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1.
Summary. To gain insight into the evolution of the sex pheromone communication system in Ostrinia (Lepidoptera Pyralidae), the sex pheromone of the burdock borer, O. zealis was analyzed by means of gas chromatography-electroantennographic detection (GC-EAD), GC-mass spectrometry and a series of
bioassays. Four EAD-active compounds were detected in the female sex pheromone gland extract, and these were identified as
tetradecyl acetate (14:OAc), (Z)-9-tetradecenyl acetate (Z9–14:OAc), (E)-11-tetradecenyl acetate (E11-14:OAc) and (Z)-11-tetradecenyl acetate (Z11-14:OAc). The average amounts (ratio) of the four compounds in single sex pheromone glands were 2.5 ng (13%), 11.6 ng (61%),
4.1 ng (21%) and 0.9 ng (5%), respectively. In a wind-tunnel bioassay, the ternary blend of Z9-, E11- and Z11-14:OAc at a ratio found in the sex pheromone gland elicited the same behavioral responses from the males as did virgin
females. 14:OAc did not show any enhancement or inhibition of the males’ behavioral responses when added to the ternary blend.
The attractiveness of the 3-component lure to O. zealis males was also confirmed by field trapping experiments. Based on these results, we concluded that the sex pheromone of O. zealis is composed of Z9-14:OAc, E11-14:OAc and Z11-14:OAc at a ratio of 70:24:6. The evolutionary changes of the sex pheromones in Ostrinia are also discussed based on the presently available information on the sex pheromones and phylogenetic relationships of Ostrinia spp.
Received 25 September 1998; accepted 2 December 1998. 相似文献
2.
X. Fu J. Tabata T. Takanashi S. Ohno S. Tatsuki Y. Ishikawa Y. Huang H. Honda 《Chemoecology》2004,14(3-4):175-180
Summary. The sex pheromone of Ostrinia orientalis
(Lepidoptera: Crambidae) was analyzed by gas chromatography–electroantennographic detection (GC–EAD), GC–mass spectrometry and a series of bioassays. Three EAD-active
compounds were detected in the female sex pheromone
gland extract, and identified as tetradecyl acetate (14:OAc),
(Z)-11-tetradecenyl acetate (Z11-14:OAc) and (E)-11-tetradecenyl acetate (E11-14:OAc). The titers (ratio) of 14:OAc, Z11-14:OAc and
E11-14:OAc in 3-day-old virgin
females were 0.49 ng (10), 4.86 ng (98) and 0.10 ng (2),
respectively. In a wind-tunnel bioassay, the 98:2 blend of
Z11- and E11-14:OAc, but not Z11-14:OAc alone, elicited
the same male behavioral responses as virgin females and
crude gland extracts. 14:OAc was inactive by itself, and did
not show any synergistic effect on the binary blend.
Field trapping experiments also confirmed the attractiveness
of the binary blend to O. orientalis
males. Based on
these results, we concluded that the sex pheromone of
O. orientalis
is a 98:2 mixture of Z11-14:OAc and
E11-14:OAc. This sex pheromone is very similar to that of the Z-type European corn borer,
O. nubilalis. The present
finding raises the question of whether O. orientalis
, which is indistinguishable from O. nubilalis
based on external morphology,
is a biologically distinct species independent from
O. nubilalis. 相似文献
3.
Summary. In a local population of Ostrinia zaguliaevi Mutuura & Munroe (Lepidoptera: Crambidae), extensive variation was found in the blend ratio of three sex pheromone components,
(Z)-9-tetradecenyl acetate (Z9-14:OAc, 10.2-63.8%), (Z)-11-tetradecenyl acetate (Z11-14:OAc, 32.2-86.8%), and (E)-11-tetradecenyl acetate (E11-14:OAc, 2.1-11.9%). The variation was observed over a three-year period (2002-2004). Mother-daughter
regression analyses have shown that although the heritability of the minor component E11-14:OAc was not significant, the heritability
of the proportions of Z9-14:OAc and Z11-14:OAc were substantial (0.5–0.6). In artificial selection experiments, the mean % Z9-14:OAc in the sex pheromone changed significantly within three generations (37% in the control line, 48 and 52% for two
lines selected for increase, and 23 and 30% for two lines selected for decrease). Despite these changes, the amounts of fatty
acyl pheromone precursors, (Z)-9-, (Z)-11- and (E)-11-tetradecenoate, in the pheromone gland were not significantly affected by the selection. Taken together, variation in
the pheromone blend of O. zaguliaevi is likely to be attributable to a few genes involved in the reduction or acetylation of fatty acyl pheromone precursors,
the last two steps in pheromone biosynthesis. 相似文献
4.
Summary. Three components that elicited antennal response from male Choristoneura conflictana were found from female gland extracts analyzed using a coupled gas chromatographic-electroantennographic detector system.
The main component in gland extracts was (Z)-11-tetradecenal (Z11-14:Ald). Two minor components also elicited antennal response: (E)11-tetradecenal (E11-14:Ald) and (Z)-11- tetradecen-1-ol (Z11-14:OH). Analysis of effluvia indicated that calling virgin females release mostly Z11-14:Ald and trace amounts of Z11-14:OH. Field and wind tunnel behavioral studies showed that Z11-14:Ald alone attracted male moths in a dose response pattern. Tests comparing male response to blends of components detected
in gland extracts showed that addition of 1.8% of E11-14:Ald to Z11-14:Ald did not influence male moths in the wind tunnel, but resulted in significantly lower trap captures in the field.
The threecomponent blend [Z11-14:Ald (100), E11-14:Ald (1.8), Z11-14:OH (11)], was less attractive than Z11-14:Ald alone in both field and wind tunnel studies. Traps baited with two virgin female moths were equally attractive to
males as traps baited with the three-component synthetic blend but less attractive than traps baited with Z11-14:Ald alone. Field tests of various blends of the two components (Z11-14:Ald, Z11-14:OH) detected in the females’ effluvia showed that the addition of 1–10% Z11-14:OH to Z11-14:Ald did not affect the males’ response to Z11-14:Ald. Our data demonstrate that female C. conflictana release sex pheromone components in a different ratio than they are stored in the pheromone gland. The sex pheromone is comprised
of a single component, Z11-14:Ald, that can be used to monitor mated and virgin male C. conflictana throughout their flight period. 相似文献
5.
Summary. We investigated the hypothesis that aggregation signals produced by male webbing clothes moths (WCM), Tineola bisselliella (Hum.) (Lepidoptera: Tineidae), and close-range male attractant signals produced by females have a pheromonal basis, at least
in part. Gas chromatographic-electroantennographic detection (GC-EAD) and GC-mass spectrometric analyses of bioactive methanolic
extracts of male WCM disclosed three candidate pheromone components: hexadecanoic acid methyl ester (16:Ester), (Z)-9-hexadecenoic acid methyl ester (Z9—16:Ester), and octadecanoic acid methyl ester (18:Ester). In bioassay experiments in a large Plexiglas™ arena, a blend of
synthetic 16:Ester plus Z9—16:Ester was attractive to male and virgin (but not mated) female WCM; the 18:Ester was inactive.
GC-EAD analyses of pheromone gland extracts from female WCM revealed (E,Z)-2,13-octadecadienal (E2Z13—18:Ald) and (E,Z)-2,13-octadecadienol (E2Z13—18:OH) as candidate sex pheromone components. In arena bioassay experiments, 1—5 female equivalents of synthetic E2Z13—18:Ald (0.2 ng) and E2Z13—18:OH (0.1 ng) were more attractive to male WCM than were two virgin female WCM. We anticipate that the combination of
aggregation and sex pheromones, male-produced sonic aggregation signals, and habitat-derived semiochemicals will be highly
effective in attracting male and female WCM to commercial traps.
Received 12 January 2001; accepted 8 June 2001. 相似文献
6.
Summary. Females of both species start their pheromone-releasing activity on the second day after emergence at the beginning of the
photophase. During the present work, a peak of calling activity with close to 100% of active Ph. nigrescentella females was registered 1.5 hour after the light had been put on. The high pheromone release behaviour with 50% active females
lasted for 3 hours. The calling activity of the group of females was about 6 h/day. The beginning of a photophase under laboratory
conditions or an early morning in nature is a common period for sex pheromone release in the genus Phyllonorycter. (8Z,10E)-tetradecadien-1-yl acetate (8Z,10E-14:Ac), (8Z,10E)-tetradecadien-1-ol (8Z,10E-14:OH) and (8E,10Z)-tetradecadien-1-yl acetate (8E,10Z-14:Ac) in the ratio 96:4:traces as well as 8Z,10E-14:Ac and 8Z,10E-14:OH in the ratio 88:12 collected by Solid Phase Micro Extraction (SPME) were found to be specific for the calling periods
of virgin Phyllonorycter insignitella and Ph. nigrescentella females respectively. Field trapping experiments demonstrated that all three compounds are important for the attraction of
Ph. insignitella males while only 8Z,10E-14:Ac is the essential sex pheromone component for Ph. nigrescentella. The pheromone activity of all three compounds is reported for the first time. Addition of either 8Z,10E-14:OH or 8E,10Z-14:Ac to 8Z,10E-14:Ac did not have a significant effect on the attraction of Ph. nigrescentella males, while the efficiency of the three component blend was 5 times lower as compared to that of 8Z,10E-14:Ac. Our data demonstrate that 8Z,10E-14:OH and 8E,10Z-14:Ac play a dual function, they are minor sex pheromone components of Ph. insignitella essential for attraction of conspecific males and show an allelochemical, antagonistic effect on Ph. nigrescentella males and, thus, ensuring specificity of the mate location signal in two related Phyllonorycter species. 相似文献
7.
Summary. Research on insect migration has justifiably emphasized females – the so-called “oogenesis-flight syndrome”– since it is
the females that place the eggs into new habitats. The large and small milkweed bugs, Oncopeltus fasciatus and Lygaeus kalmii, respectively, have featured prominently in studies of insect migration and sequestration of host plant toxins for chemical
defense. Here we report that males of these species, and males of another well-studied lygaeine (Neacoryphus bicrucis), produce pheromones in glands usually considered to serve only a defensive role in Heteroptera (the metathoracic scent glands),
and that these pheromones are exploited by a tachinid parasitoid as a host-finding kairomone. The pheromones are mixtures
of C6 and C8 saturated and unsaturated esters reminiscent of lepidopteran pheromones, and the key compound of the O. fasciatus pheromone has now been correctly identified as (E)-2,7-octadienyl acetate. It is proposed that the concept of the oogenesis-flight syndrome for these kinds of insects should
accommodate the role of males in the migration process. The hypothesis is presented that male-produced pheromones play a significant
role in guiding colonization of new habitats in many heteropteran species. In addition, data are presented suggesting that
there is a trade-off between the amount of pheromone produced by colonizing males and the host breadth of the species.
Received 21 December 1998; accepted 15 February 1999. 相似文献
8.
Klaus Peschke Peter Friedrich Uwe Kaiser Stephan Franke Wittko Francke 《Chemoecology》1999,9(2):47-54
Summary. In the rove beetle Aleochara curtula, a male specific sternal gland is described. Isopropyl (Z9)-hexadecenoate has been identified by GC/MS of surface and sternal gland extracts as a male specific compound. Its emission
in the air was demonstrated by closed-loopstripping-analyses. In field experiments, conspecific males and females were attracted
by the odor of carrion, caged males from laboratory cultures, and by the synthetic ester. Isopropyl (Z9)-hexadecenoate or live males, combined with fresh carrion attract more beetles than a fresh carcass alone. Isopropyl hexadecanoate
as a minor compound was not attractive. The term “aggregation” pheromone and the ecological significance of attracting females
to a fresh carcass allowing early copulation and egg-deposition are discussed.
Received 20 August 1998; accepted 15 January 1999. 相似文献
9.
Regine?Gries Aurélia ?Reckziegel Herman?Bogenschütz Hans-Günter?Kontzog Christian?Schlegel Wittko?Francke Jocelyn?G.?Millar Gerhard?Gries
Summary. Our objective was to identify sex pheromone
components of the oak processionary moth, Thaumetopoea
processionea (Lepidoptera: Thaumetopoeidae), whose larvae
defoliate oak, Quercus spp., forests in Eurasia and impact
human health. Coupled gas chromatographic-electroantennographic
detection (GC-EAD) and GC-mass spectrometric
(MS) analyses of pheromone gland extract of female
T. processionea revealed two consistently EAD-active compounds.
They were identified as (Z,Z)-11,13-hexadecadienyl
acetate (Z11,Z13-16:OAc) and (Z,E)-11,13,15-hexadecatrienyl
acetate (Z11,E13,15-16:OAc) by comparative GC,
GC-MS and GC-EAD analyses of insect-produced compounds
and authentic standards. In replicated field experiments
(2000, 2001) in Nordbaden, Südbaden and Sachsen-Anhalt
(Germany), Z11,Z13-16:OAc and Z11,E13,15-16:OAc in
combination, but not singly, attracted significant numbers of
male moths. It will now be intriguing to investigate whether
Z11,E13,15-16:OAc, or its corresponding alcohol or aldehyde,
serves as a pheromone component also in other species of
the Thaumetopoeidae. 相似文献
10.
Hiroe Yasui Sadao Wakamura Norio Arakaki Mitsunobu Kishita Yasutsune Sadoyama 《Chemoecology》2003,13(2):75-80
Summary. Ether extract of the abdominal gland of female black
chafers Holotrichia loochooana loochooana (Sawada) (Coleoptera:
Scarabaeidae) induced a series of pre-mating behaviors that included
short-distance orientation, mounting and abdominal bending toward
females in the laboratory. When the extract was chromatographed on a
silica gel column, the activity was eluted with 50% ether in hexane and
ether fractions. GC-MS analyses revealed that both the active fractions
contained anthranilic acid (2-aminobenzoic acid) as a major compound.
When partitioned to basic, acidic and amphoteric fractions, pheromonal
activity was observed with the latter two fractions and anthranilic acid
was detected in these fractions by HPLC analyses. The amount of
anthranilic acid in the female extract was estimated to be ca. 1.3
μg/female. Authentic anthranilic acid induced pre-mating behavior in
males of at levels equal to that elicited by the compound in the
extract. It also attracted male beetles to the traps in the field.
Received 29 October 2002; accepted 9 January 2003.
R1D="
Correspondence to:Hiroe Yasui, e-mail:yasui@affrc.go.jp 相似文献
11.
Summary. Male obliquebanded leafrollers, Choristoneura rosaceana (Harris), were induced to respond to a pheromone source tainted with a behavioural antagonist, Z9-tetradecenyl acetate, when a source releasing the antagonist was placed 10 cm upwind of the tainted source in a wind tunnel.
However, placement of the antagonist upwind of an attractive pheromone source did not interrupt pheromone-mediated responses.
Placement of a source releasing Z9-tetradecenyl acetate, a minor pheromone component of the sympatric species, the threelined leafroller, Pandemis limitata (Robinson), upwind of a calling P. limitata female, reduced conspecific male pheromone-mediated response but resulted in upwind flight by male C. rosaceana and contact with heterospecific females. Male P. limitata locked on and flew upwind to but did not contact heterospecific females when a source releasing Z9-tetradecenyl acetate was positioned upwind of a calling C. rosaceana female. In the field, adaptation or habituation to Z9-tetradecenyl acetate caused by atmospheric treatment with this compound apparently resulted in reciprocal heterospecific
pheromone responses. More C. rosaceana males were captured in traps baited with their pheromone and the behavioural antagonist in small field plots treated atmospherically
with Z9-tetradecenyl acetate than in nontreated control plots. Fewer male P. limitata were captured in traps baited with their own pheromone, or with C. rosaceana pheromone tainted with Z9-tetradecenyl acetate in plots treated atmospherically with Z9-tetradecenyl acetate than in nontreated control plots. We argue that Z9-tetradecenyl acetate is an important synomone which assists in partitioning the sexual chemical communication channels of
C. rosaceana and P. limitata.
Received 9 February 1999; accepted 22 March 1999. 相似文献
12.
Summary.
Darna bradleyi Holloway, D. trima Moore, Setothosea asigna van Eecke and Setora nitens Walker are sympatric and coseasonal limacodid moths in plantations of oil palm, Elaeis guineensis Jacq. (Arecales: Palmae), in Borneo, southeast Asia. We tested the hypothesis that these four species maintain reproductive
isolation through specificity in diel periods of communication, microlocation for communication and/or communication signal
(pheromone). Studying diel periodicity of calling behavior by female moths and response by male moths to traps baited with
virgin females or synthetic pheromone, we determined that sexual communication of D. bradleyi and D. trima took place from ˜17:30 to 18:45 hr and that of S. asigna and S. nitens from ˜18:45 to 20:00 hr and from ˜18:30 to 19:30 hr, respectively. Over 80% of male S. asigna and S. nitens were captured in pheromone-baited traps suspended >5 m high, whereas male D. bradleyi and D. trima were captured mostly in traps <5 m high. Synthetic pheromone baits attracted male moths in a species-specific manner. Moreover,
baits containing both S. asigna and S. nitens pheromones failed to attract any male moths, indicating that female S. asigna and S. nitens, with overlapping communication periods, use bifunctional pheromone components that attract conspecific males while repelling
heterospecifics. Similarly, addition of D. bradleyi pheromone to S. asigna or S. nitens pheromone reduced attraction of male S. asigna and S. nitens. The failure of D. bradleyi and D. trima, which overlap in time and microlocation for communication, to evolve bifunctional pheromones may be attributed to the recent
occurrence of sympatry between D. bradleyi and D. trima in Borneo, apparently too recent for bifunctional pheromones to have evolved. We conclude that D. bradleyi, D. trima, S. asigna and S. nitens utilize any or all of diel periodicity, intra and interspecific effects of communication signal and/or microlocation for
signaling, allowing these limacodids to co-inhabit the same habitat and remain reproductively isolated.
Received 5 May 2000; accepted 18 August 2000 相似文献
13.
Summary. Two common components, identified as
(E)-11-hexadecenal (E11-16:Ald) and (E,E)-10,12-hexadecadienal
(E10E12-16:Ald), were found in the extract of virgin females of two sympatric pyralid moths, Terastia subjectalis
Lederer, and Agathodes ostentalis (Geyer). The amount of E11-16:Ald and E10E12-16:Ald was 0.12 and 2.8 ng/female
for T. subjectalis and 2.0 and 1.8 ng/female for A. ostentalis,
respectively. Hexadecanal (16:Ald) was also found at
0.7 ng/female in the extract of A. ostentalis, but EAG activity was unclear. In the field, T. subjectalis and
A. ostentalis
males were captured with species specific blends in the proportions
of 5:95 and 50:50 blends. Blends attractive to one
species did not attract the opposite one. Rubber septa loaded
with 1 mg each of 5:95 and 50:50 blends of E11-16:Ald and
E10E12-16:Ald were as attractive as two virgin females of
T. subjectalis and
A. ostentalis
, respectively. This demonstrated
that different ratios of shared pheromone components could
provide species specific cues for critical mate location in the
two sympatric pyralid moths. It is suggested that directional
selection probably occurs in the pheromone blends in opposite
directions in both species. 相似文献
14.
Deepa S. Pureswaran Regine Gries John H. Borden Harold D. Pierce Jr. 《Chemoecology》2000,10(4):153-168
Summary. The mountain pine beetle, Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins, and the pine engraver, Ips pini (Say), often co-exist in lodgepole pine, Pinus contorta var. latifolia Engelmann. Intra- and interspecific semiochemical communication occurs in both species and their complete semiochemical repertoire
and precise dynamics of pheromone production have not been elucidated. Porapak-Q extracts of captured volatiles from beetles
of each species aerated at different attack phases (freshly emerged, pioneer sex alone in the log and both sexes paired in
new galleries), followed by gas chromatographic-electroantennographic detection (GC-EAD) and GC-mass spectroscopic analyses
identified 17 compounds (seven compounds common to both species, six present in D. ponderosae and four present in I. pini) that excited the antennae of either or both species. Seven compounds for D. ponderosae and nine for I. pini had not been assessed for behavioural activity. In field trapping experiments, 2-phenylethanol produced by both species inhibited
the response of D. ponderosae to its aggregation pheromones. exo- and endo-Brevicomin produced by D. ponderosae significantly decreased the response of I. pini to its aggregation pheromone ipsdienol. Nonanal, a ubiquitous compound found in the volatiles of lodgepole pine, various
nonhosts and in both beetle species deterred the response of I. pini to ipsdienol. The occurrence of cis-verbenol, trans-verbenol and verbenone in emergent I. pini, and verbenone and 2-phenylethanol in emergent D. ponderosae suggests that these compounds may inhibit aggregation and induce dispersal following emergence. Termination of aggregation
in D. ponderosae appears to depend on the production of frontalin in combination with changes in the relative ratios of verbenone, exo-brevicomin, trans-verbenol and 2-phenylethanol. In I. pini, the cessation of ipsdienol production by males is probably the main factor in terminating aggregation.
Received 16 November 1999; accepted 7 August 2000 相似文献
15.
Summary. Workers of the amblyoponine species Mystrium rogeri employ trail communication during recruitment to food sources and new nest sites. The trail pheromone originates from a hitherto
unknown sternal gland located in the 7th abdominal sternite. The recruiting ant deposits the gland secretions by a special
gaster-dragging behavior. The recruitment behavior can be complemented by a rapid vertical body shaking performed by some
recruiting ants inside the nest. M. rogeri workers possess a large pygidial gland, the secretion of which elicits a repellent response in other ant species.
Received 25 May 1998; accepted 15 June 1998. 相似文献
16.
The sex pheromone of Stathmopoda masinissa Meyrick, an important pest of persimmon fruit in East Asia such as Korea, China, and Japan, was investigated. A lure using (E4,Z6)-4,6-hexadecadienyl acetate (E4,Z6-16Ac), which was identified as a sex pheromone compound of Japanese population, did not work at all for Korean population. Therefore, components in the abdominal extract of the moth were identified and their attractiveness was evaluated in the field. Two components, E4,Z6-16Ac and (E4,Z6)-4,6-hexadecadien-1-ol (E4,Z6-16OH) were identified from the extract of female abdominal extract in a ratio of 10–15:90–85 by GC–MS analysis with synthetic standards. E4,Z6-16Ac and E4,Z6-16OH were previously identified as EAG-active components of this moth in Japanese population. However, (E4,Z6)-4,6-hexadecadienal (E4,Z6-16Ald), which is one of the abdominal extract components and EAG-active component in Japanese population, was not detected in our samples. In the persimmon orchard, single component of E4,Z6-16Ac or E4,Z6-16OH was not attractive. However, the 1:1 mixture of the two components significantly increased the captures of male S. masinissa. Interestingly, traps baited with E4,Z6-16Ac captured significantly higher number of Oedematopoda ignipicta (Lepidoptera: Stathmopodidae) than the traps baited with E4,Z6-16OH or blend of the two components. The attractiveness of E4,Z6-16Ac to O. ignipicta is a new finding. 相似文献
17.
Summary. This study reports on the impact of insecticidal resistance on the diel periodicity of the calling behaviour and pheromone
production of different-aged virgin females of the obliquebanded leafroller (OBL), Choristoneura rosaceana. While both resistant (R) and susceptible (S) females initiated calling on the first night following emergence, the periodicity
of the calling behaviour, as determined by the mean onset time of calling (MOTC) and the mean time spent calling (MTSC) over
the first six nights of calling, differed between the two strains. R females started calling significantly later in the night.
However, as the MOTC of R females advanced with age but did not do so in S individuals, the difference between strains was
more pronounced in younger than older females. Furthermore, R females spent less time calling than S individuals. However,
the MTSC increased as a function of age in both R and S females, so the difference between strains remained fairly constant
for each night of calling. The major component of OBL sex pheromone, the Z11-14: Ac, determined at peak calling activity,
significantly declined with female age. Overall, pheromone production was lower in R females than in S females, with the difference
being more pronounced in younger than in older individuals. Thus, resistant females may have a lower mating success. The mating
success of both R and S strain males did not vary with the number of previous matings acquired. With regard to males, although
there was a significant decline in spermatophore size with successive matings, there was no significant difference between
strains. However, R males are smaller and may be disadvantaged through female choice and/or may respond differently to pheromone
source compared with S individuals. If the reproductive success of both sexes is affected, this may have a profound influence
on the dynamics of insecticidal resistance in the presence or absence of selection in OBL populations.
Received 4 July 2001; accepted 19 October 2001. 相似文献
18.
Patrizia D''Ettorre Christine Errard Fernando Ibarra Wittko Francke Abraham Hefetz 《Chemoecology》2000,10(3):135-142
Summary. The dulotic queen ant, Polyergus rufescens, must first penetrate a host colony and kill the resident queen in order to successfully founding a new colony. Successful
usurpation by a newly mated queen predictably depends on a dual strategy. Although, it can sneak in by being “chemically insignificant”
with respect to cuticular hydrocarbons, it may also need to deter prospective host-worker aggressors. Chemical analysis of
Dufour's gland secretion of P. rufescens queens and workers by GS/MS revealed that queen secretion is typified by esters of butanoic acid and acetic acid, of which
decyl butanoate comprises over 80%. Butanoates and acetates are also present in the workers' secretion, but these are of higher
molecular weight, and octadecyl butanoate represents the major compound. Using synthetic mixtures of queen and worker Dufour's
gland, we tested the hypothesis that these secretions modify the aggressive behavior of the host species Formica cunicularia>. The queen-like synthetic mixture significantly reduced aggression of the host workers towards alien conspecifics, but neither
pentane nor the worker-like synthetic mixture showed this effect. Although Dufour's gland content of >Polyergus queens was suggested to function as an appeasement pheromone (Topoff et al. 1988; Mori et al. 2000), we hypothesized that it may in fact act as a repellent. In order to test this hypothesis we exposed starved F. cunicularia workers to a droplet of honey on a glass slide applied with one of the following compounds: decyl butanoate (queen major
compound), octadecyl butanoate (worker main compound), limonene (a reported ant repellent), and pentane (solvent control).
Of these, the workers were repelled only by the decyl butanoate and did not approach the honey. We conclude that during usurpation
the queen actively repels aggressive workers by emitting Dufour's gland repellent, comprising the alternative tactic in the
usurpation dual strategy. This represents another chemical weapon in the diverse arsenal used by parasites to overcome the
host's resistance.
Received 7 April 2000; accepted 17 May 2000 相似文献
19.
Summary. Using Porapak Q traps, we collected the bark volatiles of six angiosperm trees native to British Columbia: black cottonwood,
Populus trichocarpa Torr. & A. Gray (Salicaceae), trembling aspen, P. tremuloides Michx. (Salicaceae), paper birch, Betula papyrifera Marsh. (Betulaceae), bigleaf maple, Acer macrophyllum Pursh (Aceraceae), red alder, Alnus rubra Bong. (Betulaceae), and Sitka alder, A. viridis ssp. sinuata (Regel) á. L?ve & D. L?ve (Betulaceae). Utilising coupled gas chromatographic-electroantennographic detection analysis, the
captured volatiles were assayed for antennal responses in five species of coniferophagous bark beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae),
sympatric with most or all of the angiosperm trees: the Douglas-fir beetle, Dendroctonus pseudotsugae Hopkins, the mountain pine beetle, D. ponderosae Hopkins, the spruce beetle, D. rufipennis (Kirby), the western balsam bark beetle, Dryocoetes confusus Swaine, and the pine engraver, Ips pini (Say). The identities of 25 antennally-active compounds were determined by coupled gas chromatographic-mass spectroscopic
analysis, and co-chromatographic comparisons with authentic chemicals. The compounds identified were: hexanal, (E)-2-hexenal, (Z)-3-hexen-1-ol, 1-hexanol, heptanal, α-pinene, frontalin, benzaldehyde, β-pinene, 2-hydroxycyclohexanone, 3-carene, limonene,
β-phellandrene, benzyl alcohol, (E)-ocimene, salicylaldehyde, conophthorin, guaiacol, nonanal, methyl salicylate, 4-allylanisole, decanal, thymol methyl ether,
(E)-nerolidol, and dendrolasin. A number of these compounds are known semiochemicals that are active in the behaviour of other
organisms, including bark beetles, suggesting a high degree of semiochemical parsimony. Antennally-active compounds ranged
from seven in A. viridis to 17 in P. trichocarpa. The fewest number of compounds (9) were detected by I. pini and the largest number (24) were detected by D. pseudotsugae. Six compounds excited the antennae of all five species of bark beetles. The large number of antennally-active compounds
detected in common by numerous bark beetles and present in common in numerous nonhost trees supports the hypothesis of olfaction-based
recognition and avoidance of nonhost angiosperm trees during the process of host selection by coniferophagous bark beetles.
Received 13 December 1999; accepted 14 March 2000 相似文献
20.
Summary. Juvenile hormones are sesquiterpenoids that regulate developmental processses such as metamorphosis and reproduction in insects.
Insect juvenile hormone III (JH III), methyl-10R,11-epoxy-3,7,11-trimethyl-2E,6E-dodecadienoate, has also been identified in two sedge species, Cyperus iria and C. aromaticus (Toong et al. 1988). Potential allelopathic activity of this compound and the structurally related sesquiterpenoid farnesol was investigated
using seed germination and seedling growth assays with radish, lettuce and rice. Treatment of seeds with JH III delayed lettuce
seed germination and potently inhibited rice shoot growth. Both farnesol and JH III inhibited the growth of C. iria seedlings. The antimicrobial activity of JH III was also tested on a taxonomic and ecologically diverse range of fungi. Using
the classic cytotoxic disk assay, JH III did not effect growth of the fungal species tested. We believe that JH III may contribute
to the aggressive nature of this invasive weed species.
Received 11 October 1999; accepted 26 February 2000 相似文献