垃圾填埋腾发覆盖系统渗沥控制试验和数值模拟

垃圾填埋场腾发覆盖系统(ET Landfill Cover)是由单一土层和植被构成的简易、低成本、无需管理的生态渗沥控制系统,该系统利用覆盖土层储蓄降水、依靠植物的蒸腾和土壤蒸发消耗土壤水,从而实现渗沥污染控制.通过在武汉大学灌溉排水与水环境综合试验场开展裸土覆盖和5组腾发覆盖的渗沥控制对比试验,并对这6个试验处理进行水量平衡分析,结果发现其中60 cm厚度壤土层和灌木构成的腾发覆盖系统渗沥控制效果比较好,但是试验过程也发现60 cm厚度土层储水能力不足以完全阻止雨量充沛季节形成渗沥液,在旱季也不能向灌木提供充足水分,而是需要灌溉来维持灌木正常生长.因此采用Hydrus 2D软件对不同土层厚度腾发覆盖系统的渗沥控制效果进行数值模拟,结果表明,在武汉地区采用120～140 cm厚度壤土层和灌木构成的腾发覆盖系统是确保渗沥控制效果的经济合理方案.     

腾发覆盖系统的改进及其水文评估

腾发覆盖系统作为屏障型覆盖系统的替代形式自2003年以来在许多垃圾填埋场整治工程中得到应用,它是一种经济、实用的生态型覆盖系统,但因其壤土层持水力和草本植被蒸腾力的限制,腾发覆盖只适用于干旱和半干旱地区.为了提高渗沥控制效果,对腾发覆盖的结构体系进行了改进:①在单一壤土层底部设置黏土衬垫以提高持水力;②采用草本-灌木混合植被取代单纯的草本植被以提高蒸腾力.采用HELP软件对屏障型覆盖系统、腾发覆盖系统和本研究提出的改进型腾发覆盖系统进行水文评估,结果表明改进型腾发覆盖系统的渗沥控制性能明显优于前二者.     

腾发覆盖技术控制垃圾填埋场渗沥液污染试验研究

腾发覆盖系统利用覆盖层土壤储存降雨,并利用土壤蒸发和植物蒸腾作用增大覆盖层水分耗散,达到控制渗沥液产生的目的。文章进行了6组不同腾发覆盖组合条件下的渗沥液控制效果试验。结果表明:植物在调节和控制覆盖层水分动态中起重要作用,植物覆盖率的增加和土壤水分消减程度表现出明显的关系,植物生长情况下的土壤水分耗散速度是无植物覆盖情况下的1.5倍;植物生长和无植物生长情况下60cm覆盖层厚度实际水库容积分别为97.2mm和62.8mm;无植物生长情况下深层渗沥量达到降雨量的27%,而植物覆盖情况下渗沥液量仅为降雨量的3.5%～7.2%。     

腾发覆盖垃圾填埋场覆盖层机理试验研究及结构分析

研究了腾发覆盖垃圾场覆盖层水平衡机理并探讨了植物、土质和厚度调节对控制覆盖层水均衡的作用.6组腾发覆盖试验结果表明,腾发作用在覆盖层水量平均过程中起关键作用,覆盖层土壤水分耗散与叶面积指数表现出非线性增长关系;植物生长条件下覆盖层土壤水分总耗散量可以达到无植物覆盖情况下的3.3～4.5倍,60 cm覆盖厚度、植物生长条件下能够提供97.2 mm的土壤水库容积,而无植物生长情况下有效库容仅为62.8 mm; 降雨入渗在覆盖层中表现出非均匀运动特性,流动区域随深度的增加而呈指数递减的趋势,20、40和60 mm降雨条件下最大入渗深度与平均入渗深度的比值分别为3.65、1.77和1.40,表明土壤水库容量不仅取决于覆盖层土壤质地,厚度和初始含水率,并且与降雨量有关,非均匀入渗是植物生长条件下渗沥产生的主要原因.Hydrus-2D模拟覆盖层水均衡要素动态结果显示,相比粘土,选用砂壤性土壤能够更为有效利用腾发作用的调节和控制覆盖层水分,达到控制渗沥的目的.     

模型模拟土壤性质和植被种类对再生水灌溉水盐运移的影响

为推动再生水安全灌溉,本研究运用ENVIRO-GRO模型模拟了不同土壤性质、植被条件下土壤盐分的分布规律及累积趋势,探讨了土壤性质和植被种类对再生水灌溉水盐运移的影响.研究发现,不同土壤初始含盐量下,经多年重复模拟后最终达到统一的平衡状态;而不同土壤质地下,随着灌溉年份的增加,壤土、黏壤土中的土壤ECe年均值逐渐增加直到平衡,砂壤土中的土壤ECe年均值逐渐减少直到平衡,平衡时土层中的ECe值砂壤土〈壤土〈黏壤土.3种植被下,大叶黄杨、油松的土壤ECe值增加量小于早熟禾;土壤盐分在土层中的空间、时间分布也均有所不同.此外,不同模拟情景下,土壤盐分累积都不会影响植被的生长（黏壤土除外）,但均出现轻度盐渍化（砂壤土除外）.     

非点源污染控制研究进展

对非点源污染的基本特征、控制方法、监测和模型研究等进行论述。系统地归纳和分析了非点源污染控制方法中的多水塘系统、缓冲带、湿地系统、土壤渗滤等生态技术,并探讨了促渗技术在非点源污染控制中的应用。     

垃圾填埋场生态修复工程滑坡成因及应对措施

垃圾填埋场封场覆盖系统滑坡现象屡见不鲜。为探究其滑坡原因,以某垃圾填埋场生态修复工程覆盖系统为例,深入分析了滑坡现象产生的机理,并结合边坡稳定性分析,得出堆体沉降和突降暴雨是该填埋场产生滑坡的主要诱发因素。堆体沉降和突降暴雨带来的覆盖土层渗透系数提高、覆盖排水系统破坏、排水层饱和、边坡稳定性下降等影响若不及时维护或消除,则会造成覆盖土层边坡失稳。建议加强垃圾填埋场生态修复工程竣工后的维护管理制度建设和执行,解决好排水不畅的问题,对覆盖土层、排水沟、盲沟、截洪沟等设施进行及时维护,保障覆盖排水系统运行正常,以降低垃圾填埋场封场覆盖系统大面积滑坡的风险。     

不同土壤对垃圾渗滤液的吸附净化实验研究

文章以粘土和壤土为实验材料,研究两种不同土壤对渗滤液中COD、重金属含量的吸收净化效果。结果表明:相同高度的粘土比壤土吸附效果好,同一种土壤对pH、COD、重金属的去除效果随土层厚度的增加而增强。     

耕作和秸秆覆盖对苹果园土壤水分及养分的影响

为了揭示土壤耕作和秸秆覆盖对苹果园土壤保蓄水性能及土壤肥力的影响,研究设置了以土壤耕作(免耕、翻耕、旋耕)为主处理,秸秆覆盖(秸秆覆盖、无覆盖)为副处理的裂区试验,对比分析了各处理果园土壤水分贮量、土壤肥力等性状。结果表明,免耕裸地与翻耕裸地处理的保蓄水效应在果树不同生长期表现不同,在5月份免耕裸地处理1 m土层内土壤贮水量高于翻耕裸地处理,而在10月份免耕裸地处理显著低于翻耕裸地处理;秸秆覆盖各处理1 m土层内土壤贮水量均明显高于无覆盖各处理,耕作与秸秆覆盖相结合在整个土壤水分测定过程中均以免耕秸秆覆盖土壤贮水量最高且较稳定;耕作与秸秆覆盖相结合显著提高了有机质含量,土壤速效肥含量明显增加,各处理以翻耕秸秆覆盖及免耕秸秆覆盖土壤养分含量为最高。在渭北洛川苹果生产基地,采用免耕秸秆覆盖技术能起到较好的保蓄水作用,土壤肥力明显增加。     

垄作秸秆覆盖下西南地区蚕豆田土壤呼吸与有机碳特征

土壤呼吸是土壤有机碳库输出的主要途径,为探讨垄作和不同秸秆覆盖量对旱三熟蚕豆田土壤呼吸及有机碳特征的影响,测定了平作无覆盖(T)、垄作无覆盖(R)、垄作+半量覆盖(RS1)、垄作+全量覆盖(RS2)这4个处理下的西南紫色土丘陵区蚕豆/玉米/甘薯旱三熟体系中蚕豆田土壤呼吸及有机碳变化,分析了土壤温度和水分与土壤呼吸的关系.结果表明,蚕豆生长季节农田土壤呼吸随作物生长一致,呈先增加后减弱的变化趋势,全生育期平均土壤呼吸速率差异显著,表现为RS2RS1TR,分别为3.365、2.935、2.683、2.263 g·(m~2·d)~(-1).垄作显著降低了蚕豆农田土壤呼吸速率,而秸秆覆盖显著提高土壤呼吸速率,且随着覆盖量的增加而增加.土壤呼吸速率随土壤温度(5 cm和10 cm)呈指数型增长,10 cm处的回归模型明显好于5 cm.10 cm土层Q10值表现为RS2RS1RT,分别为1.751、1.665、1.616、1.35.垄作和秸秆覆盖下土壤温度、水分与土壤呼吸速率的混合指数模型可以解释土壤呼吸速率变异的68%(R)、79%(RS1)和76%(RS2).垄作和秸秆覆盖下0~5 cm、5~10 cm、10~20 cm、20~30 cm土层土壤有机碳含量均得到不同程度的提高,且随着覆盖量的增加而增加,其中5~10 cm、10~20 cm土层表现为RS2RS1RT,差异达显著水平,且5~10 cm土层有机碳含量增幅最大;但垄作和秸秆覆盖仅显著提高了颗粒有机碳0~30 cm加权平均值,对颗粒有机碳占土壤有机碳比例的影响效应不显著.     

Control of hydrogen sulfide emissions using autotrophic denitrification landfill biocovers: engineering applications

Hydrogen sulfide (H₂S) emitted from construction and demolition waste landfills has received increasing attention. Besides its unpleasant odor, longterm exposure to a very low concentration of H₂S can cause a public health issue. In the case of construction and demolition (C&D) waste landfills, where gas collection systems are not normally required, the generated H₂S is typically not controlled and the number of treatment processes to control H₂S emissions in situ is limited. An attractive alternative may be to use chemically or biologically active landfill covers. A few studies using various types of cover materials to attenuate H₂S emissions demonstrated that H₂S emissions can be effectively reduced. In this study, therefore, the costs and benefits of H₂S-control cover systems including compost, soil amended with lime, fine concrete, and autotrophic denitrification were evaluated. Based on a case-study landfill area of 0.04 km², the estimated H₂S emissions of 80900 kg over the 15-year period and costs of active cover system components (ammonium nitrate fertilizer for autotrophic denitrification cover, lime, fine concrete, and compost), ammonium nitrate fertilizer is the most cost effective, followed by hydrated lime, fine concrete, and yard waste compost. Fine concrete and yard waste compost covers are expensive measures to control H₂S emissions because of the large amount of materials needed to create a cover. Controlling H₂S emissions using fine concrete and compost is less expensive at landfills that provide on-site concrete recovery and composting facilities; however, ammonium nitrate fertilizer or hydrated lime would still be more cost effective applications.     

The potential application of red mud and soil mixture as additive to the surface layer of a landfill cover system

Red mud, the by-product of aluminum production, has been regarded as a problematic residue all over the world. Its storage involves risks as evidenced by the Ajka red mud spill,an accident in Hungary where the slurry broke free, flooding the surrounding areas. As an immediate remediation measure more than 5 cm thick red mud layer was removed from the flooded soil surface. The removed red mud and soil mixture(RMSM) was transferred into the reservoirs for storage. In this paper the application of RMSM is evaluated in a field study aiming at re-utilizing waste, decreasing cost of waste disposal and providing a value-added product. The purpose was to investigate the applicability of RMSM as surface layer component of landfill cover systems. The field study was carried out in two steps: in lysimeters and in field plots. The RMSM was mixed at ratios ranging between 0 and 50% w/w with low quality subsoil(LQS) originally used as surface layer of an interim landfill cover. The characteristics of the LQS + RMSM mixtures compared to the subsoil(LQS) and the RMSM were determined by physical–chemical, biological and ecotoxicological methods. The addition of RMSM to the subsoil(LQS) at up to 20% did not result any ecotoxic effect, but it increased the water holding capacity. In addition, the microbial substrate utilization became about triple of subsoil(LQS) after 10 months. According to our results the RMSM mixed into subsoil(LQS) at20% w/w dose may be applied as surface layer of landfill cover systems.     

黄河三角洲土地利用/土地覆被区域分异

利用多源遥感和空间数据,对黄河三角洲1984、1986、1991、1996和2001年5个不同时期的遥感数据进行处理,分析了1984年东营市建市17年来黄河三角洲土地利用/土地覆被的空间分布特征及动态变化的区域分异。现代黄河三角洲的土地利用/土地覆被类型趋于多样化,年变化率比较大;近代黄河三角洲区,以未利用地和耕地为主,土地利用/土地覆被最不稳定;黄河冲积平原区,耕地面积远高于其它地类,约占2/3,总体变化速率处于中等水平;山前冲洪积平原区,土地利用/土地覆被类型比较单一,耕地占绝对优势,土地利用/土地覆被最为稳定,年变化率最小。     

Reinforcement of thermoplastic rejects in the production of manhole covers

Thermoplastic rejects are un-recyclable plastics that are either incinerated causing harmful emissions into the air or land-filled. A common problem associated with manhole covers is the theft of the cover made out of cast iron and then selling it on the black market leaving a large empty hole in the road causing many potential safety and health hazards. This paper investigates the reinforcement of un-recyclable thermoplastic rejects to be used in the application of a manhole cover. Foundry sand and steel were used with the thermoplastic rejects as reinforcement of the material. Foundry sand is a hazardous waste that may cause many potential health hazards. It was shown that with 10% foundry sand, 90% thermoplastic rejects, and a steel mesh of diameter size 12 mm reinforcement, the manhole cover could withstand an average load of 112 kN. This value exceeds Grades A, AA, AAA, and B of acclaimed standards BS EN 124 for manhole covers, which ultimately indicates that the manhole cover may be used in pedestrian precincts and areas with occasional vehicular access. This composite material is produced out of waste materials (foundry sand and un-recyclable thermoplastic rejects) thus not utilizing or depleting the earth's natural resources, and eliminating the safety hazards, health hazards, and pollution associated with these waste materials. Not only is this product a benefit to the environment, but also inexpensive due to the fact that the materials are un-recyclable waste materials, and thus do not attain any value or cost.     

菌根生物技术在大武口洗煤厂矸石山绿化中的应用初探

介绍了菌根生物技术在煤矸石山绿化中应用的可行性，并以干旱地区的宁夏太西集团有限责任公司大武口洗煤厂煤矸石山绿化为例，探讨了菌根生物技术应用的方法和效果。研究表明：干旱地区煤矸石山绿化覆土栽植是必要的，接种菌剂能促进植物生长，在立地好的区域侵染率达90％，有推广应用的潜能。     

中国循环经济建设中的废旧物资再生模式研究

在循环经济建设中,发展废旧物资再生产业是实现区域"大循环"、连接消费与生产领域之间的关键环节,是目前许多国家发展循环经济的重点领域.本文以产品生命周期评价、工业代谢、再利用和再循环原则等理论方法为指导,通过分析各种废旧物资的产生、利用特征,系统构建出中国废旧物资的循环再生模式,为提高中国废旧物资回收利用率、提升资源利用价值和减小环境污染危害提供科学发展方向.     

呼吸型填埋场覆盖层技术研究Ⅱ：呼吸型覆盖层的甲烷氧化性能研究

基于前期研究构建的热动力自充氧装置,研究了模拟呼吸型自充氧覆盖层（2.4m×0.85m×3.6m,长×宽×高）对甲烷氧化性能的影响.结果表明,在垃圾快速降解期内,40cm厚自充氧覆盖层中的O2含量始终保持在15%以上,释放到外界的填埋气中CH4含量在检出限以下,与传统覆盖层技术相比,CH4含量最大可削减76.5%.通气...     

From waste prevention to promotion of material efficiency: change of discourse in the waste policy of Finland

This article analyses the process of preparing the proposal for a new Finnish National Waste Plan (NWP 2007–2016). The focus of this study is on the use of the alternative concepts of waste prevention or material efficiency and on the shift in discourse from the former to the latter concept.The strengths and weaknesses of these competing concepts were analysed using criteria such as synergy, semantic aspects, legal context and applicability to monitoring. The discourse presented by different stakeholder groups was analysed. The implications of choosing either of the concepts were illustrated.The author concludes that waste prevention can be promoted just as well, or even better from the perspective of improving material efficiency. The concept must be complemented by policy instruments within the chemical policy sector to cover the aspect of qualitative waste prevention.     

染料涂料废物贮存豁免量限值研究

针对染料涂料废物管理的贮存环节,基于地下水迁移扩散和大气扩散的暴露场景,通过环境风险评价,制定漆渣、废水处理污泥、废油墨油漆的贮存豁免量限值。结果表明,固态废物(污泥和漆渣)的贮存豁免量极小,没有豁免管理意义。在桶装(无盖)、开放或半封闭堆场、地面有硬化和防渗系统场景下,废油墨油漆的贮存豁免量限值为262 kg/a。     

甲烷胁迫下不同填埋场覆盖土的氧化活性及其菌群结构

对比研究了常规填埋场覆盖材料(粘土)和甲烷胁迫下垃圾生物处理后的材料(垃圾土)的甲烷氧化活性及其菌群结构.结果表明,粘土由于持水能力弱,其含水量较低,随着环境温度、降水等条件的变化,极易结块,从而影响其中甲烷氧化菌的生长;而垃圾土富含有机物,持水力强,空隙率高,有利于甲烷氧化菌的生长和繁殖.暴露于甲烷气流120 d后,垃圾土柱中下层土壤的甲烷氧化潜力达到了11.25～13.48 μmol/(g·h),是相应粘土层甲烷氧化潜力的10.4～24.5倍.土柱上层土壤由于水分蒸发、变干,抑制了其甲烷氧化活性.试验结束时,垃圾土柱甲烷氧化去除率达到了48.3%,是粘土柱的5～6倍.甲烷氧化菌TypeⅠ和TypeⅡ的生物标记物 PLFAs 16：1ω8c和18：1ω8c分析表明,土样的PLFA18：1ω8c含量与其甲烷氧化潜力具有很好的线性相关性.