大型火电厂热排放对环境气温增高的贡献检测

利用1960—2009年的年月平均气温观测资料,分析了被检站和参考站的年、季变化趋势特点,着重研究了大型火电厂的热排放对当地气温的影响程度和相对贡献比例。从增温趋势看,被检站和参考站年平均气温增温速率分别为0.33～0.48℃？10a和0.21～0.33℃？10a,年热排放增温率为0.11～0.20℃？10a。热排放引起的四季增温速率为春秋强,冬季次之,夏季最小。火电厂的热排放对当地气温增温的贡献显著,表现为夏季最大,春秋季次之,冬季最小,对年平均气温序列的增温贡献率为31%～49%。     

道路建设对成都市热岛效应的影响

热岛效应是城市气候最显著的特征之一。土地利用方式及土地覆盖的改变,如城市化和道路建设是导致热岛现象的重要原因之一。然而目前针对道路属性（道路密度及类型）对城市热岛效应的影响研究还较缺乏。本研究运用2012年成都市不同时次（冬夏季）的遥感数据及城市道路交通专题图,运用3S技术探讨道路密度对城市热岛效应的影响以及不同类型道路对城市热岛效应的热贡献。研究表明：（1）成都市热岛效应明显,市区地表平均温度显著高于郊区且热岛强度呈现夏强（3~4℃）冬弱（2.5~3℃）、夜强昼弱的特征。日间城市热岛效应呈现多热中心的分布模式,但冬夏季热岛中心位置不同。夏季日间热中心位于城市的西南部和中东北部,最高可达32.66℃,而冬季日间城市的西南部地表温度较高且热中心主要分布于城市边界地区,地表温度超过16℃。无论冬夏,夜间城市热岛效应均呈现环状分布特征,即从城市边缘到中心,地表温度逐渐升高,夏季城乡地表温差高达4.37℃而冬季达到2.82℃。（2）成都市区道路呈现“圈层型＋辐射型”分布模式,道路密度与道路的分布有关,城市南部及西南部的道路密度高于北部区域。（3）无论冬夏,道路密度与地表温度正相关,但两者相关性呈现昼弱夜强的特征,其中夜间相关系数达到0.5左右。对热效应贡献度指数、热单元权重指数、区域热单元权重指数3个指标的分析都表明无论冬夏、无论昼夜,市区分布面积最广的三级道路对城市热岛效应的热贡献最大,其热效应贡献度指数均在95%以上,其次是二级道路,各项热效应贡献度指数为45%~80%。本研究结果将有助于未来城市建设和道路规划,并为缓解城市热岛效应提供理论支持。     

居住区室外热环境的预测、评价与城市环境建设

利用改进的CTTC（集总参数）模型并结合计算流体力学模拟得到的小区风扬，可定量分析太阳辐射，绿化及建筑布局等因素对小区热环境的影响，并对小区不同区域内的热环境进行预测和评价，其结果可指导住区室外环境设计及规划，介绍了模拟预测小区室外热环境的方法，并结合实例进行了模拟计算和评价分析。     

两段炉用型煤热强度的研究

本文研究了城市两段炉用型煤的热强度特性曲线，结果表明，在干馏段型煤热强度的变化受煤种的影响很在，对于粘结性大的煤种，用普通工艺生产型煤，其热强度变化大，热强度的最小值也小，难以满足两段炉的要求，而用活性活粘土作为型煤的粘结剂并添加一定量的焦粉，则是“破粘”和防胀裂的有效途径。     

南亚热带针阔混交林土壤热通量研究

运用土壤热通量板、常规微气象观测系统等设施对鼎湖山针阔混交林的土壤热通量和微气象因子进行了系统研究,结果表明,不同热通量板测值之间的差异可达10%以上。在中小时间尺度(≤1月)上,土壤热通量板上方土壤贮热均不能忽略,否则所测算的表层土壤热通量会产生较大误差,甚至发生热通量传递方向逆转的情况。5cm深度处和表层土壤热通量的日变化均呈“S”形,且前者相位后移0.5～1h。旱季土壤为热源而雨季为热汇,表层土壤年总热通量为-0.44MJ·m-2,说明就全年尺度而言,土壤是热源。表层土壤热贮量月变动范围为-0.14~0.20MJ·m-2,是5cm深度处土壤热通量的-11.0%~1.3%。表层土壤热通量月总值占净辐射的比例变动范围为-12.0%~3.3%,由于能量平衡大多在较小时间尺度上进行比较,故必须准确考察土壤热通量的变化,否则会极大地影响能量平衡。在0.5h尺度上,表层土壤热通量与2.5h前的冠层净辐射回归方程相关性最好,达极显著水平,说明鼎湖山针阔混交林土壤热通量对冠层净辐射的反馈要延滞约2.5h。     

几种裸子植物胚乳愈伤组织的诱导

取裸子植物未成熟胚乳作为外植体，在改良MS、添加不同种类激素和不同浓度配比的培养基上．分别予以热激、光培养、暗培养和刻伤胚乳等多种处理进行培养．结果表明：刻伤胚乳和适时暗培养有利于愈伤组织发生；经过25～30d的培养，在ρ（NAA）＝0．5～0．75mg／L、ρ（2，4－D）＝0．2～0．5mg／L、蔗糖浓度5％的培养基上，油松、白皮松、青、华北落叶松以附加ρ（KT）1．0～2．0mg／L以及白、侧柏在BA与KT配合使用的培养基上，热激后暗培养，愈伤组织诱导频率可达86．4％．     

马鞍山市住宅冬季能耗调查

对马鞍山市60户住宅冬季能耗进行了问卷调查,分析了住宅建筑、采暖设备等的内容与特点,统计了冬季电、天然气和水的消耗,得出马鞍山市住宅冬季能耗相关指标;并比较了马鞍山市与长沙、上海等城市住宅的能耗调查结果,比较结果表明：虽然马鞍山市冬季平均能耗比同气候地区的大城市低,但采暖电耗并不比大城市低。     

热裂解-气相色谱质谱法鉴别药用胶塞胶种

使用热裂解-气相色谱质谱联用仪(PY-3030D+GCMS-QP2020)结合F-Search谱库对药用胶塞胶种进行了鉴别.结果表明,氯化丁基胶塞和溴化丁基胶塞在双步裂解模式(热脱附和热裂解)下得到的总离子流或选择离子流色谱图中均有特征色谱峰,可进行定性鉴别.该鉴别方法无需预处理样品,结果准确、可靠.     

城镇化与绿地退化对城市热环境影响研究

城市的发展和城市化进程的加速,导致建设用地的迅速膨胀和生态景观绿地的急剧减少,最终改变了城市热环境。以广州南部快速发展区为例,基于Landsat6遥感影像数据定量分析城市化及绿地系统的变化情况及其城市地表热场和热岛效应空间分布情况,探讨城市热场及热岛效应受城市化和绿地退化（以NDVI为表征）影响的定量关系。研究表明,广州南部地区的热环境状况与其地形特征之间有较密切的联系,城市热环境的分布变化与城镇建设用地和NDVI的分布变化有一定的相关性,特别是与NDVI呈现线性负相关,即地表温度随着归一化植被指数的增大而降低。结果表明,城镇化与绿地退化是导致城市热岛分布变化的影响因素之一。最后从生态角度出发,提出通过构建城市点状绿岛和带状生态廊道来改善城市热环境的可能性。     

型煤燃烧特性初探

本文使用热重分析仪对型煤的燃烧特性进行了初步探讨。煤灯样品在升温过程中,发生两次快速失重,对应的温度分别为Ｔ１和Ｔ２。由于制备型煤时,添加了无机粘结剂和无机固硫剂等无机物,导致制备型煤用的混合料的Ｔ１比原煤降低,而刷烈燃烧温度Ｔ２却比原煤升高。     

Distribution of potentially harmful elements in soils around a large coal-fired power plant

An understanding of the spatial distribution and contribution of a power plant to local soil contamination is important for the planning of soil use and prioritizing remedial actions for public safety. Consequently, the aim of this study was to map the spatial distribution of potentially hazardous elements (PHEs; Cu, Pb, Zn, Ni, Cr, Fe, Mn, Cd, As, and Se) in soils around a large (796 MW) coal-fired power plant in Brazil. For the purpose, 33 soil samples were collected in the area within a radius of approximately 17.5 km from the plant and subsequently analyzed for PHEs. The frequency and direction of winds were also obtained from a meteorological station in the region. The sampling area was divided into four quadrants (northwest: N-NW; northeast: N-NE; southeast: S-SE; southwest: S-SW), and there were significant negative correlations between the distance and the concentrations of Se in the S-SE quadrant and As in the S-SW and S-SE quadrants. There were positive correlations between distance from the plant and the concentration of Mn in the N-NE quadrant and the concentration of Cd in the S-SW quadrant. The dominant direction of the winds was N-NE. The indexes used in this study showed low-to-moderate enrichment factor, but detailed analysis of the dominant quadrant of the winds showed a correlation with higher concentrations in the soils closer to the power plant for at least seven of the PHEs analyzed, especially with regard to As. Therefore, we conclude that the distribution of the metalloid As can be used as a marker of the spatial distribution of contamination from the thermoelectric plant, but the dynamics of the other elements suggests that the presence of other sources of contamination may also compromise the quality of local soils.

     

Stabilised Coal Ash Studies in Italy

The ENEL Ash Research Centre - (Brindisi, Italy) - has started a research programme on the use of coal ash derived from its thermoelectric power plants as a component of blocks for artificial habitats. After preliminary laboratory tests, systematic physical, chemical, and biological tests were carried out in an experimental installation constructed in the area of the Torrevaldaliga power plant (80 km NW of Rome).

Two reef models - each made by assembling pyramids of 225 20 × 20 × 20 cm blocks - were submerged in two tanks (10 × 2 × 1.5 m) with running sea water (water flow: 3-5 cm s-1). the ash blocks were composed of fly ash (52.1%), bottom ash (26.1%), hydrated lime (5.2%) and water 16.6%, while concrete blocks were made of pozzolanic cement, sand and gravel. After two years, ash based blocks showed no weathering, volume variation or swelling; marked compressive strength and sonic velocity increases have, on the contrary, been recorded. No significant leaching of chemical elements of environmental concern was found. the biotic settlement on the ash blocks proved greater in quantity and better in quality than that on the concrete blocks; on ash blocks 62 species were found, compared to 54 on concrete. Ash-based materials seem to be more suitable for the settlement of the macrobenthos.     

Restricted adaptive cluster sampling

Adaptive cluster sampling can be a useful design for sampling rare and patchy populations. With this design the initial sample size is fixed but the size of the final sample (and total sampling effort) cannot be predicted prior to sampling. For some populations the final sample size can be quite variable depending on the level of patchiness. Restricted adaptive cluster sampling is a proposed modification where a limit is placed on the sample size prior to sampling and quadrats are selected sequentially for the initial sample size. As a result there is less variation in the final sample size and the total sampling effort can be predicted with some certainty, which is impor- tant for many ecological studies. Estimates of density are biased with the restricted design but under some circumstances the bias can be estimated well by bootstrapping. © Rapid Science 1998     

生物样品体外致突变高通量检测方法研究进展

评述了几种常用的体外致突变检测方法及其用于生物样品检测的可行性,有些方法经改进可用于高通量检测生物样品体外致突变性.经典Ames实验受生物样品中组氨酸的影响,易产生假阳性结果,尽管经过修正可以排除组氨酸的干扰,但操作繁琐,不适合高通量检测.基于SOS反应的检测体系避开了组氨酸的影响,且简单易行,适合高通量检测:以β-半乳糖苷酶基因(lacZ)作为报告基因的检测体系灵敏度高,且经过离心洗涤或后培养的方式可降低样品颜色的影响;以绿色荧光蛋白(GFP)基因作为报告基因的检测体系避开了颜色的干扰,但这类方法灵敏度普遍不高,可以寻找信号更强的荧光蛋白以替代GFP;荧光素酶(lux)基因集lacZ和GFP的优点于一身,但检测时需要额外添加辅助因子,限制了其应用.也对单细胞凝胶电泳、tk基因突变实验、染色体损伤检测等方法进行了分析,有些适合生物样品高通量检测,但由于缺少国际通用的标准,很难推广使用.     

Improving occupancy estimation when two types of observational error occur: non-detection and species misidentification

Efforts to draw inferences about species occurrence frequently account for false negatives, the common situation when individuals of a species are not detected even when a site is occupied. However, recent studies suggest the need to also deal with false positives, which occur when species are misidentified so that a species is recorded as detected when a site is unoccupied. Bias in estimators of occupancy, colonization, and extinction can be severe when false positives occur. Accordingly, we propose models that simultaneously account for both types of error. Our approach can be used to improve estimates of occupancy for study designs where a subset of detections is of a type or method for which false positives can be assumed to not occur. We illustrate properties of the estimators with simulations and data for three species of frogs. We show that models that account for possible misidentification have greater support (lower AIC for two species) and can yield substantially different occupancy estimates than those that do not. When the potential for misidentification exists, researchers should consider analytical techniques that can account for this source of error, such as those presented here.     

β-环糊精对对硝基苯酚微生物降解的影响

通过对对硝基苯酚微生物降解过程的研究，探讨了在降解过程中加入环糊精对对硝基苯酚降解的影响。研究表明，对硝基苯酚不能单独被降解；葡萄糖能与对硝基苯酚产生共代谢作用；环糊精不能单独与对硝基苯酚产生共代谢作用。在葡萄糖存在的情况下，加入环糊精能影响对硝基苯酚的降解率，且影响的程度与对硝基苯酚的浓度和环糊精的浓度有关，在对硝基苯酚浓度较低时，加入环糊精会延缓对硝基苯酚的降解；当对硝基苯酚浓度较高时，加入环糊精会促进对硝基苯酚的降解。     

Towards a co-evolutionary framework for implementing sustainable development

SUMMARY

A quantitative method which can be used to gauge the sustainability of existing socio-cultural, economic and environmental constructs is proposed. An underlying assumption of the approach is that a co-evolutionary relationship exists between social, cultural, economic and environmental systems and that these cannot be addressed in a reductionist and deterministic manner. The method focuses on both broad trends and patterns of variance in a multivariate data matrix, it allows the identification of dominant trends as well as underlying tensions, does not treat socio-cultural, economic and environmental heterogeneity as statistical noise and can be applied at different administrative scales. Furthermore, it may be used to identify potential sources of human insecurity, factors that may affect the probability of positive human survival, developmental patterns at odds with the established values system of civil society that can be targeted for political action, and to inform public debate. In addition, the method can be used to identify unexpected synergies between variables and may serve as an early warning system for regional planners.     

The use of space by animals as a function of accessibility and preference

Heterogeneous usage of space by individual animals or animal populations is partly due to their preference for particular resources that are, themselves, heterogeneously distributed. When all points in the environment are equally accessible, a direct relationship between usage and preference can be assumed. However, when accessibility is restricted, spatial variations in usage can no longer be attributed entirely to preference. In such cases, it is necessary to control for the effects of accessibility on observed usage before conclusions about preference can be drawn. In this paper, I develop a modelling framework that treats the use of space by animals as a joint function of preference and accessibility. I specify a null version of the framework that assumes no preference and propose that its output can be used to control for the effect of accessibility on the observed, spatial distribution of usage. I briefly discuss how the framework can subsequently be used to provide insights about the animals’ preference for different resources and types of movement, and to predict usage in areas where no usage data exist. I explore the properties of the methodology using data from a population of simulated animals and present the first results of its application to a sub-set of the British population of grey seals (Halichoerus grypus).     

Decision making in dune management: theory and practice

Effective decision making depends upon the availability of quality information. Procedures involved in assessing dune vulnerability and protection require monitoring of sporadic processes and information must be collected from many discipline sources. In particular, a significant challenge to strategic management is recognition of subtle discontinuities which could undermine the long term stability of the dune system. These changes may be irregular and/or non linear requiring managers to be aware of existing parameters, patterns and emerging discontinuities. A range of components within the system should be measured on a systematic, temporal and spatial basis. An environmentalchecklist is a useful management technique which systematises information, so that strategic objectives can be made operational and achievable. Problems can be identified and solved with this methodology particularly if it is incorporated into aW problem solving model. The checklist procedure proposed in this paper has been developed and tested in field conditions for a range of north-west and south-European dune systems. Whereas a universalchecklist applicable to all systems is utopian in aim, intra and extra-regional comparisons can be undertaken with only minor modifications of some components. Parameters covering site and dune morphology, beach condition; surface character of the seaward 200 m of the dunes; pressure of use and recent protection measures are the basis for calculating vulnerability and protection indices. The balance between these indices can be determined, analysed and form the foundation for future informed management decisions.     

城市固体废弃物堆肥化处理的影响因素

城市固体废弃物的堆肥化处理已经成为各国越来越重视的方法。堆肥化处理是通过控制堆腐过程条件,使废弃物在短时间内最有效地达到稳定,杀灭病原菌,使产品可以安全地使用。本文对堆肥的原理及基本机理进行了介绍,同时对堆肥过程的重要参数（ 水分含量、有机质含量、 Ｃ／ Ｎ 比、ｐ Ｈ 值、通气量等） 进行了综述。