Re-framing risk: the changing context of disaster mitigation and preparedness

This issue of Disasters explores the roles of NGOs and other actors in disaster mitigation and preparedness and also reviews broad international trends in risk management and disaster prevention. The need to address risk, and with that the motivation to improve disaster mitigation and preparedness, has tended to fall between the cracks of grander frameworks of development co-operation and humanitarian assistance. Despite the seemingly glaring need to reduce the horrific impact of floods, droughts and wars, disaster mitigation and preparedness have neither the allure of directly 'saving lives', nor of providing an 'escape from poverty'. There are, however, signs that risk management is becoming a mainstream concern. Factors such as the need to address factors that do not fit into traditional slots on the relief-development continuum, the rising economic costs of disasters and a growing acknowledgement that aid will never cover more than a small fraction of the costs of disasters are all leading to new approaches, priorities and institutional configurations. A realisation that dealing with risk and insecurity is a central part of how poor people develop their livelihood strategies has begun to position disaster mitigation and preparedness within many poverty alleviation agendas. A number of long-standing challenges remain; most of all, the complexities of maintaining the political will that is needed to ensure that risk management becomes more than a passing fad.     

开发基于GIS的城市防震减灾信息系统 --组件对象模型的应用

应用GIS建立城市防震成灾信息系统是一条减轻城市地震灾害的有效途径,而现有的城市防震减灾信息系统中防震减灾专业模型与GIS功能结合不够紧密,因此加强对地震灾害智能计算的研究十分重要。文章分析了城市防震成灾信息系统常用的二次开发方法,阐述了组件对象模型(COM)技术及其在系统开发中的应用方法,论述了应用COM技术开发系统的界面与功能等。     

基于GIS的城市火灾风险评价及其在防灾规划中的应用

随着经济发展和城市化进程的不断加快,城市火灾事故不断增多,造成的人员伤亡和财产损失也越来越严重。本文通过构建城市火灾风险评价指标体系,利用GIS中的空间分析功能对各指标体系按其权重进行叠加,得出城市的现状火灾风险等级区划图。根据风险评价现状确定防灾减灾规划的目标,采取相应的防灾减灾措施,并对规划后的火灾风险状况进行了预测,得出规划后的火灾风险等级,从而为消防和规划部门减少和预防城市火灾提供依据和参考。     

防震减灾遥感影像网络发布系统

研究了基于ArcSDE的防震减灾遥感数据库系统的框架结构、建库过程及利用ArclMS建立海量遥感影像网络发布系统的体系结构.分析了遥感影像网络发布系统中自动创建地图服务、不同坐标系统的矢量和影像数据的叠加显示、远程图像处理等关键技术.同时,介绍了系统的功能和目前系统包含的主要遥感影像库和矢量库.该遥感影像网络发布系统实现了遥感技术、数据库技术以及网络地理信息系统技术在防震减灾工作中的综合应用.     

The importance of mangrove forest in tsunami disaster mitigation

Tsunamis and storm surges have killed more than one million people and some three billion people currently live with a high risk of these disasters, which are becoming more frequent and devastating worldwide. Effective mitigation of such disasters is possible via healthy coastal forests, which can reduce the energy of tsunamis. In recent years, these natural barriers have declined due to adverse human and natural activities. In the past 20 years, the world has lost almost 50 per cent of its mangrove forests, making them one of the most endangered landscapes. It is essential to recover them and to use them as a shield against a tsunami and as a resource to secure optimal socio-economic, ecological and environmental benefits. This paper examines the emerging scenario facing mangrove forests, discusses protection from tsunamis, and proposes a way to improve the current situation. We hope that practical tips will help communities and agencies to work collectively to achieve a common goal.     

“历史模型”与灾害研究

灾害研究涉及多学科的交叉领域．水灾“历史模型”的研究方法是循社会科学的历史科学与自然科学的水利学科相结合的研究途径．将“历史模型”引人灾害研究．增强了研究与自然环境和社会经济密切相关的灾害问题的能力．本文论述了“历史模型”方法及其在灾害问题研究中的应用．     

面向21世纪的上海城市综合减灾管理模式的探索

城市综合防灾减灾管理是城市管理的一个重要组成部分,上海市综合减灾体系目前尚不够完善,城市抗灾能力仍较薄弱,本文通过对国外大城市减灾管理模式的比较和研究,分析了目前沆减灾管理模式的现状和存在的问题,并提出了一个较为完善的上海市综合减灾管理模式框架和由目前灾害管理模式向理想模式过渡的措施和建议。     

城市防灾减灾设施的层级选址问题建模

提出了城市防灾减灾设施的层级选址问题,并对其进行了分类.针对高低级设施相对独立和相互从属的层级选址问题进行了建模.依据城市防灾减灾设施选址问题的特点,提出了两阶段的层级选址过程:(1)使用位置集合覆盖模型确定能覆盖全部需求点所必需的最少设施数量和位置,作为基本等级设施的选址;(2)对独立型层级选址问题,使用最大覆盖准则确定高级设施的位置,对从属型层级选址问题,使用极小和准则确定高级设施的位置.对层级选址问题模型的应用进行了讨论.     

江西省自然灾害链实例分析及综合减灾对策

通过对2002年江西省自然灾害进行综合实例分析,提出了大部分自然灾害是以气候变化和气象灾害为始发源头,并以灾害链形式演变发展的成灾规律,在此基础上探讨了自然灾害的成灾机制,并提出了综合防灾减灾对策.     

区域灾情评价模型

自然灾害发生的次数和灾害种类与灾情强度密切相关，因此有必要对灾情强度进行合理的评价。首先用灾次指数Di和灾种指数Di′来量化单灾种的多发性和多灾种的群发性，提出了计算Di和Di′的方法，然后在此基础上建立了量化灾情强度指数Q的模型，该模型适用于单区域和多区域中多种灾害发生的情况。对北京市怀柔、平谷和海淀3个区进行了模型的实例应用，考虑洪灾、冰雹灾和旱灾3种灾害情况，结果表明，怀柔区的灾情强度指数高于平谷和海淀区，3种灾种中冰雹灾的灾情强度指数高达42．76％。     

山区铁路灾害防御体系研究—以成昆铁路（北段）为例

安全是铁路运输工作及其改革和发展的前提。本文在总结成昆铁路有关方面多年防灾实践的基础上,提出了铁路灾害防御体系的基本框架,并将整个体系划分为日常管理、汛期警戒和抢险救灾3个不同运行状态,明确了各个运行状态的中心任务。本文的研究对已有铁路沿线灾害防御体系的完善和新建铁路及其它部门灾害防御体系的建立有一定的参考价值。     

A scenario-based study on information flow and collaboration patterns in disaster management

Disaster management (DM) is a continuous, highly collaborative process involving governments, DM organisations, responders, the construction sector, and the general public. Most research approaches to DM include the development of information and communication technologies (ICT) to support the collaboration process rather than the creation of a collaboration process to provide information flows and patterns. An Intelligent Disaster Collaboration System (IDCS) is introduced in this paper as a conceptual model to integrate ICT into DM and the mitigation process and to enhance collaboration. The framework is applicable to the collaboration process at the local, regional and national levels. Within this context, the deployment of ICT tools in DM is explored and scenario-based case studies on flooding and terrorism—examples of natural and human-induced disasters, respectively—are presented. Conclusions are drawn regarding the differences found in collaboration patterns and ICT used during natural and human-induced disasters and the differences between currently available ICT and proposed ICT.     

防震减灾公益服务短信技术平台设计与实现

提出并设计了防震减灾公益服务短信技术平台的总体思路、系统框架、关键环节和各项功能。该平台首次基于无线公网、综合应用短信技术、GPRS技术、GPS技术和GIS技术,以及地震现场灾情文字和图像信息的获取、定位与综合分析,以及移动信息发布与服务等。该平台的技术实现已经在国务院抗震救灾指挥部和部分区域中心作为业务系统运行多年,在历次地震中发挥了重要的作用。     

The 'who' and 'what' of training far disaster relief

This paper defines the various levels within government, the voluntary agencies and the community which might benefit from training and makes suggestions as to where the emphasis should be placed. It points out that training programmes should be designed to meet the expressed needs of a particular group of trainees as well as be related to the current or potential disaster situation.     

基于人工影响天气的气象灾害减灾技术

对全国人工影响天气的气象灾害减灾技术及人工增雨防雹成果进行了归纳总结。提出根据不同气象灾害的特点，采取有针对性的减灾技术措施，并对减灾效益进行评估。通过对近年来我国基于人工影响天气技术的人工增雨防雹等作业范围及其规模、主要作业技术及其与国外的差距、作业区的减灾效益等进行分析，指出我国人工影响天气减灾技术及应用体系有了很大发展，并为减轻气象灾害提供了科学依据。     

Public participation in NGO-oriented communities for disaster prevention and mitigation (N-CDPM) in the Longmen Shan fault area during the Wenchuan and Lushan earthquake periods

ABSTRACT

The Longmen Shan fault area in southwest China is one of the world’s most active earthquake zones. The epicenters of the two most recent earthquakes, the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake (8.0?Ms) and the 2013 Lushan earthquake (7.0?Ms), both of which caused serious losses, were only 85?km apart. Community-based disaster risk reduction is the foundation of the disaster management system pyramid and is critical to the success of ‘sustainable hazard mitigation’. Based on multiple collaborative stakeholder perspectives, this paper examines public participation in an NGO-oriented Community for Disaster Prevention and Mitigation (N-CDPM) in the period between the two earthquakes as a multi-stage problem; N-CDPM establishment, normal operations, disaster testing, and continuous improvement. Multi-stage field research was conducted in the affected areas in the Longmen Shan fault area to examine the collaboration in each stage, after which the differences were compared across the four stages based on eight key indices; scales, core stakeholders, core network stability, mean number of lines, mean collaborative level, governments, and individual and public organization participation. The government participation, individual participation, and public organization participation are then discussed. This paper provides a novel research approach to CDPM in multiple earthquake regions and gives rich insights into the collaboration between the government and the public for N-CDPM.     

Facilitating disaster preparedness through local radio broadcasting

The 2008 Disaster Mitigation Preparedness (DMP) study took place in Aceh province, Indonesia. It sought to help develop radio programmes and messages to increase resilience to disasters. The role of radio was evaluated during and after the 2004 Asian tsunami disaster. The study team interviewed 984 tsunami survivors from nine sub-districts of Banda Aceh, and local nongovernmental organisations convened eight focus groups around the area of Aceh Besar. Six key informant interviews were held with government disaster management agencies. The DMP survey is the first of its kind to interview a representative random sample of Banda Aceh residents. It reveals the importance of community and social networks, during disaster situations, when essential communications are down. A disaster warning information system based on a multi-media approach needs to be developed. The wider community should be involved in the planning, education and training of Banda Aceh and Aceh Besar residents to facilitate appropriate personal and community survival strategies.     

中国主要农业气象灾害区域分布与减灾对策

阐述了我国主要气象灾害的地域分布规律及其对农业生产的重要影响,概括总结了农业气象灾害减灾调控体系及其基本原理和这方面的研究成果。     

论环境安全视角下的我国灾害防治法制建设

当今社会面临的日趋严重且类型众多的灾害，构成了对生态环境安全的巨大威胁，为此各国都在致力于发挥法制手段在灾害防治中的不可替代的作用。我国是个多灾国家，在减灾法治方面虽已取得了一定成就，但总体上还比较薄弱，因此进一步加强该领域的法制建设十分重要。从我国环境安全保障角度及与国际经验的比较来看，完善我国减灾法制建设的基本工作涉及到减灾法制体系的理论研究、立法模式的选择及其充实方向、行政体制的理顺及执法司法功能的强化等多个方面。