厌氧折流板污泥对偶氮染料酸性大红GR的生物降解性能研究

研究了厌氧折流板反应器（ABR）活性厌氧污泥对偶氮染料酸性大红GR的吸附与生物降解性能,并与失活污泥进行了对比。试验结果表明,35℃时厌氧活性污泥2h、12h、6d的脱色率分别为78.2%、86.0%、98.9%。无论在反应初始阶段还是稳定阶段,ABR活性厌氧污泥对染料的去除效果都明显优于失活污泥。而且在初始COD为1152mg/L的,由于非有效吸附位置染料脱落等原因,反应期间,失活污泥混合液中染料浓度还会升高。情况下,活性厌氧污泥混合液出水COD为86.0mg/L,去除率约为92.5%。这说明ABR厌氧污泥微生物在短时间内便可以得到驯化,一旦厌氧微生物适应生长环境,生物降解便开始对染料发挥作用。     

Degradation of lignocellulosic materials under sulfidogenic and methanogenic conditions

Biochemical methane potential (BMP) assays, typically used to assess anaerobic biodegradability of liquid wastes with added nutrients and bacteria, were adapted to compare hydrolysis of lignocellulosic material under sulfidogenic and methanogenic environments. A method based on selective inhibition of microorganism activity, by 3% toluene, was used to measure the hydrolysis rate of lignocellulosic material and the accumulation of sugar. The neutral sugars, galactose, glucose, and xylose, which were released from lignocellulosic material such as office paper and newspaper in the presence 3% toluene, clearly accumulated over time under sulfidogenic conditions. The accumulation rates of sugars, glucose, and xylose, were higher in the sulfidogenic condition than in the methanogenic condition, indicating a faster degradation of lignocellulosic materials under the sulfidogenic condition.     

Waste settlement in bioreactor landfill models

Prediction of landfill settlement is one of the important parameters that affects the design and maintenance of bioreactor landfills. Due to the large number of variables involved in the settlement mechanism, accurate prediction of landfill settlement is a real challenge. The operational protocol of a landfill, the presence of municipal sludge from treatment plants, the addition of soybean peroxidase (SBP) enzymes, and the fraction of organic matter in the municipal solid waste (MSW) have to be reflected in the parameters of any model used to predict the settlement of MSW. In this work, a biodegradation-induced settlement model incorporating two parameters (A and B) was developed. The settlement data of two researchers were used to estimate the parameter values with two different approaches; the first considered the overall experiment and results, and the second separated the aerobic phase, if present, from the anaerobic phase. The rate of initial settlement occurring under aerobic conditions has been greater than that under anaerobic conditions. Parameters increased with the increase in the concentration of enzymes and with the presence of sludge in both aerobic and anaerobic stages. Increasing organic content of MSW has resulted in the enhancement of the biodegradation rate and settlement. This has been reflected on the higher values of the parameters compared to their values in the absence of organic waste.     

植物法改性类Fenton反应催化剂降解甲基橙

采用银杏叶和桑叶提取液制备了改性类Fenton反应催化剂并进行了表征分析,研究了溶液初始p H、反应温度、催化剂加入量、甲基橙初始质量浓度等因素对甲基橙降解率的影响,同时考察了催化剂的重复使用效果。表征结果表明:制备出的催化剂为Fe_2O_3和Fe OOH的混合物;桑叶改性催化剂的粒径分布较银杏叶改性催化剂均匀,粒径较小,比表面积较大。实验结果表明:在初始p H为6.23、反应温度60℃、催化剂用量1 g/L、甲基橙初始质量浓度100 mg/L的条件下,银杏叶改性催化剂的甲基橙降解率为99.40%,桑叶改性催化剂的甲基橙降解率为99.96%;碱性条件下,甲基橙降解率仍接近100%,扩宽了反应的p H适用范围,为碱性条件下处理偶氮染料提供了新思路;催化剂重复使用6次之后,甲基橙降解率仍可达到99%。根据反应前后溶液的紫外-可见吸收光谱,初步探讨了降解机理。     

光电催化氧化法脱色处理刚果红染料废水

采用阴极还原法制备了泡沫镍负载纳米ZnO（ZnO/Ni）电极,采用SEM和XRD技术对ZnO/Ni电极进行了表征。以高压汞灯为光源,ZnO/Ni电极为阳极,铂电极为阴极,对模拟刚果红染料废水进行了光电催化脱色处理。考察了催化工艺、电解质种类及浓度、初始废水pH和反应温度等因素对刚果红降解率的影响。表征结果显示, 制备的纳米ZnO呈六方晶系结构,平均粒径为23.6 nm。实验结果表明,当外加电流为1.0 mA时,在初始刚果红质量浓度为30 mg/L、电解质Na₂SO₄浓度为0.050 mol/L、初始废水pH为5、反应温度为50 ℃的条件下,光电催化反应60 min后,刚果红降解率为86.36%,COD和色度的去除率分别达到70.56%和92.86%。     

Emissions of organo-metal compounds via the leachate and gas pathway from two differently pre-treated municipal waste materials -- A landfill reactor study

Due to their broad industrial production and use as PVC-stabilisers, agro-chemicals and anti-fouling agents, organo-metal compounds are widely distributed throughout the terrestrial and marine biogeosphere. Here, we focused on the emission dynamics of various organo-metal compounds (e.g., di,- tri-, tetra-methyl tin, di-methyl mercury, tetra-methyl lead) from two different kinds of pre-treated mass waste, namely mechanically-biologically pre-treated municipal solid waste (MBP MSW) and municipal waste incineration ash (MWIA). In landfill simulation reactors, the emission of the organo-metal compounds via the leachate and gas pathway was observed over a period of 5 months simulating different environmental conditions (anaerobic with underlying soil layer/aerated/anaerobic). Both waste materials differ significantly in their initial amounts of organo-metal compounds and their environmental behaviour with regard to the accumulation and depletion rates within the solid material during incubation. For tri-methyl tin, the highest release rates in leachates were found in the incineration ash treatments, where anaerobic conditions in combination with underlying soil material significantly promoted its formation. Concerning the gas pathway, anaerobic conditions considerably favour the emission of organo-metal compounds (tetra-methyl tin, di-methyl mercury, tetra-methyl lead) in both the MBP material and especially in the incineration ash.     

络合-电沉积法制备TiO_2纳米管负载Ag光催化剂

采用柠檬酸钠作为络合剂,通过络合-电沉积法制备了TiO2纳米管负载Ag光催化剂(Ag/TiO2NTs),通过FE-SEM和XRD等手段对Ag/TiO2NTs进行了表征。以偶氮染料甲基橙(MO)为目标降解物,考察了不同制备条件对Ag/TiO2NTs光催化性能的影响。表征结果显示,柠檬酸钠可以有效调控Ag+的电化学还原过程,实现Ag纳米颗粒在TiO2纳米管表面的均匀负载。实验结果表明:以在n(柠檬酸钠)∶n(Ag NO3)=1、电流密度为0.4 m A/cm2、煅烧温度为500℃的条件下制得的Ag/TiO2NTs作为光催化剂(Ag负载量为1.97%(x)),处理初始质量浓度为20 mg/L、初始溶液p H为9的MO溶液,光催化反应120 min后MO去除率为86.53%;经过6次的重复使用,Ag/TiO2NTs催化剂光催化降解MO的去除率基本稳定在80%以上。     

铁屑-烟道灰内电解法处理模拟分散大红GS染料废水

采用铁屑-烟道灰内电解法处理模拟分散大红GS染料废水。实验结果表明,在废水pH为5、铁屑加入量为6g、烟道灰加入量为8g、搅拌时间为20m in的最佳条件下处理250mL质量浓度为50m g/L的染料废水,废水的脱色率达81.1%。经铁屑-烟道灰处理后,分散大红GS染料在227.0nm处的特征吸收峰显著降低。所含偶氮基团被还原为苯胺类物质,铁屑被氧化为Fe2+,碱性条件下,Fe2+与OH-生成Fe(OH)2絮凝体。内电解法处理染料废水是氧化还原作用、混凝吸附作用等综合效应的结果。     

Solubilization and methanogenesis of a particulate industrial waste: Impact of solids loading and temperature

Effective anaerobic treatment of particulate wastes requires solubilization and acid formation prior to methanogenesis. In this case study of a particulate waste from a corn-processing industry, the influence of solids loading in solubilization, acid formation and methanogenesis was studied under mesophilic (35°C) and thermophilic (60°C) conditions. The waste was concentrated by centrifugation to initial suspended solids concentrations (TSS_i) of 150 to 350 g/L (15% to 35%). Anaerobic batch tests were conducted for 20 days, and significant solubilization of the particulate organic matter occurred in all cases. The thermophilic systems were more effective than the mesophilic systems with respect to solubilization of particulates, volatile solids destruction, acetic acid uptake, and methane generation. Methanogenesis appreared to be a rate-limiting step at higher TSS_i values, indicated by accumulation of volatile organic acids in the batch systems. Slower rates of methane production led to identification of the limiting solids loading for both temperature regimes. The results of this study can be used to evaluate the limitations of a single stage system for anaerobic treatment of organic particulate industrial wastes.     

The effect of lignin and sugars to the aerobic decomposition of solid wastes

A series of experimental runs were conducted from 1995 to 1999 in Madison (WI, USA) with the goal to investigate the biodegradation process of seven (7) solid waste components and mixtures of them under near optimal aerobic conditions. It was shown that substrates with high initial lignin contents or high initial HWSM contents were observed to have relatively low and high degradation extents, respectively. Two linear equations were derived that correlate degradation extent (as indicated by the volatile solids reduction) to initial lignin and initial HWSM contents separately. The lignin equation was compared to a similar equation previously developed for anaerobic environments by Chandler et al. (Predicting methane fermentation biodegradability. In: Biotechnology and Bioengineering Symposium No. 10 (1980) New York: John Wiley & Sons). With comparison to the Chandler formula, lignin was found to be less inhibitory to the overall substrate decomposition in aerobic environments compared to anaerobic ones. Cellulose loss contributed to a higher than 50% to the overall dry mass loss for all substrates studied. In addition, the cellulose to lignin (C/L) ratio appeared to be a relatively accurate compost maturity indicator, since it reduced to a value less than 0.5 for most substrates that had reached their degradation extent.     

Detecting and quantifying reductive dechlorination under monitored natural attenuation conditions

Field sampling and testing were used to investigate the relationship between baseline geochemical and microbial community data and in situ reductive dechlorination rates at a site contaminated with trichloroethene (TCE) and carbon tetrachloride (CTET). Ten monitoring wells were selected to represent conditions along groundwater flow paths from the contaminant source zone to a wetlands groundwater discharge zone. Groundwater samples were analyzed for a suite of geochemical and microbial parameters; then push‐pull tests with fluorinated reactive tracers were conducted in each well to measure in situ reductive dechlorination rates. No exogenous electron donors were added in these tests, as the goal was to assess in situ reductive dechlorination rates under natural attenuation conditions. Geochemical data provided preliminary evidence that reductive dechlorination of TCE and CTET was occurring at the site, and microbial data confirmed the presence of known dechlorinating organisms in groundwater. Push‐pull tests were conducted using trichlorofluoroethene (TCFE) as a reactive tracer for TCE and, in one well, trichlorofluoromethane (TCFM) as a reactive tracer for CTET. Injected TCFE was transformed to cis‐ and trans‐dichlorofluoroethene and chlorofluoroethene, and, in one test, injected TCFE was completely dechlorinated to fluoroethene (FE). In situ TCFE transformation rates ranged from less than 0.005 to 0.004/day. In the single well tested, injected TCFM was transformed in situ to dichlorofluoromethane and chlorofluoromethane; the TCFM transformation rate was estimated as 0.001/day. The results indicate that it is possible to use push‐pull tests with reactive tracers to directly detect and quantify reductive dechlorination of chlorinated ethenes and ethanes under monitored natural attenuation conditions, which has not previously been demonstrated. Transformation rate estimates obtained with these techniques should improve the accuracy of contaminant transport modeling. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Uptake of chromium by Aspergillus foetidus

Aspergillus foetidus has the ability to take up chromium during the stationary phase of growth and under growth-nonsupportive conditions. We observed a 97% decrease in hexavalent chromium (initial concentration 5 µg/g) at the end of 92 h of growth, which may be due to its reduction to Cr (III) and/or complexation with organic compounds released due to the metabolic activity of the fungus. Replacement culture studies under growth-nonsupportive conditions revealed that the maximum uptake of Cr (VI) at pH 7.0 is 2 mg/g of dry biomass. At low or high pH values, Cr (VI) uptake is significantly reduced. In addition, the initial rate of total chromium uptake is also enhanced by higher biomass concentrations and the presence of glucose. The results obtained through this investigation indicate the possibility of treating waste effluents containing hexavalent chromium using Aspergillus foetidus.     

Comparison of semi-aerobic and anaerobic degradation of refuse with recirculation after leachate treatment by aged refuse bioreactor

Two fresh refuse bioreactors (F1 and F2) were operated under semi-aerobic and anaerobic conditions, respectively. The leachate from the bioreactors F1 and F2 was introduced into the aged refuse bioreactors (A1 and A2), and the effluent from A1 and A2 was subsequently recirculated into F1 and F2, respectively. The effect of the semi-aerobic recirculation process on refuse degradation was investigated, comparing it with that of the anaerobic recirculation process. Results indicate that the semi-aerobic recirculation process can increase the accumulated net production of leachate and promote evaporation. The accumulated net production of refuse in F1 is 320 mL/kg and that of F2 is 248 mL/kg, with leachate reduction amounting to 315 and 244 mL/kg refuse, respectively. The leachate quantity reduction of semi-aerobic and anaerobic leachate recirculation process accounted for 98.4% and 98.3% of the accumulated net production of leachate, respectively. The semi-aerobic leachate recirculation process can improve the biodegradation of organic matter from fresh refuse and the reduction rate of the pollutant concentration in leachate. This should shorten considerably the time required to meet the discharge standard and the time of stabilization of the refuse as observed in the anaerobic recirculation process. It was predicted that the COD concentration of leachate from the anaerobic recirculation process would reach 1000 mg/L in the anaerobic recirculation process after 2.2 years, as for semi-aerobic leachate recirculation process it is about 100 days. Compared with anaerobic recirculation process, the semi-aerobic recirculation process is more effective on NH₃-N transformation and TN removal. The NH₃-N and TN concentration of F1 is far below those of F2 at the end of our experiment. Refuse settlement in the semi-aerobic recirculation process was faster than that in the anaerobic recirculation process. At the end of the experiment, refuse settlement ratios in the semi-aerobic and anaerobic bioreactors were 33.5% and 18%, respectively.     

Survival of selected pathogens in diluted sludge of a thermophilic waste treatment plant and in NaCl-solution under aerobic and anaerobic conditions

Decimal reduction times (DRT or D-value) of Campylobacter jejuni, Salmonella enterica (formerly Salmonella choleraesuis) serovar Senftenberg, Escherichia coli, and Listeria monocytogenes were determined in two different matrices, diluted fermenter sludge (DFS) and 0.95% NaCl-solution (NaCl) at 50 degrees C, both under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. Depending on aeration, matrix composition, and the respective organism, the D-values varied between 10min and more than 15h. Generally the viability of bacteria decreased faster in DFS compared to NaCl-solution and under aerobic compared to anaerobic conditions. After 24h no viable cells could be detected in DFS, both under aerobic as well as under anaerobic conditions, whereas viable cells were still found in NaCl solutions. In both matrices the detection limits determined by means of PCR-based and classical microbiological methods were compared and pointed to lower detection limits of the latter methods. Results of the present investigation show that test organisms were far from surviving several days in DFS whereas hydraulic retention times normally used for thermophilic anaerobic digestion are in the range of 2 weeks. However, an underestimation of survival rates of the test organisms seems probable when applying aerobic standard methods.     

厌氧生物降解活性黑KN-B5

研究了在葡萄糖作为共代谢基质时活性黑KN-B5的降解效果。实验结果表明:当葡萄糖质量浓度为1 500m g/L时,活性黑KN-B5初始质量浓度为30m g/L的染料溶液厌氧生物降解24h和48h后的降解率分别达到77.5%和90.3%;活性黑KN-B5的厌氧降解符合一级动力学方程,其反应速率常数为0.043 6h-1,半衰期为15.9h;葡萄糖质量浓度的增大对提高活性黑KN-B5厌氧生物降解效果有利。紫外-可见光谱扫描结果表明,活性黑KN-B5的降解过程中生成了小分子芳香胺类化合物;扫描电子显微镜照片表明污泥中对活性黑KN-B5起降解作用的菌种主要是杆菌和球菌。     

厌氧氨氧化-反硝化协同脱氮研究

采用厌氧氨氧化（ANAMMOX）工艺的上流式厌氧污泥床（UASB）-生物膜反应器（简称反应器）处理高浓度含氮废水,启动并稳定运行630d后,进行进水浓度负荷实验分析。当进水ρ（NH3-N）,ρ（NO2--N）,ρ（TN）分别为340．0,448．8,788．8mg／L时,其去除率分别为84．0％,93．0％,85．0％。在反应器中连续加入有机物（葡萄糖）,进水ρ（NH3-N）和ρ（NO2--N）分别为240．0,316．8mg／L,进水COD为330．0—380．0mg／L,COD去除率达92．0％。仅用23d,在同一反应器系统中成功实现了ANAMMOX与反硝化协同作用脱氮。葡萄糖的存在对系统去除NH3-N和NO2--N的能力影响不大。     

电化学氧化-臭氧氧化联合方法处理罗丹明B模拟染料废水

采用碳黑-聚四氟乙烯（C-PTFE）为阴极的电化学氧化-臭氧氧化联合方法处理罗丹明B模拟染料废水,考察了初始pH、电解质浓度、电流和臭氧流量对废水处理效果的影响。实验结果表明：联合体系可高效处理罗丹明B废水,在初始pH为6、Na₂SO₄浓度为0.050 mol/L、电流为300 mA、臭氧流量为873 mg/h的条件下,反应3 min时废水的脱色率可达99.64%,120 min时废水COD去除率为83.17%,分别是同条件下单一臭氧氧化和电化学氧化的9.7倍和21.7倍;COD去除过程符合一级反应动力学模型。臭氧通过破坏发色基团实现罗丹明B的降解,然后由体系产生的·OH实现废水的深度氧化处理。     

Controlled study of landfill biodegradation rates using modified BMP assays

Biochemical Methane Potential (BMP) assays, typically used to assess anaerobic biodegradability of liquid wastes with added nutrients and bacteria, were adapted to compare gas production rates from solid landfill samples taken at sites in Illinois, Wisconsin, and Colorado, U.S.A. The technique involved incubation of 25 g ground samples in triplicate or quadruplicate under controlled anaerobic conditions. For the landfill assays, unamended samples were run as controls and compared with assays with added water or water plus nutrients (no anaerobic innoculum). In assays with added water, consistently higher gas production rates were obtained over unamended controls. In assays of samples with high soil:refuse ratios (soil was calcareous glacial till) there was little benefit to the addition of an aqueous nutrient media over addition of water alone. Higher percent biodegradation after 200 days incubation was a function of lower volatile solids loading which, for the controls, was associated with samples of high water content and high soil-refuse ratios. With both water and aqueous nutrient media additions, variability in rates was decreased relative to the controls. Anaerobic sample handling did not result in faster onset of methanogenesis in assay bottles relative to samples given a controlled aeration. Results suggest that alteration of current landfill practice to permit addition of liquids would result in higher, more consistent gas production rates and faster landfill stabilization for alternative land uses.     

Evidence of Al-Cr interactions affecting Cr-leaching from waste incineration ashes

Leaching tests on flue gas ashes from waste incineration showed low leaching of Cr from ashes that under moist anaerobic conditions also produced hydrogen gas. In some cases, also the redox levels (aerobic/anaerobic conditions) during the leaching test affected Cr leaching. Aerobic ashes tested in an open batch leaching test leached Cr up to 2-3 orders of magnitude more than the ashes kept moist under anaerobic conditions and tested in a closed leaching test. Model experiments showed that metallic Al could reduce Cr and at the same time produce H(2). The hydrogen gas per se could not reduce Cr. Laboratory experiments with ashes provided evidence that metallic Al, present naturally in the ashes or amended, could reduce Cr under moist anaerobic, but not under aerobic storage. Significant Cr reduction was linked to, but not caused by hydrogen formation. The reduced Cr seemed to be partially reoxidizable upon aeration or drying. The observations presented provide a basis for understanding the complexity of Cr leaching from waste incineration ashes, as for example, why some chemical stabilization methods increase Cr leaching, and point out the need for standardizing leaching test conditions with respect to Cr.     

Successful full‐scale enhanced anaerobic dechlorination at a NAPL strength 1,1,1‐TCA source area

Bioremediation of 1,1,1‐trichloroethane (TCA) is more challenging than bioremediation of other chlorinated solvents, such as tetrachloroethene (PCE) and trichloroethene (TCE). TCA transformation often occurs under methanogenic and sulfate‐reducing conditions and is mediated by Dehalobacter. The source area at the project site contains moderately permeable medium sand with a low hydraulic gradient and is approximately 0.5 acre. TCA contamination generally extended to 35 feet, with the highest concentrations at approximately 20 feet. The concentrations then decreased with depth; several wells contained 300 to 600 mg/L of TCA prior to bioremediation. The area of treatment also contained 2 to 30 mg/L of TCE from an upgradient source. Initial site groundwater conditions indicated minimal biotic dechlorination and the presence of up to 20 mg/L of nitrate and 90 mg/L of sulfate. Microcosm testing indicated that TCA dechlorination was inhibited by the site's relatively low pH (5 to 5.5) and high TCA concentration. After the pH was adjusted and TCA concentrations were reduced to less than 35 mg/L (by dilution with site water), dechlorination proceeded rapidly using whey (or slower with sodium lactate) as an electron donor. Throughout the remediation program, increased resistance to TCA inhibition (from 35 to 200 mg/L) was observed as the microbes adapted to the elevated TCA concentrations. The article presents the results of a full‐scale enhanced anaerobic dechlorination recirculation system and the successful efforts to eliminate TCA‐ and pH‐related inhibition. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.