水热处理泔脚脱油与产物消化性能变化

水热预处理泔脚废物,测定生物化学甲烷势(BMP),研究废物脱油、水解和消化性能的变化.结果表明,预处理加速废物的溶解和有机物的水解.随着反应温度升高,产物pH 降低,SCOD 和VFA浓度显著升高.150℃、 60 min预处理后,可浮油含量增加并达到较好的分离效果,消化过程在4～6 d内完成,降解速率提高1倍.170℃预处理后4 d生物气产量最高,继续提高温度会降低产物甲烷势.能量衡算分析表明,优化预处理能耗合理.     

pH值调控对柑橘废渣与污泥厌氧共发酵产酸影响

为提高挥发性脂肪酸(VFA)的产量,探究了柑橘废渣和剩余污泥不同VS(挥发性固体)配比及调控发酵过程pH值对产VFA性能的影响.结果表明:调节共发酵系统pH值为6对VFA的积累有促进作用,柑橘废渣VS/剩余污泥VS为2时的最大VFA产量为11183.12mg/L,是未控制pH值组最高VFA浓度的1.75倍.柑橘废渣中的...     

厌氧消化处理城市垃圾多因素研究

针对城市垃圾厌氧消化处理过程中反应复杂、影响因素多的特点 ,利用自行设计的厌氧发酵罐 ,采用正交试验的方法 ,以产气量为观察值 ,分析固含量 (TS)、消化温度和C/N比为对厌氧消化过程的影响 ,并分析了在不同固含量 (TS)下消化过程中pH值和挥发性脂肪酸 (VFA)的变化过程。结果表明 ,温度对厌氧消化过程影响最大 ,固含量 (TS)次之 ,C/N比影响最小 ,在相同条件下 ,高进料浓度(TS)产气量大 ,但同时反应过程中 pH值较低 ,挥发性脂肪酸 (VFA)浓度过高 ,容易抑制消化过程。     

Phosphogypsum stabilization of bauxite residue: Conversion of its alkaline characteristics

Reduction of the high alkalinity of bauxite residue is a key problem to solve to make it suitable for plant growth and comprehensive utilization. In this study, phosphogypsum, a waste product from the phosphate fertilizer industry, was used to drive the alkaline transformation of the bauxite residue. Under optimal water washing conditions(liquid/solid ratio of 2 mL/g, 30°C, 24 hr), the impact of quantity added, reaction time and reaction mechanism during phosphogypsum application were investigated. Phosphogypsum addition effectively lowered p H levels and reduced the soluble alkalinity by 92.2%. It was found that the concentration of soluble Na and Ca ions in the supernatant increased gradually, whilst the exchangeable Na+and Ca~(2+)in solid phase changed 112 mg/kg and 259 mg/kg, respectively. Ca~(2+)became the dominant element in the solid phase(phosphogypsum addition of 2%, liquid/solid ratio of 2 mL/g, 30°C, 12 hr). X-ray diffraction data indicated that cancrinite and hydrogarnet were the primary alkaline minerals. SEM images suggested that phosphogypsum could promote the formation of stable macroaggregates, whilst the content of Ca~(2+)increased from 5.6% to 18.2% and Na reduced from 6.8% to 2.4%. Treatment with phosphogypsum could significantly promote the transformation of alkalinity cations by neutralization, precipitation and replacement reactions.This research provided a feasible method to promote soil formation of bauxite residue by phosphogypsum amendment.     

甘油投加对餐厨垃圾厌氧产酸性能的影响

餐厨垃圾厌氧发酵产生的挥发性脂肪酸（VFAs）可以作为合成聚羟基脂肪酸酯（PHA）的底物,PHA的性能与VFAs的组成密切相关.为改善PHA产品的性能,本文研究了甘油投加对餐厨垃圾产酸性能的影响.在餐厨垃圾厌氧消化半连续流反应器运行稳定的基础上,探讨了不同C/N对厌氧发酵有机物转化及VFAs产量和组成的影响.结果表明,投加甘油会降低发酵体系的pH,提高VFAs的产量,相比于对照组,C/N比为25/1时,VFAs产量提高了10.3%.C/N10.69/1（对照组）、15/1、20/1和25/1时,发酵液奇数碳VFAs所占总VFAs的比例分别为54.23%、61.16%、64.78%和66.79%.甘油的投加可以提升丙酸、戊酸等奇数碳VFAs所占比例,有利于改善PHA产品性能.     

Waste activated sludge hydrolysis and acidification: A comparison between sodium hydroxide and steel slag addition

Alkaline treatment with steel slag and NaOH addition were investigated under different pH conditions for the fermentation of waste activated sludge. Better performance was achieved in steel slag addition scenarios for both sludge hydrolysis and acidification. More solubilization of organic matters and much production of higher VFA (volatile fatty acid) in a shorter time can be achieved at pH 10 when adjusted by steel slag. Higher enzyme activities were also observed in steel slag addition scenarios under the same pH conditions. Phosphorus concentration in the supernatant increased with fermentation time and pH in NaOH addition scenarios, while in contrast most phosphorus was released and captured by steel slag simultaneously in steel slag addition scenarios. These results suggest that steel slag can be used as a substitute for NaOH in sludge alkaline treatment.     

多因素共同作用对中温条件下污泥与餐厨垃圾联合厌氧发酵产H2的影响

污泥与餐厨垃圾联合厌氧发酵产H₂既可减少环境污染,又可制备清洁能源,是一种理想的有机固废处理处置技术。通过4因素5水平正交设计的批式实验及产氢动力学,探究餐厨垃圾C/N、混合体系C/N、含水率、初始pH值4个主要因素共同作用对中温条件下污泥餐厨垃圾联合厌氧发酵产H₂的影响。极差与方差分析结果表明：4个主要因素对联合厌氧发酵产H₂结果影响较明显,而餐厨垃圾C/N和混合体系C/N的交互作用对产H₂结果的影响不显著。不考虑交互作用,以比氢气产量为产H₂效能主要表征指标,最终确定餐厨垃圾C/N为20,联合发酵体系C/N为10,初始pH值为7,含水率为90%时,产H₂效能最佳,此时的累积产氢量为1499.6 mL,比氢气产量为140.96 mL H₂/g DS,最大产氢速率为21.73 mL H₂/h,最大H₂浓度为55.79%。     

Novel Fe/glass composite adsorbent and its property for arsenic(V) removal

An effective adsorbent for arsenic removal was synthesized by hydrothermal treatment of waste glass powder (HGP), followed by loading iron(III) oxyhydorxide on the surface of waste glass powder (GP). The ?Si-O-H group was formed on the surface of GP and the specific surface area of GP powder was slightly increased after hydrothermal treatment. FeOOH was loaded on the surface of HGP by the hydrolysis of FeCl3. The formation conditions of FeOOH were also investigated. The ability of this new adsorbent for arsenic removal was tested. The results indicate that the highest arsenic removal efficiency is about 97% for 1 mg/L As(V) solution at pH 6 and keeping time 2h.     

Novel Fe/glass composite adsorbent for As(V) removal

An effective adsorbent for arsenic removal was synthesized by hydrothermal treatment of waste glass powder (GP), followed by loading Fe(Ⅲ) oxyhydroxide onto the surface of waste glass powder. The ≡Si-O-H group was formed on the surface of GP and the specific surface area of GP powder was slightly increased after hydrothermal treatment. FeOOH was loaded onto the surface of hydrothermally treated waste glass powder (HGP) by the hydrolysis of FeCl3. The formation conditions of FeOOH were also investigated. The...     

Enhanced nitrogen removal upon the addition of volatile fatty acids from activated sludge by combining calcium peroxide and low-thermal pretreatments

This study investigated a combined low-thermal and CaO₂ pretreatment to enhance the volatile fatty acid (VFA) production from waste activated sludge (WAS). The fermentative product was added to a sequencing batch reactor (SBR) as an external carbon source to enhance nitrogen removal. The results showed that the combined pretreatment improved WAS solubilization, releasing more biodegradable substrates, such as proteins and polysaccharides, from TB-EPS to LB-EPS and S-EPS. The maximum VFA production of 3529 ± 188 mg COD/L was obtained in the combined pretreatment (0.2 g CaO₂/g VS + 70 °C for 60 min), which was 2.1 and 1.4-fold of that obtained from the sole low-thermal pretreatment and the control test, respectively. Consequently, when the fermentative liquid was added as an external denitrification carbon source, the effluent total nitrogen decreased to Class A of the discharge standard for pollutants in rural wastewater treatment plants in most areas of China.     

碳氮比对厨余垃圾堆肥腐熟度的影响

以厨余垃圾和玉米秸秆作为堆肥原料,采用好氧堆肥的方法,探讨了不同C/N比对堆肥腐熟度的影响。结果表明:从温度、pH、电导率(EC)、腐植酸光学特性(E4/E6)、固相C/N和发芽率指数(GI)来看,只有C/N为21(T4)的处理没有达到无害化和腐熟的要求,其余3个处理均达到腐熟;建议采用C/N为17的方案,厨余垃圾和秸秆按照湿基质量9∶1的比例进行堆肥;如果秸秆资源比较丰富,可采用C/N为19的方案,此时厨余垃圾和秸秆湿基比例为5.7∶1。     

餐厨垃圾与污泥、秸秆不同配比联合厌氧发酵对产气性能的影响

为分析不同配比的餐厨垃圾与污泥、秸秆联合发酵对产气性能的影响,采用产甲烷潜力试验（BMP）研究了餐厨垃圾与污泥、秸秆不同配比联合发酵的产气性能,并采用修正的Gompertz模型对产甲烷潜力进行模拟.结果表明:物料配比与物料种类对联合发酵的产气性能有显著影响,餐厨垃圾+污泥配比为1:2时,产气性能优于1:1、2:1两组,产气量为286 mL/g[以VS（挥发性固体）计,下同];餐厨垃圾+秸秆配比为1:1时,产气性能优于1:2、2:1两组,产气量为347 mL/g;餐厨垃圾+污泥+秸秆配比为1:1:1时,产气性能优于1:2:1、2:1:1两组,产气量为373 mL/g.两种物料配比中,餐厨垃圾+秸秆的产气性能优于餐厨垃圾+污泥;餐厨垃圾+污泥+秸秆3种物料混合后物料种类变丰富,元素配比更均衡,联合发酵的产气性能优于两种物料联合发酵,其最优配比为1:1:1,C/N值为13,接近最优C/N值（15~20）.研究显示,不同配比物料产气性能差异性较大,可为大中型沼气工程在获得不同物料的情况下选择最优的进料配比提供理论指导,以解决其在设计与投资收益评估方面所面临的物料选择问题.      

Effects of free ammonia on volatile fatty acid accumulation and process performance in the anaerobic digestion of two typical bio-wastes

The effect of free ammonia on volatile fatty acid(VFA)accumulation and process instability was studied using a lab-scale anaerobic digester fed by two typical bio-wastes:fruit and vegetable waste(FVW)and food waste(FW)at 35°C with an organic loading rate(OLR)of 3.0 kg VS/(m~3·day). The inhibitory effects of free ammonia on methanogenesis were observed due to the low C/N ratio of each substrate(15.6 and 17.2,respectively). A high concentration of free ammonia inhibited methanogenesis resulting in the accumulation of VFAs and a low methane yield. In the inhibited state,acetate accumulated more quickly than propionate and was the main type of accumulated VFA. The co-accumulation of ammonia and VFAs led to an "inhibited steady state" and the ammonia was the main inhibitory substance that triggered the process perturbation. By statistical significance test and VFA fluctuation ratio analysis,the free ammonia inhibition threshold was identified as 45 mg/L. Moreover,propionate,iso-butyrate and valerate were determined to be the three most sensitive VFA parameters that were subject to ammonia inhibition.     

AnMBR用于餐厨垃圾和剩余污泥共发酵的性能研究

通过连续实验和活性实验,系统地研究了厌氧膜生物反应器（AnMBR）在不同有机负荷（OLR）条件下处理餐厨垃圾和剩余污泥的效率、稳定性及动力学特征.结果表明,AnMBR在各工况下（OLR：3.22~12.92gCOD/（L·d））能够稳定运行.其中在OLR为6.48gCOD/（L·d）时运行性能最优,其甲烷产量为（4335±2）mL/d,甲烷产率为（361.2±0.2）mLCH₄/gCOD_removal,COD的去除率维持在（98.6±0.9）%,pH值稳定在7.71±0.03.当OLR超过12.92gCOD/（L·d）,反应器内挥发性脂肪酸（VFA）达到了6108mgCOD/L.膜污染以滤饼层污染为主;利用高通量测序（HTS）探究了系统中微生物的演变情况,Levilinea菌是优势细菌属,在OLR为6.48gCOD/（L·d）时其相对丰度最高（20.1%）,Methanosarcina菌是优势古菌属,随着OLR增加相对丰度均维持在67%以上;比产甲烷活性实验表明随着OLR的增加,产甲烷菌对乙酸的降解能力不断提高.研究结果将为AnMBR处理餐厨垃圾和剩余污泥共发酵系统的最优工况选择提供参考依据.     

基于pH调控的城市污泥厌氧发酵产酸小试研究

本研究设计了热碱预处理-半连续流厌氧发酵污泥处理工艺,探究了p H对热碱预处理污泥产酸性能的影响,同时对发酵液作为碳源回用于污水厂强化脱氮除磷进行了质量衡算.在30 L厌氧发酵罐中考察了偏中性(p H=6.5)和碱性(p H=10.0)条件下热碱预处理污泥发酵的挥发性脂肪酸(VFA)产生及分布、蛋白质及碳水化合物的消耗和氮磷释放情况.结果表明,污泥热碱预处理-半连续流厌氧发酵工艺的VFA产量稳定,在p H为6.5和10.0的条件下,发酵罐中平均VFA产率分别为333.29 mg·g-1(以每g VS产生的COD(mg)计,下同)和250.64 mg·g-1,p H为6.5时产酸更稳定,且产量较高,但碱性条件更适合产乙酸.两种p H条件下的SCOD、溶解性蛋白质、溶解性多糖、氮和磷的释放都无较大差异.质量衡算结果表明,以处理量为50000 m3·d-1的城市污水处理厂为例,其产生的污泥经过热碱预处理-半连续流厌氧发酵产酸工艺,产生的VFA能够满足该污水处理厂脱氮除磷提标改造的碳源需求.     

C/N对污泥厌氧发酵产酸类型及代谢途径的影响

研究了污泥的初始C/N对污泥发酵产酸类型的影响及产酸代谢途径.初始C/N在12时,形成的是乙酸型发酵类型;当初始C/N在56左右,可实现丙酸型发酵类型;而当C/N处于156时,则形成丁酸型发酵.不同发酵产酸类型的形成是由优势产酸菌群的改变导致的.末端限制性片段长度多态性分析(T-RFLP)微生物种群的结果表明,构成乙酸型发酵类型的主要优势菌群为消化链球菌属;而丙酸型发酵类型中的优势菌群则为丙酸杆菌属;梭菌属则是丁酸型发酵类型中的优势产酸功能菌.有机酸代谢途径中关键酶活性检测结果表明,在低C/N条件下,乙酸的累积主要是通过氨基酸之间的Stickland反应形成,而随着C/N值的增大,导致丙酸和丁酸累积的主要代谢途径转变为糖酵解的丙酮酸途径.     

污水污泥间壁热干燥实验研究

研究了污泥间壁热干燥的工艺过程,分析了其工艺参数、冷凝水水质和产生的污染气体,探讨了有机物水解机理.结果表明,污泥含水率与停留时间呈负指数函数相关.收集到的干燥冷凝水属高浓度有机废水,其总有机碳（TOC）、挥发性有机酸（VFA）和氨氮（NH₃-N）浓度均很高,pH值保持在9～9.5.干燥冷凝水中挥发性有机酸和氨氮来源于2部分：低温110 ～130℃时,主要发生蛋白质的水解,生成有机酸和氨氮;高温140～150℃时,主要发生脂肪类的水解,生成有机酸.干燥温度低于150 ℃时,污泥间壁热干燥过程无污染气体产生.     

Methanogenesis acceleration of fresh landfilled waste by micro-aeration

Introduction The key technology of bioreactor landfill ( Pohland,1995) and ecologically based landfill ( Bramryd, 2001 )consists in the initiative regulating of microbial activities inlandfill layers, so as to accelerate waste degradatio…     

温度波动对城市有机生活垃圾高温厌氧消化工艺影响

模拟由于加热失败导致温度从55℃突降到20℃(室温左右),且在20℃时持续时间分别为1h、5h、12h和24h,对高温厌氧消化处理城市有机生活垃圾工艺的影响进行了实验研究.温度突降以及恢复所需时间均在2h以内.正常状态下有机负荷为8.0g·(L·d)^-1,停留时间为15d.结果表明,温度突降后,产气量几乎降为0,总挥发性脂肪酸(VFA)和乙酸、丙酸含量快速积累,pH值也随之下降.但系统较高的缓冲能力使得pH值在正常范围内波动,并不影响反应器的运行.随着持续时间的延长,产甲烷菌等微生物的衰减上升,导致其产甲烷恢复时间延长.高温条件下温度波动不但影响产甲烷过程而且影响水解和发酵过程.但整个反应在温度突降后可以恢复,说明厌氧高温微生物对温度变化具有较好的恢复能力.     

胶质芽孢杆菌(Bacillus mucilaginosus)在餐厨垃圾废水中生长条件优化

为了探讨餐厨垃圾废水用作发酵基质生产液态解钾菌肥的可行性,选用胶质芽孢杆菌（Bacillus mucilaginosus）作为试验菌种,采用正交和单因素方法对相关生长因素进行了优化.结果表明,在餐厨垃圾废水中培养胶质芽孢杆菌经过3 d的调整期后进入对数生长期,6~7 d时活菌数达到最大,Ⅰ类废水活菌数为1.55×1010 CFU/mL,Ⅱ类废水活菌数为6.60×1010 CFU/mL.以Ⅱ类废水为基质进行正交试验确定的较优培养条件为pH=7、温度30℃、摇床转速160 r/min、接种量2.0%（V/V）.废水的pH和盐分对胶质芽孢杆菌的生长代谢影响极为显著:最适初始pH为7（活菌数为3.80×1010 CFU/mL和9.20×1010 CFU/mL）;随着ρ（NaCl）的增加,活菌数先升高后快速降低,最适ρ（NaCl）为4 g/L.Ⅰ类和Ⅱ类废水的最佳接种量分别为1.5%（活菌数为1.60×1010 CFU/mL）和2.0%（活菌数为6.40×1010 CFU/mL）.研究显示,胶质芽孢杆菌在餐厨垃圾废水中经过培养后可达到GB 20287-2006《农用微生物菌剂》中液态菌肥的活菌数（2.0×108 CFU/mL）,经湿热处理后的Ⅱ类废水对胶质芽孢杆菌的生长有明显的促进作用.