大连沿海常见海产品PFOS和PFOA的暴露水平调查

文章应用液相色谱-质谱分析方法,对2009年春季大连沿海常见海产品体内PFOS和PFOA的暴露水平进行了调查。鱼、蟹、乌贼和海胆肌肉中PFOS的平均暴露水平分别为0.40 ng/g,0.07 ng/g,0.09 ng/g及0.12 ng/g(湿重),而PFOA的平均暴露水平分别为0.06ng/g,0.01 ng/g,0.06 ng/g及0.10 ng/g(湿重)。鱼类肝脏中PFOS和PFOA的平均暴露水平分别为0.90 ng/g和0.24 ng/g。调查结果表明,大连沿岸常见海产品体内普遍检测到PFOS和PFOA,并且肝脏中PFOS和PFOA暴露水平均高于肌肉组织。通过比较发现,大连沿岸鱼类样品中PFOS的暴露水平低于美、日等国家的沿岸海域鱼类的暴露水平。     

Emission of particulate and gaseous pollutants from household laser processing machine

Indoor air quality (IAQ) directly affects the health of occupants. Household manufacturing equipment (HME) used for hobbies or educational purposes is a new and unexplored source of air pollution. In this study, we evaluated the characteristics of particulate and gaseous pollutants produced by a household laser processing equipment (HLPE). Various target materials were tested using a commercial HLPE under various operating conditions of laser power and sheath air flow rate. The mode diameters of the emitted particles gradually decreased as laser power increased, while the particle number concentration (PNC) and particle emission rate (PER) increased. In addition, as the sheath air flow rate quadrupled from 10 to 40 L/min, the mode diameter of the emitted particles decreased by nearly 25%, but the effect on the PNC was insignificant. When the laser induced the target materials at 53 mW, the mode diameters of particles were <150 nm, and PNCs were >2.0 × 10⁴ particles/cm³. Particularly, analyses of sampled aerosols indicated that harmful substances such as sulfur and barium were present in particles emitted from leather. The carcinogenic gaseous pollutants such as acrylonitrile, acetaldehyde, 1,3-butadiene, benzene, and C₈ aromatics (ethylbenzene) were emitted from all target materials. In an actual indoor environment, the PNC of inhalable ultrafine particles (UFPs) was >5 × 10⁴ particles/cm³ during 30 min of HLPE operation. Our results suggest that more meticulous control methods are needed, including the use of less harmful target materials along with filters or adsorbents that prevent emission of pollutants.     

Detection and Characterization of Hepatitis A Virus and Norovirus in Mussels from Galicia (NW Spain)

Shellfish are recognized as a potential vehicle of viral disease and despite the control measures for shellfish safety there is periodic emergence of viral outbreaks associated with shellfish consumption. In this study a total of 81 mussel samples from Ría do Burgo, A Coruña (NW Spain) were analysed. Samples were collected in seven different harvesting areas with the aim to establish a correlation between the prevalence of norovirus (NoV) and hepatitis A virus (HAV) in mussel samples and the water quality. In addition, the genogroup of the detected HAV and NoV strains was also determined. The HAV presence was detected in 18.5 % of the samples. Contamination levels for this virus ranged from 1.1 × 10² to 4.1 × 10⁶ RNA copies/g digestive tissue. NoV were detected in 49.4 % of the cases reaching contamination levels from 5.9 × 10³ to 1.6 × 10⁹ RNA copies/g digestive tissue for NoV GI and from 6.1 × 10³ to 5.4 × 10⁶ RNA copies/g digestive tissue for NoV GII. The χ²-test showed no statistical correlation between the number of positive samples and the classification of molluscan harvesting area based on the E. coli number. All the detected HAV strains belong to genogroup IB. NoV strains were assigned to genotype I.4, II.4 and II.6.     

全氟化合物对表层沉积物中细菌群落结构的影响

选择集中分布氟化工相关企业的山东省小清河水系,自上游至莱州湾入海口采集10个表层沉积物样点(XQ1~XQ10),采用高效液相色谱/质谱联用(HPLC/MS-MS)监测全氟化合物(perfluoroalkyl substances,PFASs),分析影响细菌群落结构的基础环境因子,提取细菌DNA并运用第二代Illumina Mi Seq测序技术分析其细菌群落结构.结果表明,在小清河流域沉积物中12种PFASs均有不同程度检出,并以全氟辛酸(PFOA)为主,生产企业集中区下游样点XQ5的PFOA浓度在4、7月分别高达456.2 ng·g-1和748.7 ng·g-1.PFOA是小清河4月影响微生物群落结构的关键因子,与群落丰富度和均匀度呈显著负相关;硫杆菌属(Thiobacillus)在低浓度PFOA条件下数量较少,但在高浓度PFOA下数量较高且成为优势菌种,初步证明硫杆菌属是PFOA污染响应的敏感物种,有作为指示微生物的潜质;PFOA在浓度较低时(100 ng·g-1)对微生物群落结构的影响不显著.     

Environmental factors affecting degradation of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) by In2O3 nanoparticles

Nanophotocatalysts have shown great potential for degrading poly-and perfluorinated substances (PFAS).In light of the fact that most of these catalysts were studied in pure water,this study was designed to elucidate effects from common environmental factors on decomposing and defluorinating perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) by In₂O₃ nanoparticles.Results from this work demonstrated that among the seven parameters,pH,sulfate,chloride,H₂O₂,In₂O     

1992—2008年我国工业废水排放变化效应

工业废水排放使我国水环境受到严重威胁,为剖析工业废水排放变化驱动机制,应用LMDI(对数平均迪氏指数)法将其分解为规模、结构和技术3种效应. 结果表明:1992—2008年我国工业废水排放整体上呈先降后升的二次抛物线趋势. 其中,1992—2002年工业废水减排498583×104t,由工业规模效应、结构效应和技术效应产生的贡献值分别为1829988×104、206807×104和-2535378×104t;2002—2008年工业废水排放增加了333826×104t,相应地,3种效应的贡献值分别为1470045×104、-66094×104、-1070126×104t. 规模效应是造成工业废水排放增加的主要原因,技术效应是工业废水排放减少的关键因素,结构效应多表现为绝对值较小的负值,表明工业经济结构调整倾向于减小污染但贡献不大. 规模效应的主要影响行业是化工原料及化学制品制造业,造纸及纸制品业和食品、烟草及饮料制造业,为减少这些部门的废水排放,可通过政策减缓经济规模的扩张趋势;结构效应的主要影响行业是电气、煤气及水的生产供应业,黑色金属冶炼及延压业和非金属矿物制造业,可通过鼓励重组促使产业结构升级,达到减排工业废水的目标;技术效应的主要影响行业是皮革、毛皮、羽绒及其制品业,为实现工业废水减排,应加大技术投入、提高生产水平.      

荧光光谱法研究全氟辛酸与牛血清白蛋白的相互作用

在模拟生理条件下(pH7.4),采用荧光光谱研究环境污染物全氟辛酸(PFOA)与牛血清白蛋白(BSA)的相互作用.结果表明,PFOA对BSA有荧光静态猝灭作用.PFOA与BSA在温度277,298,310K的反应结合常数分别为1.06×105,7.12×104,5.68×104L/mol;在BSA上有1个PFOA的结合位点,该位点更接近于色氨酸残基.由反应的热力学可推断PFOA与BSA的相互作用力主要是静电引力和疏水作用力.与PFOA结合后,BSA分子构象发生变化,色氨酸残基附近疏水性增强,蛋白质分子结构趋于折叠状态;而酪氨酸残基附近亲水性增强,蛋白质分子结构趋于松散状态.     

温州近海海域海水及滩涂沉积物中PFOS和PFOA污染特征分析

为了解温州近海海域全氟辛烷磺酸(PFOS)和全氟辛酸(PFOA)的污染状况和特征,采用固相萃取/高效液相串联质谱检测法分析了采自乐清湾、瓯江口、西湾、飞云江口及洞头半屏岛的近海海水和滩涂沉积物中PFOS和PFOA污染水平。结果显示,温州近海海水普遍存在PFOS和PFOA污染,其中,PFOS的浓度范围为<1.0～31.36 ng/L,中位浓度为2.29 ng/L;PFOA的浓度范围为<1.0～23.66 ng/L,中位浓度为5.29 ng/L。滩涂沉积物样品中PFOS和PFOA的浓度范围(干重)分别为(<1.0～11.91)×10-9(中位浓度为3.60×10-9)和(1.84～34.01)×10-9(中位浓度为6.83×10-9)。温州近海海水中PFOS和PFOA的污染水平明显高于香港沿岸、中国南海海水、韩国沿岸海水和近海珠江三角洲,与大连湾的海水相当,海岸滩涂沉积物中的PFOS和PFOA浓度远高于珠江和黄浦江沉积物中的浓度。     

Screening of Ready-to-Eat Meat Products for Hepatitis E Virus in Switzerland

Seroprevalence data for pig herds suggested that there must be a relevant reservoir for hepatitis E virus (HEV) in Switzerland. To know more about the viral presence in ready-to-eat meat products, we screened pork liver sausages and raw meat sausages from the Swiss retail market for the presence of HEV. Testing was performed with a detection method where the virus extraction step was optimized. As for the performance of the improved method, the mean recovery rate for the mengovirus process control was 24.4%, whereas for HEV-inoculated sample matrices between 10.4 and 100% were achieved. The limit of detection was about 1.56 × 10³ and 1.56 × 10² genome copies per gram for liver sausages and raw meat sausages, respectively. In the screening programme, HEV-RNA was detected in 10 of total 90 (11.1%) meat products, 7 of 37 (18.9%) liver sausages, and 3 of 53 (5.7%) raw meat sausages. Virus loads of up to 5.54 log₁₀ HEV genome copies per gram were measured. All sequences retrieved from positive samples belonged to HEV genotype 3. The significance of the presented work was a current overview of the HEV prevalence in ready-to-eat meat products on the Swiss retail marked and an improvement of the extraction efficiency of the HEV detection method.     

Assessment of the Risks for Human Health of Adenoviruses,Hepatitis A Virus,Rotaviruses and Enteroviruses in the Buffalo River and Three Source Water Dams in the Eastern Cape

Buffalo River is an important water resource in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa. The potential risks of infection constituted by exposure to human enteric viruses in the Buffalo River and three source water dams along its course were assessed using mean values and static quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA). The daily risks of infection determined by the exponential model [for human adenovirus (HAdV) and enterovirus (EnV)] and the beta-Poisson model (for hepatitis A virus (HAV) and rotavirus (RoV)) varied with sites and exposure scenario. The estimated daily risks of infection values at the sites where the respective viruses were detected, ranged from 7.31 × 10^?3 to 1 (for HAdV), 4.23 × 10^?2 to 6.54 × 10^?1 (RoV), 2.32 × 10^?4 to 1.73 × 10^?1 (HAV) and 1.32 × 10^?4 to 5.70 × 10^?2 (EnV). The yearly risks of infection in individuals exposed to the river/dam water via drinking, recreational, domestic or irrigational activities were unacceptably high, exceeding the acceptable risk of 0.01 % (10^?4 infection/person/year), and the guideline value used as by several nations for drinking water. The risks of illness and death from infection ranged from 6.58 × 10^?5 to 5.0 × 10^?1 and 6.58 × 10^?9 to 5.0 × 10^?5, respectively. The threats here are heightened by the high mortality rates for HAV, and its endemicity in South Africa. Therefore, we conclude that the Buffalo River and its source water dams are a public health hazard. The QMRA presented here is the first of its kinds in the Eastern Cape Province and provides the building block for a quantitatively oriented local guideline for water quality management in the Province.     

东湖表层水体中全氟辛酸和全氟辛磺酸空间分布特征

研究了东湖表层水体中全氟辛酸(PFOA)和全氟辛磺酸(PFOS)的含量及空间分布特征,总量范围为31.1～237ng.L-1,几何平均值为115 ng.L-1,表明整个湖区受到不同程度的PFOS和PFOA污染.全部水样均检出了PFOS和PFOA,峰值达到132和158 ng.L-1,几何平均值分别为60.4和55.0 ng.L-1.湖区东部污染最严重,其次是湖区南部,湖区北部和西部污染程度相对较轻.与PFOS相比,高浓度PFOA分布相对分散,PFOS和PFOA含量之间无显著相关性,表明东湖表层水体中PFOS和PFOA属于多源输入.30个(63%)取样点上PFOS含量超过可能对水生生态系统产生影响的临界数值(43 ng.L-1),20个(42%)取样点上PFOA含量超过美国新泽西洲制定的饮用水标准(40 ng.L-1).     

Quantification and Genetic Analysis of Salivirus/Klassevirus in Wastewater in Arizona,USA

Salivirus/klassevirus sequences were identified in 7 (15 %) wastewater samples collected in Arizona monthly for a year, with the highest concentration of 2.28 × 10⁵ and 2.46 × 10⁴ copies/L in influent and effluent, respectively. This is the first report of quantification and genetic analysis of salivirus/klassevirus in water samples in the United States.     

印染末端废水中全氟化合物的污染特征、影响因素及风险评价

全氟化合物(Perfluorinated compounds,PFCs)常被作为织物整理剂和表面活性剂应用于纺织印染行业,通过末端处理排放进入水体环境,对生态安全产生直接影响.本研究采集我国长三角地区58家纺织印染厂的调节池原水和末端排放尾水样品,建立固相萃取-超高效液相色谱串联质谱法(SPE-UPLC-MS/MS)对...     

Environmental Surveillance for Noroviruses in Selected South African Wastewaters 2015–2016: Emergence of the Novel GII.17

Norovirus (NoV) GII.4 is the predominant genotype associated with gastroenteritis pandemics and new strains emerge every 2–3 years. Between 2008 and 2011, environmental studies in South Africa (SA) reported NoVs in 63% of the sewage-polluted river water samples. The aim of this study was to assess whether wastewater samples could be used for routine surveillance of NoVs, including GII.4 variants. From April 2015 to March 2016, raw sewage and effluent water samples were collected monthly from five wastewater treatment plants in SA. A total of 108 samples were screened for NoV GI and GII using real-time RT-qPCR. Overall 72.2% (78/108) of samples tested positive for NoVs with 4.6% (5/108) GI, 31.5% (34/108) GII and 36.1% (39/108) GI + GII strains being detected. Norovirus concentrations ranged from 1.02 × 10² to 3.41 × 10⁶ genome copies/litre for GI and 5.00 × 10³ to 1.31 × 10⁶ genome copies/litre for GII. Sixteen NoV genotypes (GI.2, GI.3, GI.4, GI.5, GI.6, GII.2, GII.3, GII.4, GII.7, GII.9, GII.10, GII.14, GII.16, GII.17, GII.20, and GII.21) were identified. Norovirus GII.2 and GII.17 co-dominated and the majority of GII.17 strains clustered with the novel Kawasaki 2014 variant. Sewage surveillance facilitated detection of Kawasaki 2014 in SA, which to date has not been detected with surveillance in children with gastroenteritis <5 years of age. Combined surveillance in the clinical setting and environment appears to be a valuable strategy to monitor emergence of NoV strains in countries that lack NoV outbreak surveillance.     

生活垃圾制备衍生燃料(RDF-5)——以重庆市为例

以重庆市生活垃圾为例,通过分选、破碎和干燥预处理后,得到以塑料、纸类、竹木、织物和厨余为主要成分的制备衍生燃料(RDF-5)的原料,测试了不同含水率和成型压力条件下制得的RDF-5的理化性质.结果表明,原料含水率为8%,成型压力为10 MPa时,RDF-5的延展率和耐性指数良好,便于贮存和运输.燃烧试验表明,RDF-5燃烧后灰渣的热灼减率满足《生活垃圾焚烧污染控制标准》(GB 18485—2014)的要求(5%).另外,根据2006 IPCC国家温室气体名录导则和生命周期评价(LCA),制备RDF-5对温室气体排放贡献为455.92 g·kg-1RDF-5(以CO2当量计).     

Hepatitis A Virus,Hepatitis E Virus,and Rotavirus in Foods of Animal Origin Traded at the Borders of Brazil,Argentina, and Uruguay

The aim of this study was to investigate hepatitis A virus (HAV), hepatitis E (HEV), and rotavirus (RV) in fresh and processed meat traded on the border of Brazil with Argentina and Uruguay. In total, 159 samples of raw and processed foods of animal origin were collected in Paso de los Libres, Argentina (n?=?53 raw meat, n?=?24 processed meat) and Rivera, Uruguay (n?=?55 raw meat, n?=?18 processed meat), or were seized by the Brazilian International Agricultural Surveillance System—VIGIAGRO (Brazil–Argentina border) (n?=?8 raw meat, n?=?1 bush meat). All samples were tested for the presence of HAV, HEV, and RV genomes. HAV genes were detected in 18.23% of samples and RV genes in 23.89%. No HEV-positive samples were detected. HAV was also detected in two of the VIGIAGRO samples. Processed meats from Argentina and Uruguay had a higher rate of HAV and RV than raw meat (P?>?0.05). The median HAV in the Argentinian and Uruguayan samples was 6.9?×?10⁴ and 3.5?×?10³ copies/g, respectively. The presence of RV viral genes in raw meats from Argentina was significant, and this was not observed in processed meats. The presence of HAV and RV genes in a significant portion of products from Argentina and Uruguay is a potential source of human infection. This also indicates precarious conditions of acquisition, processing, and manipulation, which could be improved by improved regulation of food across borders.     

Occurrence and fate of chlorinated methylsiloxanes in surrounding aqueous systems of Shengli oilfield, China

Mono-chlorinated products of cyclic volatile methylsiloxanes (cVMS), i.e., Monochlormet-hylheptamethylcyclotetrasiloxane [D3D(CH₂Cl)], monochlormethylnonamethylcyclopenta-siloxane [D4D(CH₂Cl)], and monochlormethylundemethylcyclohexasiloxane [D5D(CH₂Cl)], were detected in water [<LOQ (Limit of quantitation) -86.3 ng/L, df (detection frequency) = 23%-38%, n=112] and sediment samples [<LOQ-504 ng/g dw (dry weight), df = 33%-38%, n=112] from 16 lakes located in Shengli oilfield of China, and had apparent increasing trends (31%-34% per annum) in sediments during Year 2014-2020. Simulated experiments showed that chloro-cVMS in sediment-water system had approximately 1.7-2.0 times slower elimination rates than parent cVMS. More specifically, compared with those of parent cVMS, volatilization (86-2558 days) and hydrolysis (135-549 days) half-lives of chloro-cVMS were respectively 1.3-2.0 and 1.8-2.1 times longer. In two species of freshwater mussels (n=1050) collected from six lakes, concentrations of chloro-cVMS ranged from 9.8-998 ng/g dw in Anodonta woodiana and 8.4-970 ng/g dw in Corbicula fluminea. Compared with parent cVMS, chloro-cVMS had 1.1-1.5 times larger biota-sediment accumulation factors (2.1-3.0) and 1.1-1.7 times longer half-lives (13-42 days). Their stronger persistence in sediment and bioaccumulation in freshwater mussels suggested that environmental emission, distribution and risks of chloro-cVMS deserve further attention.     

连续流亚硝化中试反应器的启动及其能力提升

通过接种污水处理厂压滤后污泥,添加悬浮填料进行挂膜,采用连续流反应器处理模拟氨氮污水,对反应器的游离氨(FA)、游离亚硝酸(FNA)以及溶解氧(DO)进行调控,实现了中试亚硝化反应器的成功启动.结果表明,通过前期高DO,后期低DO的运行模式,并对反应器运行过程中的FA、FNA进行调控实现了AOB的富集和NOB的淘汰,启动成功后反应器内部亚硝酸盐产生速率(NPR)达到1.27 kg·(m~3·d)~(-1),亚硝酸盐积累率(NAR)也稳定在98%.采用实时荧光定量PCR方法(quantitative real time PCR,q PCR)对启动初期和成功启动后反应器中的功能微生物(AOB、NOB)进行分析,q PCR结果表明反应功能微生物AOB的拷贝数从启动初期的5.3×10~9copies·m L~(-1)增长到1.6×10~(11)copies·m L~(-1),NOB的拷贝数反而从1.1×10~(10)copies·m L~(-1)下降到1.2×10~9copies·m L~(-1),AOB拷贝数的数量级比NOB的要高2个数量级,这也是在启动过程中通过DO、FA、FNA等措施对NOB联合抑制的作用.     

Short-term inhalation exposure evaluations of airborne antibiotic resistance genes in environments

Antibiotic resistance is a sword of Damocles that hangs over humans. In regards to airborne antibiotic resistance genes (AARGs), critical knowledge gaps still exist in the identification of hotspots and quantification of exposure levels in different environments. Here, we have studied the profiles of AARGs, mobile genetic elements (MGEs) and bacterial communities in various atmospheric environments by high throughput qPCR and 16S rRNA gene sequencing. We propose a new AARGs exposure dose calculation that uses short-term inhalation (STI). Swine farms and hospitals were high-risk areas where AARGs standardised abundance was more abundant than suburbs and urban areas. Additionally, resistance gene abundance in swine farm worker sputum was higher than that in healthy individuals in other environments. The correlation between AARGs with MGEs and bacteria was strong in suburbs but weak in livestock farms and hospitals. STI exposure analysis revealed that occupational intake of AARGs (via PM₁₀) in swine farms and hospitals were 110 and 29 times higher than in suburbs, were 1.5 × 10⁴, 5.6 × 10⁴ and 5.1 × 10² copies, i.e., 61.9%, 75.1% and 10.7% of the overall daily inhalation intake, respectively. Our study comprehensively compares environmental differences in AARGs to identify high-risk areas, and forwardly proposes the STI exposure dose of AARGs to guide risk assessment.