionotus,exposed to the nominal concentration of 0.06 mg/L Cd for 60 d,were assessed for histopathological alterations(gills,liver and kidney),metal accumulation,and metallothionein(MT)mRNA expression.Fish exhibited pathological symptoms such as hypertrophy and hyperplasia of primary and secondary gill lamellae,vacuolization in hepatocytes,and prominent tubular and glomerular damage in the kidney.In addition,kidney accumulated the highest content of cadmium,more than gills and liver.Expression of MT mRNA was increased in both liver and kidney of treated fish.Hepatic MT levels remained high after fish were removed to Cd-free water.In contrast,MT expression in kidney was peaked after 28 d of treatment and drastically dropped when fish were removed to Cd-free water.The high concentrations of Cd in hepatic tissues indicated an accumulation site or permanent damage on this tissue.