配置SCR的柴油货车道路运行NOx排放分析

为了研究重型柴油货车在不同道路运行工况下的NO_x排放特性,以一辆配置选择催化还原(Selective CatalyticReduction,SCR)净化系统的国V排放标准的重型柴油货车为研究对象,开展实际道路运行车载排放测试,通过车载排放测试系统实时采集车辆行驶速度、NO_x排放体积分数与排气温度等数据,分析车速、排气温度、路况等对NO_x排放的影响。结果表明,车速低于40 km/h,NO_x排放随车速增大稍有增加; 40～70 km/h,随车速增大NO_x排放降低;高于70 km/h,随车速增大NO_x排放显著降低。车速与排气温度呈线性正相关,排气温度高于150℃,SCR才能显示出对NO_x的净化效果。市区工况车速低,排温低于150℃,SCR不能有效工作;市郊、高速工况下排温高于150℃,SCR催化效率提高,车速增大,排温升高,NO_x排放降低,因此NO_x排放市郊工况低于市区工况,高速工况低于市郊工况。配置SCR的重型柴油货车NO_x高排放区主要集中在中低车速、加速区间内。     

重型货运车辆碳排放特性研究

以重型货运车辆为研究对象,研究车辆碳排放与车速、装载率、货运周转量等的关系。选取20辆重型货运车,通过油耗测试装置与GPS装置等采集了货运车辆连续6个月的油耗、行驶里程、平均速度、货运周转量等数据,根据碳平衡原理计算出车辆的CO2e排放因子,得出了车速与装载率分布规律。结果表明,重型货运车辆行驶速度主要分布在50~70 km/h范围内,其行驶时间占比达67.2%;0.4~0.8之间的装载率占比达到75.25%;单车月度货运周转量主要分布范围在10×104~40×104t·km;CO2e排放因子主要分布在1 000~1200 g/km,其平均值为1 120 g/km,而平均吨千米CO2e排放因子为52g/(t·km)。本研究得出了装载率与吨千米CO2e排放因子的拟合关系式,发现车速提高时CO2e排放因子降低,装载率自0.2提高到1.0时吨千米CO2e排放因子降低70%以上,货运周转量提高时吨千米CO2e排放减少。     

限行对LPG公交车工况影响与减排效果

以大型LPG公交车为对象,研究广州市限行措施对车辆运行工况及排放的影响。采用车载排放测试实时测试亚运限行前后公交试验车辆道路运行工况与排放,进行数据统计分析。结果表明,限行措施使公交车辆平均车速提升了37.9%,怠速运行时间占比下降了6.28%,低于20 km/h的低速运行时间占比下降了15.5%,20~40km/h的中速运行时间占比增加了11.1%。限行使公交车辆平均加速度增大,平均比功率VSP变大。CO、HC和NOx的平均排放速率随车速、比功率VSP增大呈先增大后降低的趋势,随加速度增大而增大。限行使公交车辆负荷率增大,排气中CO、HC和NOx的平均排放速率较未限行时有所提高。相同运行里程下,限行使公交车辆运行时间减少27.5%。综合结果,限行使公交车辆尾气中CO、NOx和HC的排放量分别降低了21.71%、10.36%和11.95%,使平均排放因子降低。限行使道路拥堵情况得到改善,有效提高了公交车辆行驶速度,减少了尾气排放。     

轻型汽车实际行驶工况的排放研究

分别采用GPS和HEX CAN系统,记录了实际道路汽车行驶的瞬时速度和其他相关行驶参数,通过对两组数据进行工况解析,得到了城市汽车实际行驶工况.结果表明,我国的城市道路实际行驶工况与ECE EUDC标准工况相比,平均速度较低,怠速比例较高,加减速比例差别不大,但加减速较小,变化频繁,匀速比例较低.在整车排放试验台架上按得到的实际行驶工况进行排放试验,与ECE EUDC工况的排放试验结果进行对比.分析发现,冷启动时,实际行驶工况与ECE EUDC工况相比,CO排放高35.1%,HC高13.4%,NOx高23.1%; 热启动时,实际行驶工况与ECE EUDC工况相比,CO排放高21.4%,HC高26.3%,NOx高13.1%.研究表明,不论是在冷启动还是热启动状态,实际工况排放状况均与认证工况有一定的差别.因此,采用ECE EUDC工况不能代表不同城市实际车辆的污染排放状况.     

驾驶激烈程度与载荷对柴油车RDE影响研究

为探究车辆行驶动力学与排放的关系,开展驾驶激烈程度与载荷对轻型柴油车实际行驶中产生的NOx及颗粒物数量(Particle Number,PN)排放影响试验研究,参考国VI排放标准RDE试验规范,设计不同的驾驶操作模式与载荷试验方案,采集车速、NOx、PN和CO2排放浓度等数据,分析车辆运行工况特性、行程动力学特性、NOx与PN排放特性.结果 表明,激烈驾驶使得高速工况vapos-[95]超过上限值,温和驾驶使得市区工况RPA低于下限值.NOx、 PN高排放区主要出现在中高车速、中高VSP区间.驾驶激烈程度增大或载荷升高,使NOx与PN排放明显增加,同时,NOx、PN高排放区向低速、低VSP区间扩展,分布更宽广.试验的国V车辆NOx排放CF高于国VI的RDE限值,PN排放CF明显低于国VI的RDE限值.     

高速公路减速带对汽车平顺性的影响研究

针对山区高速公路长纵坡路段大型车事故多发的问题,依托云南罗富高速公路交通安全保障项目,围绕对大型车辆下长坡时有效控制车速的方案,建立了"人体-车身-车轮"系统振动模型,从理论上分析了不同断面减速带对汽车平顺性影响的理论研究,设计了适合高速公路使用特点的减速带,并辅以道路试验进行方案优化,最后给出了减速带布置方案.结果表明,轿车车速为60～70 km/h,货车车速为30～40 km/h时,减速带对汽车平顺性的影响既在乘员可承受范围内,也不会降低汽车的行驶安全性,同时有效降低了事故多发路段的事故率,减少了人员伤亡和经济损失.     

PHEV公交车RDE车载测试评价分析

研究了PHEV公交车的排放特性及车载排放评价的适应性。以一辆LNG-电PHEV公交车为研究对象,按重型车RDE车载测试标准要求沿市区、市郊公交线路行驶,实时采集车辆排放及发动机运行工况等数据,按功基窗口法进行数据处理。结果表明,公交车实际行驶工况较ETC循环工况分布广泛很多,并主要分布在中低转速低扭矩区。即使将有效功基窗口要求的发动机平均功率百分比下限从20%降至15%,车载测试所获得的数据依然无法满足有效功基窗口数量占比大于50%的RDE测试有效性要求。随窗口平均功率百分比降低,NO_x平均比排放值升高,THC下降,CO几乎没有变化。先市区后市郊测试顺序下CO比排放值为0.64 g/(k W·h),为限值的10.7%;NO_x平均比排放值为14.15 g/(k W·h),为限值的3.5倍。研究了车辆行驶路况顺序对窗口数量和排气污染物比排放的影响,相比以先市郊后市区的行驶顺序,先市区后市郊可获得到更多的窗口数量,NO_x平均比排放值升高14.84%,THC降低20.98%,CO降低15.63%。     

基于行车视频消失点和逆透视变换的车速测量

为了克服行车途中相机抖动对车速测量的影响,利用行车视频消失点特性和逆透视变换特征,提出一种通用车速测量方法。首先通过检测车道线来识别获取消失点位置和车道斜率信息;其次建立相机三参数模型,并利用透视成像原理,推导出俯仰角、偏航角以及高度的计算公式;然后对逆透视变换后的正投影图像进行特征运动分析,获取自车及目标车辆速度;最后分别在自车车速为20、25、30、35、40、50 km/h以及前方目标车辆车速为10、20、30 km/h的情况下进行实车试验。结果表明:自车车速的平均误差不超过5%,前车车速的平均误差不超过7%,能够达到交通事故车速测量的要求。     

考虑驾驶员反应时间的车辆碰撞预警模型

为了保证车辆在行驶过程中的安全性,提出了一种考虑驾驶员反应时间的车辆碰撞预警模型,改进了传统模型中驾驶员反应时间定值化的缺点。首先,依据车辆的制动过程分析了驾驶员反应时间对制动距离的影响。其次,设计驾驶员反应时间的模糊推理算法,选取驾龄、疲劳强度和应变能力3个主要因素作为评价指标来计算反应时间。最后,采用分等级的预警策略建立考虑驾驶员反应时间的碰撞预警模型,并通过Carsim-Matlab/Simulink联合仿真与传统模型进行对比分析。结果表明,设计的预警模型可以对不同类型的驾驶员进行差异化碰撞预警,在30 km/h和80 km/h两种车速下实际停车距离与理论值的最大误差为8%。     

人-车-路耦合环境中车辆稳态安全仿真

为揭示驾驶员、道路、车辆综合作用下车辆运行状态的失稳机理,基于多Agent建模与安全仿真技术,构建包含驾驶员、道路、车辆、协调中心、人机接口等5方面的多Agent车辆稳态安全仿真框架;建立车辆多体动力学、道路三维空间、驾驶员预瞄控制与跟随仿真模型,从车辆稳定性和驾驶员操作负荷2方面分析车辆稳态安全性。以小轿车为代表车型,针对某二级公路开展车辆稳态安全仿真试验。仿真结果表明,当汽车以60和70 km/h行驶时,前后轮总体围绕平均轴重波动,稳态运行;以80 km/h行驶时,汽车冲出车道,轮胎最小垂直反力仍然大于0;3种速度下侧向加速度均大于0.3 g(g为重力加速度),且速度越高,侧向加速度越大,表明汽车冲出车道由侧滑引起。     

基于速度特征指标的高速公路线形一致性综合评价

为量化评价已建和拟建高速公路交通安全性,以实测运行车速数据和事故率数据为基础,根据公路空间属性的变化,采用不定长法进行路段划分。考虑不同路段车速协调性和连续性的需求,引入客货差极差比、车速降低系数、路段车速离散度等车速特征指标。通过对运行车速特征指标与事故率的相关性分析,采用多元回归的方法建立了高速公路线形设计一致性综合评价模型,同时结合事故多发点改善效果的显著性,确定我国高速公路安全性服务水平,在此基础上提出线形设计一致性评价标准和评价方法。太旧高速公路的实例应用结果表明,该方法可准确有效地评价线形设计一致性。     

基于VDI2198循环的内燃叉车实际作业排放特性

为了分析实际作业的叉车排放特征,基于VDI2198循环,采用车载排放测试系统(PEMS)对某基本型配备非道路国Ⅲ柴油发动机叉车进行前进、后退、货物举升、货物下降4种作业工况下的实车道路排放测试。结果表明,各排放物的排放速率在前进、货物举升和货物下降工况下处于较高水平,在后退工况下处于较低水平。CO_2、NO_x基于时间的排放因子在前进工况下最高,其原因是在前进工况下发动机处于合理转速工作区,进气充足,燃料燃烧较为充分,达到了高温富氧条件;CO、PN基于时间的排放因子在货物举升工况下最高,其原因是举升工况下发动机转速过高,进气不足、喷油量增加导致大量燃料不完全燃烧。后退工况下较低的CO_2基于时间排放因子,使得各污染物基于CO_2当量排放因子在后退工况下较高。与美国NONROAD模型中同类叉车排放水平对比,试验叉车的CO排放水平远低于Tier4A之前的排放水平,远高于Tier4排放水平;NO_x的排放水平低于Tier4A之前的排放水平,稍高于Tier4的排放水平。适度超载对排放影响较小,冷起动对排放影响较大。坡度增加对排放影响显著,坡度从0(平地)增至10%,CO、NO_x、PN、CO_2基于里程的排放因子分别增加了54%、19%、100%、27%;坡度从10%增加至15%,CO、NO_x、PN、CO_2基于里程的排放因子分别增加了41%、50%、51%、56%。     

首都国际机场移动源大气污染物排放清单研究

根据收集到的首都国际机场飞行区活动水平数据,采用适合估算各类移动源污染物排放量的方法和排放因子,建立了2013年首都国际机场移动源排放清单。结果表明,首都国际机场2013年移动源NO_x、CO、HC、SO2和PM_(2.5)排放总量为6 287.1 t、3 596.1 t、364.2t、373.4 t和185.0 t,分别占北京市各污染物总体排放的3.4%、0.3%、0.1%、0.4%和0.2%。其中非道路移动源是各污染物排放的最大贡献源,NO_x、CO、HC、SO2和PM_(2.5)排放量的90.7%、86.7%、79.4%、97.4%和81.3%来源于飞机,中型窄体客机及大型宽体客机贡献突出。相较而言,道路移动源排放比例较低,对HC、CO、PM_(2.5)和NO_x各污染物的贡献率为9.1%、8.6%、6.7%和4.4%。通过标准LTO循环方法估算飞机逐月排放,对LTO循环次数与各污染物排放量进行拟合,发现飞机排放的HC、CO、NO_x、SO2和LTO循环次数之间呈现较为明显的正相关关系,从而提出一种本地化的基于LTO循环次数估算飞机污染气体排放量的简单方法。此外,减少滑行时间可有效降低飞机在LTO循环过程中的污染物排放。     

长隧道韵律型视觉环境设计研究

采用心理物理试验分析公路隧道内部视觉环境对驾驶员行车安全的影响,将E-prime 2.0软件与仿真驾驶模拟器相结合,对驾驶员在隧道内长时间行车中的速度判断准确率及反应时间两个指标进行分析,提出了利用标志标线构建公路隧道内韵律型标线系统的改善措施,以改善隧道内视觉环境,并利用数理统计方法及Logistics拟合分析对设计方案进行评价。结果表明:1)公路隧道内韵律型标线系统能提升隧道内驾驶员的速度判断准确率3.33%~11.66%;2)普通公路隧道场景中,被试者反应时间与隧道内行车时间存在显著关系,公路隧道内韵律型标线系统的场景中,反应时间与隧道内的行车时间没有显著关系,能有效缓解视觉疲劳现象;3)被试者反应时间的增加同时受隧道内视觉环境与行车时间的影响。公路隧道内韵律型标线系统能有效提高驾驶员的反应时间,适用于行驶速度为80 km/h、大于1 333 m的隧道。     

高速公路货车事故成因及货车专用道分析

为减少货车对行车安全的影响,在充分考虑货车行驶理论、交通环境和驾驶员特征的基础上,就载重货车交通对高速公路运营安全的影响进行研究。其结果表明,不同车型之间的运行速度差异、超载、驾驶员不良交通行为及纵向间距不足等是造成货车交通事故的主要原因。通过分析货车事故与交通状况的关系,从工程技术可行性等角度提出了货车专用道的设计方法,以有效执行客货分行,提高高速公路运营安全水平。     

Are older drivers’ driving patterns during an on-road driving task representative of their real-world driving patterns?

Abstract

Objective: The current study investigated whether older drivers’ driving patterns during a customized on-road driving task were representative of their real-world driving patterns.

Methods: Two hundred and eight participants (male: 68.80%; mean age?=?81.52 years, SD?=?3.37 years, range?=?76.00–96.00 years) completed a customized on-road driving task that commenced from their home and was conducted in their own vehicle. Participants’ real-world driving patterns for the preceding 4-month period were also collected via an in-car recording device (ICRD) that was installed in each participant’s vehicle.

Results: During the 4-month period prior to completing the on-road driving task, participants’ median real-world driving trip distance was 2.66?km (interquartile range [IQR]?=?1.14–5.79?km) and their median on-road driving task trip distance was 4.41?km (IQR?=?2.83–6.35?km). Most participants’ on-road driving task trip distances were classified as representative of their real-world driving trip distances (95.2%, n?=?198).

Conclusions: These findings suggest that most older drivers were able to devise a driving route that was representative of their real-world driving trip distance. Future research will examine whether additional aspects of the on-road driving task (e.g., average speed, proportion of trips in different speed zones) are representative of participants’ real-world driving patterns.     

Naturalistic drive cycle synthesis for pickup trucks

ProblemFuture pick-up trucks are meeting much stricter fuel economy and exhaust emission standards. Design tradeoffs will have to be carefully evaluated to satisfy consumer expectations within the regulatory and cost constraints. Boundary conditions will obviously be critical for decision making: thus, the understanding of how customers are driving in naturalistic settings is indispensable. Federal driving schedules, while critical for certification, do not capture the richness of naturalistic cycles, particularly the aggressive maneuvers that often shape consumer perception of performance. While there are databases with large number of drive cycles, applying all of them directly in the design process is impractical. Therefore, representative drive cycles that capture the essence of the naturalistic driving should be synthesized from naturalistic driving data.MethodNaturalistic drive cycles are firstly categorized by investigating their micro-trip components, defined as driving activities between successive stops. Micro-trips are expected to characterize underlying local traffic conditions, and separate different driving patterns. Next, the transitions from one vehicle state to another vehicle state in each cycle category are captured with Transition Probability Matrix (TPM). Candidate drive cycles can subsequently be synthesized using Markov Chain based on TPMs for each category. Finally, representative synthetic drive cycles are selected through assessment of significant cycle metrics to identify the ones with smallest errors.SummaryThis paper provides a framework for synthesis of representative drive cycles from naturalistic driving data, which can subsequently be used for efficient optimization of design or control of pick-up truck powertrains.Impact on industryManufacturers will benefit from representative drive cycles in several aspects, including quick assessments of vehicle performance and energy consumption in simulations, component sizing and design, optimization of control strategies, and vehicle testing under real-world conditions. This is in contrast to using federal certification test cycles, which were never intended to capture pickup truck segment.     

汽车EPS系统的行车工况补偿控制策略

针对汽车在常见转向工况时转向的操纵性和安全性不足问题,提出将常见工况补偿控制策略融合到汽车EPS助力控制中,将汽车速度、汽车质量、方向盘左右晃动考虑在内,设计了高速避让、低速满载、颠簸路面3种补偿控制策略;并理论分析加入高速避让、低速满载、颠簸路面3种补偿策略后,方向盘、齿条位移和汽车横摆角速度增减值的变化;最后,通过搭建汽车EPS系统模型和二自由度汽车模型进行仿真验证。仿真结果表明,采用补偿控制策略后,汽车在高速、低速大重量及于凹凸不平的路面行驶时,助力电机目标电流的获取与汽车行驶的内外环境紧密相连,且可随行车条件的改变而适时改变,使汽车EPS系统具有了更好的操纵性和安全性。     

An analysis of cyclists’ speed at combined pedestrian and cycle paths

Abstract

Objective: In Sweden, cyclists, pedestrians, and moped riders share the space on combined pedestrian and cycle paths, and their speeds may differ greatly. Both actual speed and speed differences can potentially influence the number of accidents on the shared paths. As a starting point, this article studies the speed component and how cyclists’ speed varies at pedestrian and cycle paths depending on the day, week, and year; road user composition; and road design.

Methods: Three data sources were used: Existing measurements of cycle speed and flow in 3 different Swedish municipalities, Eskilstuna (1 site, January–December 2015), Linköping (6 sites, 4?weeks in September–October 2015), and Stockholm (10 sites, 1–5?days in August–September 2015); complementary measurements of cycle speed and flow in Linköping (4 sites, 1–10?days in August–September 2016) and Stockholm (1 site, only part of 2?days in August 2016) were also conducted within the project, in addition to roadside observations of bicycle types at the 5 new sites.

Results: The average speed of cyclists on the paths varied between 12.5 and 26.5?km/h. As expected, the lower average speeds were found in uphill directions, near intersections, and on paths with high pedestrian flows. The higher speeds were found in downhill directions and on commuter routes. In all, 70%–95% of road users observed on pedestrian and cycle paths were cyclists, and 5%–30% were pedestrians. The most common type of bicycle was a comfort bike, followed by a trekking bike. Electric-assisted bicycles and racer bikes occurred at all sites, with proportions of 1%–10% and 1%–15%, respectively. The 2 sites with the highest proportion of electric-assisted bicycles and racer bicycles also had the highest average speeds. The differences in average speed throughout the day, week, and year could only be assessed at one of the sites. Only small differences were found, with the most noticeable being that the average speed was lower in January and February (13.8?km/h) compared to the rest of the year (15.3–16.1?km/h). The average speed was also lower during daytime (14.7?km/h) than during other parts of the day (15.4–15.8?km/h).

Conclusions: The relationship between bicycle type and measured speed was not entirely clear, but the results suggest that paths with higher proportions of electric and racer bicycles have higher average speeds. There also appears to be a connection between average speed and the width of the distribution; that is, the higher the average speed, the wider the speed distribution. More research is needed on how speed levels and speed variance affect accident risk.     

考虑驾驶方式的车辆与航空器交叉冲突评估*

为量化不同驾驶方式下车辆与航空器行驶风险,提出车辆与航空器交叉运行冲突评估模型,该模型将特种车辆驾驶方式分为激进、稳定、保守3类,综合驾驶特性和管制规则定义车辆速度演化规律,结合运行场景、间隔配备等要素确定冲突条件,并基于航空器与车辆实时速度、位置变化构造冲突评估模型。研究结果表明:冲突评估模型能够计算车辆与航空器在十型交叉口的冲突概率;激进方式下车辆先于航空器通过交叉口,风险概率均值相对最大,为0.679;保守方式下航空器先于车辆通过交叉口,最大间隔是安全间隔的4.7倍;稳定驾驶方式可兼顾安全和效率。本文模型能再现十型道口车辆与航空器交叉运行冲突产生、发展及解脱过程,计算结果可用于场面实时冲突识别和预警,能够为机场危险源识别和风险管控提供依据。