添加三氯化铁对中温污泥厌氧消化优化调理

污水处理厂产生的大量污泥已成为迫在眉睫的难题,厌氧消化是目前污泥处理的一种常用方法。然而,传统污泥厌氧消化存在效率低、沼气中硫化氢含量高以及消化污泥脱水困难等问题。全面探究了添加FeCl_3对污泥厌氧消化效率、消化污泥脱水性能、沼液处理和沼气利用的影响。结果表明,添加FeCl_3使产气量和产甲烷量分别提升了29.7%和37.4%,有机物去除率从28.1%提升到29.6%。添加FeCl_3能改善消化污泥脱水性能。此外,厌氧消化后,添加FeCl_3使沼液中的氨氮浓度降低12 mg·L~(-1),磷酸盐浓度降低20.7%,沼气中硫化氢浓度降低了63.3%。     

无机-有机及物理-化学复合调理对厌氧消化污泥脱水性能的影响

厌氧消化是常用的污泥稳定化处理方法,但污泥经厌氧消化处理后脱水性能恶化。分别用无机-有机复合调理剂和物理-化学复合调理剂对厌氧消化污泥进行调理,考察不同调理方法对污泥脱水性能的影响。结果表明,聚合氯化铝(PAC)、聚合硫酸铁(PFS)和阳离子聚丙烯酰胺(PAM)对厌氧消化污泥的调理效果有限,最优条件下污泥比阻(SRF)分别下降了66.3%、89.2%和67.1%;PAC-PAM复合调理和PFS-PAM复合调理对厌氧消化污泥的调理效果较单种调理剂好,最优条件下SRF分别下降了98.2%和97.6%;稻壳、木屑和草木灰与PAM复合调理对厌氧消化污泥的调理效果较单种调理剂好,最优条件下SRF分别下降了97.3%、97.3%和97.7%。     

剩余污泥浓缩脱水投药量优化和模型建立

应用高分子阳离子絮凝剂（CPF-100）和聚丙烯酰胺（PAM）对污水厂剩余污泥进行浓缩脱水实验,研究表明：CPF-100的浓缩脱水效果优于PAM;当CPF-00投加量为1．16‰时,污泥沉降性能改善程度为37．51％;且在CPF-100投加量逐渐增大的初始阶段,污泥沉降性能改善程度随投加量的增加而增大,但CPF-100投加量也不宜过大,当CPF-100投加量超过1．16‰后,反而会使浓缩脱水效果变差。同时,建立了污泥沉降性能改善程度与絮凝剂CPF-100投加量、沉降时间之间的数学模型,其能较好地反映污水厂剩余污泥的浓缩脱水效果。     

热处理对脱水污泥溶解特性及厌氧消化性能的影响

分别对脱水污泥在100、130和170℃条件下进行热处理,研究热处理对脱水污泥溶解特性的影响。此外,在半连续式完全混合反应器中进行厌氧消化实验研究不同热处理污泥的厌氧消化性能。实验结果表明,在100、130和170℃条件下,污泥COD溶解率由处理前的5.23%分别提高至20.08%、22.50%和27.20%,脱水污泥热处理规律和效果与高含水率污泥(总固体含量<5%)基本一致。经130℃2 h和170℃30 min高温热处理后污泥甲烷产率显著提高,较原泥分别提高24.64%和38.61%,沼气中甲烷含量稍有降低。     

MBR污泥热水解强化厌氧消化中试研究

针对MBR污泥开展热水解强化厌氧消化中试研究,考察了热水解对污泥性质、厌氧消化效率和污泥脱水性能的影响。结果表明,热水解后污泥中总固体(TS)、挥发性固体(VS)的含量基本不变,但污泥的溶解性总固体(s TS)和溶解性挥发性固体(s VS)含量提高至原泥的10倍左右,总固体解离度(TSDD)和挥发性固体解离度(VSDD)分别为31.7%和51.9%,同时污泥的黏度由927.8 m Pa·s降低至550.4 m Pa·s,污泥流动性显著增强。热水解处理可有效提高污泥厌氧消化反应效率,沼气产量和有机分解率均提高1倍,化学需氧量(COD)消减率由33%上升至44%,但热水解厌氧消化后污泥NH+4-N浓度为传统厌氧消化的2倍。此外热水解能有效改善污泥脱水性能,不添加任何药剂时,热水解污泥经板框压滤机脱水后含水率可降至33.29%。     

剩余污泥混合对絮凝污泥厌氧消化的强化

为了考察絮凝污泥与剩余活性污泥混合中温(35℃)厌氧消化效果,分析了不同混合比例、不同投配率下的总化学需氧量(TCOD)去除率、挥发性固体(VS)降解效果,通过p H值与氨氮浓度的变化来分析各反应器的稳定性。结果表明:污泥混合后消化效果明显得到提高,且污泥消化效率随着投配率的增加先提高后下降。5%投配率时,絮凝污泥/剩余污泥(VS比)为1∶2时厌氧消化效果最好,TCOD去除率达到47.8%,VS降解率达到46.8%,分解单位VS产气量达到了435 m L/g,p H值与氨氮浓度分别保持在7.4和269 mg/L左右,混合污泥厌氧消化系统较稳定。这说明与剩余污泥的混合消化能有效提高絮凝污泥的厌氧消化性能。污泥絮体的显微分析表明:厌氧消化过程中絮体面积百分比逐步减小,污泥结构逐步解体,可以解释污泥消化的微观过程。     

添加餐厨油脂对高含固污泥热水解及厌氧消化的影响

针对高含固污泥热水解传热差的问题,通过向剩余污泥中添加餐厨油脂协同污泥热水解以达到加速热水解过程的目的,探究了热水解时间和油脂添加量对污泥有机物水解及中温(35±1)℃厌氧消化性能的影响。结果表明:油脂与污泥协同热水解可有效促进污泥中不溶态有机物的水解,当热水解温度为165℃、水解时间为90 min时,油脂与污泥的质量比为0.4∶1时,有机物水解效果最佳;添加油脂能提高热水解速率,当油脂与污泥的质量比分别为0.2∶1、 0.4∶1、 0.6∶1时,污泥中不溶态有机物的水解速率分别提高了23.30%、 43.63%和62.98%;油脂的添加可提高甲烷产量和产甲烷速率,但会延长延滞期,综合考虑热水解与厌氧消化的性能,建议预处理时间为90 min、油脂与污泥的质量比为0.2∶1为最佳条件。添加餐厨油脂可加速高含固污泥的热水解过程,有助于实现污泥的高效处理。     

臭氧预处理—厌氧消化工艺促进剩余污泥减量化的研究

主要研究了臭氧氧化对剩余污泥的破解效果及污泥厌氧消化效率的影响.结果表明,随着臭氧投加量的增加,悬浮物(SS)、可挥发性悬浮物(VSS)逐步减少,而剩余污泥上清液中的溶解性COD(SCOD)、总有机碳(TOC)、蛋白质和多糖则明显增加.经臭氧预处理(臭氧投加量为0.050 g(以每克SS计))后,剩余污泥中温(35℃)厌氧消化效率明显提高,经65d稳定运行后,总挥发性固体(TVS)去除率为67.58％,与未经臭氧预处理的剩余污泥相比提高50.61％;甲烷平均产率为0.303 L(以每克TVS计),与未经臭氧预处理的剩余污泥相比提高54.59％.可见,臭氧预处理能有效促进污泥厌氧消化,从而达到污泥减量的目的.     

超声波联合厌氧消化处理制药污泥

以制药废水处理厂污泥为研究对象,采用超声波技术研究了污泥破解过程中污泥溶解性、沉降性、温度p H和粒径分布等变化情况,以及超声预处理对污泥后续厌氧消化的影响。研究结果表明,超声波能强化污泥的溶解性,在超声比能耗0到250 000 k J/kg TS范围内,污泥上清液的SCOD、TOC、TN和TP值均大幅增加,当比能耗相同时,高能短时的超声条件更利于污泥破解;污泥经超声波处理后,温度上升至40~52℃,p H值在6.9±0.2范围内有所波动,体积平均粒径削减58.75%~72.81%,污泥沉降比SV30由35%急剧升高至95%左右,使脱水性能变差。经ES 250 000 k J/kg TS的超声预处理,污泥厌氧消化的甲烷产量提高了36.81%,VS去除率由33.89%提高到53.11%,TCOD去除率由16.65%提高到89.23%,促进了污泥厌氧消化的产气效率和减量化效果。     

蒸汽爆破对脱水污泥溶解性和厌氧消化性能的影响

利用蒸汽爆破装置对脱水污泥进行了预处理,研究蒸汽爆破对污泥溶解性和厌氧消化性能的影响。结果表明,经汽爆处理后污泥的絮体结构遭到部分破坏,1 MPa条件下的汽爆污泥液相中可溶性糖、挥发性脂肪酸和DNA的浓度较原污泥分别提高了806.38%、577.36%和300%,BOD5/TCOD上升了35.58%;厌氧消化过程中累积产气量和甲烷平均含量分别为320 m L和42.32%,比未处理污泥提高了611.11%和726.56%;VFAs和氨氮平均浓度分别达到107.0 mg/L和1 758.7 mg/L。同时,压强升高可进一步改善污泥溶解性和厌氧消化性能。     

Optimization of Height of Release of Air Pollutants

A number of key projects in the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) particulate R&;D program having applicability to industry are presented. For electrostatic precipitators (ESP) there is presented the result of work on large diameter discharge electrodes which provide a decrease in penetration of up to a factor of 4 when compared to conventional small diameter electrodes. Also discussed is the multistage ESP which provides a collection efficiency that would require a collecting plate area 4 or 5 times larger with conventional ESP technology. The E-SOX technology makes use of the multistage concept to free up space in the ESP for SO₂ removals of up to 90%. Electrostatically augmented fabric filtration provides a reduction in pressure drop of about 5 0% as compared to conventional fabric filtration. Wind tunnel modeling of windbreaks for material storage piles indicates a potential for providing engineering design data that would allow significant emission reduction caused by wind erosion     

Investigation of the characteristics of the reflectivity of clouds

This paper investigates some of the reflectivity characteristics that clouds (when modelled as solid bodies) must exhibit to be compatible with observations that the reflecting surface of a cloud (i) appears almost equally bright across its face, (ii) is brightest when the cloud is opposite to the Sun but decreases in brightness as the cloud moves to other positions and (iii) increases in brightness with increasing optical thickness of the cloud in the observer's line of sight. These observations, respectively, are shown to imply that the peak value of the bidirectional total reflectivity from a cloud surface (i) increases in inverse proportion to the cosine of the angle between the Sun and the normal to the cloud surface, as the incident angle increases, (ii) appears to be directed back in the direction of the incident radiation, and (iii) increases as optical thickness of the cloud in the observer's line of sight increases. The results could have application in many fields (e.g. modelling diffuse radiance distributions for cloudy skies).     

An application of the theory of kinematics of mixing to the study of tropospheric dispersion

The most common technique used for numerical simulations of tracer mixing is that of the numerical solution of the advection–diffusion equation with the unresolved fluxes parameterized using the similarity theory. Despite correct predictions of the overall directions of transport, models based on a numerical solution of the advection–diffusion equation lack sufficient accuracy to correctly reproduce the coupling of mixing with small scale processes which are sensitive to the microstructure of the tracer distribution. The objective of this paper is to revisit the basic formalism employed in numerical models used to investigate atmospheric tracers. The main mathematical method proposed here is the theory of kinematics of mixing which could be applied effectively for simulations of atmospheric transport processes. At the beginning of the paper, we introduce simple mathematical transformations in order to demonstrate how complex topological structures are created by mixing processes. These idealistic flow systems are essential to explain transport properties of much more complex three-dimensional geophysical flows. An example of the application of the kinematics of mixing to the analysis of tracer transport on a planetary scale is presented in the following sections. The complex filamentary structures simulated in the numerical experiment are evaluated using some commonly applied statistical measures in order to compare the results with the data published in the literature. The results of the experiment are also analysed with the help of simple conceptual models of fluid filaments. The microstructure of the tracer distribution introduced in the paper is essential to increase our understanding of atmospheric transport and to develop more realistic parameterizations of small-scale mixing. The presented results could also be used to improve calculations of the coupling between microphysical processes and tracer mixing.     

Estimation of uncertainty of sampling for analysis of pesticide residues

Abstract

A computer model was used to take random samples from primary sample populations obtained from field trials to simulate the uncertainty of sampling for residue analysis of plant commodities and soil. The results indicate about 40%, 30% and 20% relative uncertainty when random samples of size 5, 10 and 25 are taken respectively, from a single lot. Therefore the sample size should be the same for establishing and enforcing legal limits.     

扬中生态环境建设的思考与实践

结合扬中生态环境的基本情况和存在的不足，进行了具体分析，对扬中未来生态建设的发展方向提出了建议及实施措施。     

实验室质量管理体系内部审核的实施

在实施ISO／IEC17025：1999标准《检测和校准实验室能力的通用要求》过程中，通过实验室质量管理体系内部审核的实践与系统分析，识别出内部审核实施阶段的关键环节，提出召开首次会议、收集审核证据、确定审核发现和召开末次会议的技术方法，对提高内部审核的质量和有效性、获得可靠的审核结论具有重要意义。     

次氯酸钠发生器的研制

介绍了电解法生产次氯酸钠的原理 ,并在原有生产工艺的基础上进行了重新设计和对设备的重新选择、改造 ,得出了各个工艺参数的最佳值 ,生产出高品质的次氯酸钠     

有机官能团对改性硅吸附微囊藻毒素的影响

考察了不同有机改性硅对微囊藻毒素LR(mLR)和LA(mLA)的等温吸附行为。结果表明,有机改性硅可有效吸附去除水体中<0.1×10-6(质量分数)的微囊藻毒素,并且吸附去除效果随表面改性官能团中碳原子数量的增加而增加;相同条件下,有机改性硅在微囊藻毒素异构体之间存在着一定的吸附选择性。     

生物质快速热裂解主要参数对生物油产率的影响

以松木木屑为原料,在自制的小型流化床上,开展了生物质热裂解温度、生物质粒径和进料速率对生物油产率的影响实验研究.结果表明,在热裂解温度分别为450、475、500、525和550℃条件下,当热裂解温度为500℃时,生物油产率最高,平均产率达到53.33%(质量百分比).反应温度越高,炭产量越低,不可冷凝气体产量越高,气体发热值越高;粒径＜1 mm的生物质其粒径对生物油产率影响不大;生物质进料速率增加时,生物油产率增加.本研究为生物能的利用提供了新的途径.