Stockhome: A Spreadsheet Model of Urban Heavy Metal Metabolism

Computer models for analysis,visualising and decision support in environmentalresearch have become increasingly popular. TheStockhome project, where the urban metabolism ofheavy metals in Stockholm was studied, resultedin a database with historical data of the use ofgoods containing cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr),copper (Cu), lead (Pb), mercury (Hg), nickel (Ni)and zinc (Zn). A spreadsheet model was developedto study flows and stocks of the metalconsumption process and emissions. The modelindicates uncertainties of the data, societalaspects such as field of use and rights ofdisposition of the goods. By considering goods asthe drivers of the emissions, the model would bewell suited for policy support.     

Measuring Aerosol and Heavy Metal Deposition on Urban Woodland and Grass Using Inventories of 210Pb and Metal Concentrations in Soil

The deposition of aerosols to trees has proved very difficult to quantify, especially in complex landscapes. However, trees are widely quoted to be efficient scavengers of particles from the atmosphere, and a growing proportion of the pollutant burden in the atmosphere is present in the aerosol phase. In this study, the deposition of aerosols onto woodland and grass was quantified at a range of locations throughout the West Midlands of England. The sites included mature deciduous woodland in Edgbaston, and Moseley, and mixed woodland at sites within Sutton Park, a large area of semi-natural vegetation. Aerosol deposition to areas of grassland close to the woodland at each site was also measured. Detailed inventories of ²¹⁰Pb in soils within the woodland and in grassland soils, together with concentrations in the atmosphere and precipitation, provided the necessary data to calculate the long-term (about 40 years) annual deposition of sub-micron aerosols onto grassland and woodland. The soil inventories of ²¹⁰Pb under woodland exceeded those under grass, by between 22% and 60%, with dry deposition contributing 24% of the total input flux for grass and 47% for woodland. The aerosol dry deposition velocity to grassland averaged 3.3 mm s^-1 and 9 mm s^-1 for woodland. The large deposition rates of aerosols onto woodland relative to grass or other short vegetation (× 3), and accumulation of heavy metals within the surface horizons of organic soils, leads to large concentrations in soils of urban woodland. Concentrations in the top 10 cm of these woodland soils averaged 252 mg kg^-1 for Pb with peaks to 400 mg kg^-1. Concentrations of Cd averaged 1.4 mg kg^-1, Cu, 126 mg kg^-1, Ni 23 mg kg^-1 and Zn 173 mg kg^-1. The accumulated Pb in urban woodland soils is shown to be large relative to UK emissions.     

Century Perspective of Heavy Metal Use in Urban Areas. A Case Study in Stockholm

The inflow and stock (amount in use) of heavy metals (cadmium(Cd), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), lead (Pb), mercury (Hg), nickel (Ni) and zinc (Zn)) in goods in 1995 have been quantifiedin the anthroposphere of Stockholm, Sweden. Statistics on national, regional and local level were used. Contacts were established with representatives from production and constructionin the industrial sector and with authorities. The results show that the stock of Cd is 0,2 kg per capita. For the other heavymetals the corresponding result per capita is: Cr 8, Cu 170, Hg 0,01, Ni 4, Pb 73 and Zn 40 kg. The inflow varies between2–8%of the stock indicating the importance of the stock. The lowestlevels are for Cu and Pb. Heavy metal levels in solid waste are high, between 15–45% of the amount in the inflow (Hg excluded), the lowest values were for Cu and Pb. Thus, recyclingis incomplete. Long life expectancy goods form the majority of the stock but there is a tendency that short life expectancy goods increase their importance in the inflow. Concealedgoods are also more frequent in inflow than in the stock.     

重金属吸附剂壳聚糖的改性研究进展

综述了重金属吸附剂壳聚糖改性研究的新进展,介绍了交联与接枝等改性方式对壳聚糖稳定性的影响及改性后的壳聚糖对水体中重金属离子吸附性能的改善.针对壳聚糖改性中仍然存在的一些问题,指出今后研究中值得关注的方向.     

壳聚糖吸附重金属离子的研究进展

综述了,我国近几年来壳聚糖处理含重金属离子废水的研究进展。壳聚糖及其改性产品的吸附性能主要体现在对各种金属离子的吸附上,为了有选择性地吸附某种或某些金属离子,人们通过修饰、交联、接枝等方法对壳聚糖进行了各种改性研究。     

壳聚糖改性凹凸棒土对重金属离子的吸附

采用浸渍法将壳聚糖负载在凹凸棒土上,制备了改性的凹凸棒土。用该吸附剂吸附溶液中Pb^2＋,Cd^2＋的实验结果表明：未负载壳聚糖时,凹凸棒土对Cd^2＋的吸附率为55%;当负载壳聚糖的质量分数为0.04时,凹凸棒土对Cd^2＋的吸附率达最大值（为91%）,对Pb2＋的吸附率也达最大值（为75%）。其吸附行为符合Langmuir等温吸附方程和Freundlich等温吸附方程。该吸附剂可重复使用。     

Evaluation of Active Cap Materials for Metal Retention in Sediments

This study evaluated chemically active amendments used to construct active caps for remediating contaminated sediments. Three experiments assessed the effects of apatite, organoclay, zeolite, and biopolymers (chitosan and xanthan) on metal mobility, retention, and speciation. The first showed that the amendments individually and in mixtures (2 percent dry weight) reduced the concentrations of Cr, Co, Ni, and Pb in water extracts from reduced sediment. The second experiment, which used sequential extraction procedures to evaluate the effects of the amendments on metal speciation, showed that the amendments reduced the potentially mobile fractions of Pb, Zn, Ni, Cr, and Cd that are likely to be bioavailable. Last, column studies showed that active caps composed of the amendments prevented the diffusive transport of metals from contaminated sediment over six months. In addition, there was a “zone of influence” beneath the caps in which water extractable concentrations of metals declined substantially compared with untreated sediment. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Metal Concentrations in Pore Water of the Lusatian Lignite Mining Sediments and Internal Metal Distribution in Juncus bulbosus

The aim of this study was to determine a suite of four metals (Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu) in the sediment, porewater and a pioneer plant (Juncus bulbosus) of Lusatian lignite mining lakes in eastern Germany. An attempt was made to understand the factors which affect element concentrations in the above- and below-ground biomass of Juncus bulbosus in an extreme environment. Water samples, sediments, porewater and plant material collected from two different mining lakes dominated by Juncus bulbosus species were analyzed for their elemental content. Additionally, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and an energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) detector were used to follow the internal metal distribution in the roots of Juncus plant. Results showed that sediment and porewater element concentrations in the lakes decreased in the order Fe > Mn > Zn and Cu. All the four elements were higher in the roots than in above-ground tissues, suggesting that iron plaque induced on roots under anaerobic conditions served as a metal reservoir, but not as an ultimate mechanism to control metal concentrations in the above-ground tissues. SEM and EDX analyses revealed that the rhizodermis, exodermis and endodermis cells regulate the traffic of transition metals and therefore avoid excess levels that are toxic to the plant in acidic mining-impacted lake sediments.     

重金属离子天然吸附剂的解吸与再生

总结了重金属离子的天然吸附剂的解吸与再生的研究进展.着重论述了各类解吸剂的解吸原理、解吸特点和解吸性能.指出无机酸解吸剂是价廉高效的理想解吸剂,其中盐酸可在低浓度下达到较高的解吸率,且对吸附剂性能没有损害,而强碱溶液是以阴离子基团形式存在的Cr~(6+)的专有解吸剂.在解吸过程中采用超声波或微波有助于提高解吸率.多数天然吸附剂都具有良好的再生能力,经5次吸附-解吸循环操作仍能保持原有的吸附性能.     

Urban Metal Management The Example of Lead

The metal metabolism of an urban region, the City ofVienna, was investigated to discuss urban metal management strategies in view of environmental protection and resource conservation. About 90% of the metal stock is located in Vienna's buildings and infrastructure, whilst only 10% is in the landfills. The city stock represents a potential source for diffusive emissions. However, the control of the current environmental policy concentrates mainly on landfill emissions. Diffusive emissions resulting from the losses over the use of metal containing goods in the city are widely dispersed and cannot be easily controlled due to numerous non-point sources. First investigations indicate that for certain applications, the diffusive stock emissions are as significant as other sources. At present, Vienna's known diffusive and point source lead emissions into air and water are about 40 to 50 times higher than comparable past loadings from geogenic Vienna. Furthermore, a life cycle approach from acid car batteries indicates that sustainable lead management should consider flows and stocks in the hinterland of the city too. The city metal stock also represents a potential resource. Leaded water pipes built-in in Vienna's city stock have the potential to produce 1.6 million traditional car batteries. In future such city mining strategies can partly replace ore mining.     

交联壳聚糖季铵盐吸附剂的制备及其对重金属离子的吸附

以壳聚糖为原料、二甲基二烯丙基氯化铵（DMDAAC）为接枝单体、甲醛为预交联剂、环氧氯丙烷为交联剂,通过反相乳液聚合制备出交联壳聚糖季铵盐吸附剂,并将其用于吸附Ni（Ⅱ）和Cr（Ⅵ）。考察了吸附时间、溶液初始浓度、溶液pH等因素对吸附效果的影响。实验结果表明：该吸附剂对Ni（Ⅱ）和Cr（Ⅵ）的吸附过程遵循拟二级动力学方程,吸附等温线符合Langmuir方程;在30 ℃条件下,Ni（Ⅱ）和Cr（Ⅵ）的溶液初始浓度均为1 mmol/L时,该吸附剂吸附Ni（Ⅱ）和Cr（Ⅵ）的最佳溶液pH分别为7和6,对应的平衡吸附量分别为1.18,1.99 mmol/g;该吸附剂可用盐酸再生,重复使用性能良好。     

Heavy Metal Sediment Load from the City of Stockholm

A transect of upstream lake sitesand downstream coastal sites surrounding the cityof Stockholm, capital of Sweden, wereinvestigated for heavy metals in sediments.Concentrations of Cd, Cu, Hg, Pb and Zn increasedclose to the city. In the most central areas ofStockholm, sediment deposition was increasedabout 5-fold for Cd, Cu, Hg and Pb and 3-fold forZn, as compared to the surrounding areas. Thesediment load from the city was estimated bycorrecting for a background concentration. It canbe concluded that most of the load of Hg and Pbwas trapped in the sediments close to the citywhile Ni, Cu, Cd and Zn to a higher degree weretransported through the archipelago towards theBaltic Sea.     

无机稳定剂处理重金属污染土壤

以重金属污染土壤为研究对象,比较了铁屑、蒙脱石、碳酸钙和羟基磷灰石4种稳定剂对土壤中Pb,Zn,Cd,Cu 4种重金属的稳定效果。实验结果表明,4种稳定剂稳定效率的大小顺序为：羟基磷灰石﹥碳酸钙﹥蒙脱石﹥铁屑。当稳定剂质量分数为10%时,羟基磷灰石、碳酸钙、蒙脱石和铁屑对Pb,Zn,Cd,Cu 4种重金属的平均稳定效率分别为99.63%,98.53%,97.15%,86.95 %。未加稳定剂时,土壤中的Pb以残渣态为主,Zn以残渣态和可交换态为主,Cd以残渣态为主,Cu以残渣态和可交换态为主;加入稳定剂后,土壤中4种金属可交换态的所占比例（简称占比）均显著降低,还原态的占比明显增大,残渣态的占比略有增大,氧化态的占比基本保持不变。     

生物修复重金属污染土壤的研究进展

重金属污染土壤的生物修复是一种环境友好型的污染治理技术，是利用生物体将重金属降解、富集、转移而恢复土壤生态功能的过程。综述了植物修复（植物体内降解、植物根系钝化、植物吸收富集、植物气化）、微生物修复、动物修复等技术的研究进展，分析了生物修复技术在实际应用中存在的问题，并展望了研究方向。     

Composite of Natural Polymers and Their Adsorbent Properties on the Dyes and Heavy Metal Ions

Journal of Polymers and the Environment - Natural polymers such as chitosan, chitin, cellulose, alginate, pectin, and lignin produced by renewable organic resources are regarded as greener,...     

Metal Contamination of the Natural Environment in Norway from Long Range Atmospheric Transport

Long range atmospheric transport is the most important sourceof contamination to the natural environment in Norway with manyheavy metals. Investigations based on aerosol studies, bulkdeposition measurements and moss analysis show that airborne transport from other parts of Europe is the major mode for supplyof vanadium, zinc, arsenic, selenium, molybdenum, cadmium, tin,antimony, tellurium, thallium, lead, and bismuth, whereas metalssuch as chromium, nickel, and copper are mainly derived from point sources within Norway and in northwestern Russia close tothe Norwegian border. Elements associated with long range transport show substantial enrichment in the humus horizon of natural soils in southern Norway, sometimes to levels suspected to cause effects on soil microbial processes. E.g. lead concentration values of 150–200 ppm are observed in the mostcontaminated areas in the south as compared to about 5 ppm inthe far north. Elements such as lead and cadmium also show enrichment in some terrestrial food chains. These elements alsoshow considerably elevated levels over background concentrationsin the water and sediment of small lakes in the southern part ofthe country. Retrospective studies based on ombrogenous peatcores indicate that long range transport has been a significantsource of heavy metal contamination in southern Norway for thelast couple of centuries. The deposition of most heavy metals inNorway has been considerably reduced over the last 20 yr, withthe exception of contributions in the north from Russian smelters.     

交联阳离子淀粉的合成及其对重金属离子的吸附

通过正交实验合成了取代度为0．568的交联阳离子淀粉。考察了溶液pH、螯合剂用量、重金属离子初始浓度对交联阳离子淀粉去除重金属离子效果的影响。当重金属离子初始质量浓度为50mg／L、螯合剂投加量为0．5g／U时,Pb^2 ,Cu^2 ,Cr^3 在溶液pH为6时的去除率达到最高,分别为97．94％,99．46％,84．30％,而Cd^ 在溶液pH为7时的去除率达到最高,为99．36％。实验结果表明,交联阳离子淀粉是一种有效去除废水中重金属的处理剂。     

Study on Synthesis of Comb-Shaped Chitosan-Graft-Polyethylenimine Dithiocarbamate Material and Its Adsorption to Heavy Metal Ions

Journal of Polymers and the Environment - How to efficiently and economically remove heavy metals from sewage has been a huge challenge in the world. This article reports on an adsorbing material...     

Urban Land-Use Influences on Transport of Heavy Metals to Lakes and Concentrations in Fish

Water, Air, &; Soil Pollution: Focus - To investigate the urban land-useinfluences on transport of heavy metals to lakesand metal concentrations in fish liver (perch andcrucian carp), ten lakes...     

Selective Separation of Heavy Metals from Industrial Wastewater Streams by Means of Heavy Metal Bonding Agents

Industrial wastewater is often contaminated with heavy metals and must undergo expensive and elaborate treatment. A new, environmentally friendly process, which allows both metals and water to be reused, has been developed. It comprises the following three process stages: firstly, a metal bonding agent (BA) is added to the wastewater to bind the heavy metal; secondly, the loaded BA is separated by ultrafiltration/microfiltration or a new hybrid process involving flotation and membrane filtration; and thirdly, the BA is regenerated. The first results from the characterisation of selected BAs (synthetic hydrotalcites and synthetic zeolites) in terms of their bonding kinetics, maximum loading capacity and regeneration potential are presented.