好氧颗粒污泥及其在污水处理领域的研究进展

好氧颗粒污泥的形成受物理、化学、生物等诸多因素的影响,例如进水有机负荷的高低、水力剪切力的大小、沉降时间的长短及“营养匮乏期”都会影响到好氧颗粒污泥的形成。好氧颗粒污泥好氧－缺氧－厌氧的特殊空间结构使其能在同一反应器中实现同步脱氮除磷,对高浓度有机废水、含氮磷污水、含重金属有毒废水及工业废水等具有较好的处理效果。序批式反应器（ SBR ）具有工艺简单、运行费用低,耐冲击负荷、适应性强等独特的优点,因此在好氧颗粒污泥的培养研究方面具有较理想的效果,是目前污水处理领域的研究热点。     

好氧颗粒污泥颗粒化影响因素及应用现状

好氧颗粒具有良好的沉降性能、较高的生物量和高容积负荷条件下降解高浓度有机废水的良好生物活性,是提高生物反应器效能的重要物质。文章综述了好氧颗粒污泥的形成机制、颗粒化过程的主要影响因素以及在污水处理中的应用现状等三方面国内外好氧颗粒污泥的研究成果,并提出了好氧颗粒污泥的研究方向及发展趋势。     

好氧颗粒污泥快速培养影响参数及方法研究进展

针对好氧颗粒污泥培养速度慢、启动周期长等突出问题,通过综述好氧颗粒污泥的形成机理、颗粒化主要影响参数以及促进颗粒化的方法,发现调整反应器的水力剪切力、沉降时间、有机负荷、饥饿期等参数有利于诱导微生物分泌更多的胞外聚合物(EPS),促进初期微生物聚集体的快速形成,从而缩短好氧颗粒化时间。因此,当前快速颗粒化的方法基本上是基于诱导初期颗粒聚集体快速形成或直接投加聚集体的方法缩短好氧颗粒化时。最后,总结好氧颗粒快速培养过程中存在问题,并提出好氧颗粒污泥形成机理的明晰、好氧颗粒化的标准以及培养指标体系的建立是解决相关问题的关键,以及今后的研究重点。     

培养因素对好氧污泥颗粒化进程的影响

全面阐述好氧污泥颗粒化的影响因素,指出反应器构造和接种污泥是污泥颗粒化的两个基础性影响因素,污泥沉降时间、曝气量和有机负荷则是培养成败的关健性影响因素,而基质类型、有机负荷、饥饿期、含盐量、温度、pH值、多价阳离子或载体、循环时间、污泥龄、抑制物质只是一般性的影响因素。并对好氧颗粒污泥的研究方向进行了展望。     

好氧颗粒污泥关键培养技术研究进展

概述了好氧污泥颗粒的关键培养技术及研究进展.迄今,只有在SBR反应器中通过控制运行条件,才能在常规条件下成功培养出好氧颗粒污泥.好氧颗粒污泥的形成和培养受很多因素的影响,其关键培养技术至今仍不清楚.沉降时间、交换比、溶解氧、剪切力、进水负荷和进料方式是比较重要的关键培养参数.     

好氧污泥颗粒化影响因素的分析

结合近年来国内外学者关于好氧污泥颗粒化的研究成果,对影响好氧污泥颗粒化的影响因素进行了较为深入系统的分析,提出了适宜的运行控制条件及所需注意的问题。     

废水生物处理好氧污泥颗粒化研究进展

综述了好氧污泥颗粒化技术在废水生物处理中的研究进展,着重讨论了好氧颗粒污泥理化特性及微生物结构、污泥颗粒化主控因子、颗粒污泥形成机理及其应用潜力等方面的研究,旨在阐明多种工艺操作条件下好氧污泥颗粒化过程.好氧颗粒污泥是近年来发现的、在好氧条件下污泥自絮凝形成的固定化颗粒,其外形规则、结构致密、沉降性能优异、抗冲击负荷能力强.污泥颗粒化过程取决于基质组成与负荷、适当的水力选择压和工艺操作参数等因素.     

选择压法培育好氧颗粒污泥的试验

以普通絮状活性污泥为接种污泥,葡萄糖为碳源,在序批式反应器中培育出好氧颗粒污泥增加COD负荷的同时,减少沉降时间以造成选择压,强化好氧颗粒污泥的形成根据污泥的形态变化,颗粒污泥的形成可分为3个阶段.反应器启动67d出现颗粒污泥COD负荷4.8kg/(m³·d)、表面气体流速0.0175m/s时,反应器中活性污泥完全颗粒化颗粒污泥粒径大多6～9mm,MLSS 7800mg/L,最小沉降速率32.7m/h.好氧颗粒污泥具有在高负荷下良好的COD去除率.对好氧颗粒污泥的基本性质及其形成的影响因素进行了初步分析.     

处理城市污水的好氧颗粒污泥培养及形成过程

在中试序列间歇式活性污泥法(SBR)反应器中采用有机物浓度低的城市污水培养好氧颗粒污泥. 运行过程中考察了污泥性能,并通过调整、优化沉淀时间和排水比等运行参数,培养出了高性能且稳定的好氧颗粒污泥. 活性污泥接种40 d后反应器内开始出现细小颗粒,160 d后颗粒污泥趋于成熟,粒径可达0.8 mm,且其周围有大量的原生动物. 颗粒化过程中,污泥密度、沉降速率和ρ(MLSS)分别从初期的1.004 0 g/cm3,6.8 m/h和4 000 mg/L升至1.010 5 g/cm3,38.5 m/h和8 000 mg/L,污泥容积指数(SVI₃₀)则从75 mL/g降至40 mL/g. 形成后的颗粒污泥对城市污水中COD_Cr和NH₄+-N有很好的去除效果,出水中ρ(COD_Cr)和ρ(NH₄+-N)分别在50和5 mg/L以下.      

Analysis of aerobic granular sludge formation based on grey system theory

Based on grey entropy analysis,the relational grade of operational parameters with aerobic granular sludge’s granulation indicators was studied.The former consisted of settling time(ST),aeration time(AT),superficial gas velocity(SGV),height/diameter(H/D) ratio and organic loading rates(OLR),the latter included sludge volume index(SVI) and set-up time.The calculated result showed that for SVI and set-up time,the influence orders and the corresponding grey entropy relational grades(GERG) were:SGV(0.9935) > AT(0.9921) > OLR(0.9894) > ST(0.9876) > H/D(0.9857) and SGV(0.9928) > H/D(0.9914) > AT(0.9909) > OLR(0.9897) > ST(0.9878).The chosen parameters were all key impact factors as each GERG was larger than 0.98.SGV played an important role in improving SVI transformation and facilitating the set-up process.The influence of ST on SVI and set-up time was relatively low due to its dual functions.SVI transformation and rapid set-up demanded different optimal H/D ratio scopes(10-20 and 16-20).Meanwhile,different functions could be obtained through adjusting certain factors’ scope.     

连续流培养好氧颗粒污泥研究进展

好氧颗粒污泥(AGS)因其沉降性能好,生物量高,抗冲击能力强等优点而受到青睐.相比于传统的序批式反应器(SBR),连续流AGS技术具有易于操作控制以及匹配实际污水厂的大水量,连续流的优势,因而更具有研究价值和应用潜力.通过文献分析和整理,归纳了连续流AGS技术面临的挑战,总结了连续流培养AGS的研究现状和经验教训,并对...     

好氧颗粒污泥和活性污泥细菌种群结构对五氯酚污染的响应研究

应用一种新的微生物分子生态学方法--末端限制性片段长度多态性(T-RFLP)法研究了好氧颗粒污泥和活性污泥在毒性化合物五氯酚(PCP)影响下的废水处理性能及其微生物种群结构的响应.结果表明,PCP浓度为30 mg·L-1时,颗粒污泥和活性污泥的COD去除率为38%、77%,与10～20 mg·L-1 PCP相比,分别下降了56%和15%.另外,PCP浓度为20 mg·L-1时,去除率为13%和58%,与10～20 mg·L-1 PCP相比,分别下降了86%和40%,说明PCP对氨氮去除率的影响大于对COD去除率的影响,对颗粒污泥的影响大于对活性污泥的影响.PCP对好氧颗粒污泥和活性污泥的细菌种群结构都产生了明显的影响,而且好氧颗粒污泥的变化程度大于活性污泥;PCP浓度为30 mg·L-1时,好氧颗粒污泥中的细菌种群数量明显下降,TRFs片段数从26下降到14,但活性污泥中的细菌种群数量基本不变,污泥中细菌种群结构的变化趋势与污泥的水处理性能的变化趋势相一致.     

The biological effect of metal ions on the granulation of aerobic granular activated sludge

As a special biofilm structure, microbial attachment is believed to play an important role in the granulation of aerobic granular activated sludge (AGAS). This experiment was to investigate the biological effect of Ca^2 +, Mg^2 +, Cu^2 +, Fe^2 +, Zn^2 +, and K⁺ which are the most common ions present in biological wastewater treatment systems, on the microbial attachment of AGAS and flocculent activated sludge (FAS), from which AGAS is always derived, in order to provide a new strategy for the rapid cultivation and stability control of AGAS. The result showed that attachment biomass of AGAS was about 300% higher than that of FAS without the addition of metal ions. Different metal ions had different effects on the process of microbial attachment. FAS and AGAS reacted differently to the metal ions as well, and in fact, AGAS was more sensitive to the metal ions. Specifically, Ca^2 +, Mg^2 +, and K⁺ could increase the microbial attachment ability of both AGAS and FAS under appropriate concentrations, Cu^2 +, Fe^2 +, and Zn^2 + were also beneficial to the microbial attachment of FAS at low concentrations, but Cu^2 +, Fe^2 +, and Zn^2 + greatly inhibited the attachment process of AGAS even at extremely low concentrations. In addition, the acylated homoserine lactone (AHL)-based quorum sensing system, the content of extracellular polymeric substances and the relative hydrophobicity of the sludges were greatly influenced by metal ions. As all these parameters had close relationships with the microbial attachment process, the microbial attachment may be affected by changes of these parameters.     

连续流膜生物反应器中好氧颗粒污泥的形成及机制探讨

为了探讨好氧颗粒污泥在连续流膜生物反应器(MBR)中的形成过程和机制,采用连续流试验的方法,研究了好氧颗粒污泥形成过程中膜反应器内污染物的去除效果和好氧颗粒污泥特性的变化,并对连续流MBR中好氧颗粒污泥的形成机制进行了探讨.结果显示,连续流MBR中好氧颗粒污泥的形成增强了MBR的运行稳定性和抗冲击能力.废水中微生物抑制...     

好氧颗粒污泥处理市政污水性能与微生物特性研究

以成熟好氧颗粒污泥（AGS）为接种污泥,在序批式反应器（SBR）中考察其对低浓度市政污水的处理效能、污泥特性及微生物多样性的变化.结果表明,在低有机负荷（进水COD为179~212 mg·L^-1）、高溶解氧（DO>5 mg·L^-1）条件下,系统出水COD低于50 mg·L^-1,NH₄⁺-N浓度稳定在0.7~0.8 mg·L^-1,但脱氮除磷效能有待优化.体系中0.2~0.6 mm的污泥颗粒最为稳定,运行期间污泥SVI₃₀值始终保持在32~40 mL·g^-1,呈现出良好的沉降性能.系统中少量絮状污泥的存在对AGS的稳定性是有利的,本试验条件下,<0.2 mm污泥体积占比约为30%时AGS体系稳定运行.胞外聚合物（EPS）中蛋白质（PN）含量增加与AGS的稳定性呈正相关,可见PN对AGS稳定运行起着重要作用.微生物高通量测序结果表明,Proteobacteria和Bacteroidetes为主要菌门;运行过程中有利于硝化作用的Gammaproteobacteria逐渐成为优势菌纲;系统中存在促进EPS分泌和有机污染物去除的黄杆菌属（Flavobacterium）和陶厄氏菌属（Thauera）,这有利于AGS的稳定运行,同时也存在硝化螺旋菌属（Nitrospira）、陶厄氏菌属（Thauera）、副球菌属（Paracoccus）、梭菌属（Fusibacter）、变形菌属（Proteocatella）等脱氮除磷功能菌属,但需优化运行参数强化同步脱氮除磷效能.本研究结果对AGS系统处理实际市政污水的稳定运行具有重要的指导意义.     

Production and application of anaerobic granular sludge produced by landfill

Sludge granulation is considered to be the most critical parameter governing successful operation of an upflow anaerobic sludge blanket and expanded granular sludge bed(EGSB)reactors.Pre-granulated seeding sludge could greatly reduce the required start- up time.Two lab-scale and a pilot-scale EGSB reactors were operated to treat Shaoxing Wastewater Treatment Plant(SWWTP) containing wastewater from real engineering printing and dyeing with high pH and sulfate concentration.The microbiological structure and the particle size distribution in aerobic excess sludge,sanitary landfill sludge digested for one year,and the granular sludge of EGSB reactor after 400 d of operation were analyzed through scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and sieves.The lab-scale EGSB reactor seeded with anaerobic sludge after digestion for one year in landfill showed obviously better total chemical oxygen demand (TCOD)removal efficiency than one seeded with aerobic excess sludge after cation polyacrylamide flocculation-concentration and dehydration.The TCOD removed was 470.8 mg/L in pilot scale EGSB reactor at short hydraulic retention time of 15 h.SEM of sludge granules showed that the microbiological structure of the sludge from different sources showed some differences.SEM demonstrated that Methanobacterium sp.was present in the granules of pilot-scale EGSB and the granular sludge produced by landfill contained a mixture of anaerobic/anoxic organisms in abundance.The particle size distribution in EGSB demonstrated that using anaerobic granular sludge produced by sanitary landfill as the seeding granular sludge was feasible.     

Strategies to improve aerobic granular sludge stability and nitrogen removal based on feeding mode and substrate

A systemic strategy was proposed to improve aerobic granular sludge(AGS)stability and nitrogen(N)removal efficiency by optimizing feeding mode and substrate aiming at complicated wastewater characteristics.Key functional groups at the genus level identified by high-throughput sequencing were evaluated as well.The results showed that anaerobic feeding mode and acetate promoted the compact AGS formation with excellent total nitrogen(TN)removal efficiency(averaging 91.7%±4.1%)at various dissolved oxygen conditions.While the aerobic feeding mode led to a loose AGS structure with a vulnerable anaerobic core and poor TN removal efficiency(averaging58.8%±7.4%).Simultaneous nitrification and denitrification process played the dominant role in N removal in compact AGS over the alternating nitrification and denitrification process.High-concentration glucose undermined feast-famine condition with filamentous bacteria growth out of granule and decreased TN removal efficiency to 67.3%±15.2%.Lower food to microorganism ratio may result in a lower N removal rate attributed to the sharply increased biomass concentration fed by glucose.Ammonia-oxidizing bacteria,nitrite-oxidizing bacteria,denitrifying bacteria,and denitrifying phosphorus accumulation organisms enriched during AGS granulation also contributed to the efficient N removal.The proposed strategy provided insights into the relationship between various factors and stable AGS formation,and systemic operation methods for various complicated wastewater treatment.     

高频交替OLR强化好氧颗粒污泥性能研究

本研究设置4个反应器R1、R2、R3和R4,分别采用恒定有机负荷率（OLR）和三个交替OLR方式运行,高低OLR分别为0.67/0.67、0.71/0.60、0.77/0.52、0.80/0.40gCOD/（L·d）,以合成配水为基质,探究高频交替OLR对好氧颗粒污泥性能的影响,为提高好氧颗粒污泥的稳定性提供可行策略.由实验结果可知,R1、R2、R3和R4的完整性系数分别可达到87.26%、94.78%、96.29%、79.63%,四者的EPS含量（以VSS计）可达到81.04、109.46、115.28、139.56mg/g,PN/PS分别为4.75、7.49、8.28、3.26,表明m值（高OLR/低OLR）为1.48时有利于提高好氧颗粒污泥的结构稳定性.此外R1、R2、R3和R4在稳定时期的COD平均去除率分别为92.58%、91.52%、92.45%、92.52%,TP平均去除率分别为92.81%、93.35%、95.10%、61.01%,TN平均去除率分别为93.04%、92.24%、92.06%、85.32%,表明m值为1.48时好氧颗粒污泥去除污染物的效果最好.     

选择性排泥改善颗粒污泥亚硝化性能的研究

通过好氧颗粒污泥反应器160d的运行,考察了选择性分离颗粒污泥对改善短程硝化工艺长期稳定运行的有效性.反应器整个运行过程分3个阶段,在第一阶段污泥停留时间(SRT)仅通过出水中携带的污泥自行调控,SRT极高,造成颗粒污泥的解体以及短程硝化性能的恶化.阶段2和阶段3中通过排出颗粒污泥床顶部污泥,控制SRT分别为(45±5),(30±5)d,氨氧化细菌(AOB)活性有明显提升.NO2--N比累积速率由阶段1运行时的7.44mg/(g·h)上升至阶段2时的8.08mg/(g·h)和阶段3时的9.14mg/(g·h);相反,NO3--N比产生速率从3.01mg/(g·h)下降至SRT为(30±5)d时的1.54mg/(g·h);阶段3出水中亚硝化率达80%以上.以上结果表明,通过选择性分离颗粒污泥控制SRT是实现短程硝化颗粒污泥工艺长期稳定运行的一种有效调控策略.另外,分析认为反应器高径比越大以及引入与NOB竞争亚硝酸盐基质的微生物均有利于该策略的实施.