低碳城市能源需求与碳排放情景分析

以应对气候变化和发展低碳经济为大背景,在分析中国城市能源需求和碳排放现状与发展瓶颈的基础上,探讨了低碳城市未来可能的发展路径问题。选择河南省济源市作为研究开展的案例城市,借助情景分析法和"脱钩"概念模型,展示了济源市在能源和碳排放约束条件下,到2030年不同情景的低碳发展图景。认为:第一,从需求角度来看,能源需求总量在基准情景、低碳情景和强化低碳情景下均呈增长趋势,由于驱动因素的作用差异,基准情景下能源需求量最大,强化低碳情景下最小;第二,从消费角度来讲,人均能源消费量在不同情景下的变化趋势各有特点,其中低碳情景下可能在2020年前后出现拐点,此时人均能源消费量约为16.9tce/人,绝对值仍然较高;第三,从不同情景下减排潜力来看,低碳情景和强化低碳情景下仍具有较大的减排空间,例如2020年低碳情景下可能减排约741万t,强化低碳情景下约可减排1 790万t。基于对城市未来能源需求和碳排放的情景分析结果,给出了城市低碳发展的结论和政策建议:一是济源市的能源需求若保持现有高速增长趋势是不可取的,低碳情景下和强化低碳情景下能源需求总量和增速有明显改善;二是尽管在最严格的情景下,济源市的人均能耗预测值仍然高于国际国内其他城市的预测,但由于其资源禀赋、产业定位等问题,要实现这个目标仍存在着一定的挑战;三是济源市的经济增长依靠工业生产拉动,对于工业占比为绝对主导的这类城市而言,发展低碳经济的着力点和减排潜力释放应在传统产业格局的升级改造上。     

不同能源政策下苏浙沪能源消费碳排放高峰估计

中国要实现2030年左右达到CO2排放峰值目标,最终要落实到区域层面上。长三角地区作为中国经济的领头羊,其节能减排政策制定对其它省区具有示范作用。基于经济平稳增长模型对江苏省、浙江省和上海市未来的能源消费碳排放量进行了估计,并模拟了不同能源政策情景对能源消费碳排放的影响。研究表明:(1)基准情景下,江苏省、浙江省和上海市的能源消费碳排放高峰分别出现在2034年、2033年和2032年。(2)不同的能源政策对碳高峰的影响不同。能源结构调整情景和能源效率提高情景下,江苏省、浙江省和上海市的能源消费碳排放高峰都能提前到2030年以前,完成2030年碳排放达到峰值的目标。综合能源政策情景模拟结果显示,同时调整能源结构和提高能源效率,碳减排效果更加明显。     

面向“十三五”低碳发展的河南省碳减排路径

为践行中国政府到2020年的减排承诺,"十三五"期间区域碳排放预测及碳减排模式研究成为关注的焦点。文章构建拓展的IPAT模型预测BAU、CP、LC三种社会经济发展情景下的能源消费与CO_2排放趋势,进而选定"十三五"期间河南省的碳减排路径。研究表明,2000年以来河南省能源消费及CO_2排放总量与人均量均不断攀升。河南省能源消费与CO_2排放的预测量在三种情景下呈现不同的能源与部门结构特点,不同情景下的碳减排任务完成难度有所差异,LC情景下的低碳模式有助于实现"十三五"期间的碳减排目标。河南省的低碳发展本质上需要经济发展方式的转变。     

中国经济发展与能源消费及碳排放解耦分析

随着经济快速发展,我国的能源供给和生态环境面临着双重压力,为实现经济与环境双赢,应使经济增长与能源消费及二氧化碳排放之间的耦合关系"解耦",走出一条绿色、低碳的可持续发展道路。我国经济增长与能源消费、能源消费与二氧化碳排放的解耦具有重要的现实意义,既是建设"两型社会"的要求也是科学发展的必然选择,更是实现"生态文明"和"美丽中国"的主要途径。本文在研究发达国家经济发展与能源消费、能源消费与二氧化碳排放解耦规律的基础上,回顾了我国过往30多年的经济发展、能源消费和二氧化碳排放历程,提出我国未来发展的三种情景假设,即惯性情景、低碳情景和2度情景。研究认为,惯性情景是一种高碳发展情景,既不可能实现也不允许发生;2度情景的实现有较大难度,是进一步努力的方向;我国应按照低碳情景模式发展。我国未来能源发展路径应在科学供给满足合理需求前提下,按照科学产能实施国内能源生产,加强能源消费总量控制,特别是煤和石油等高碳化石能源使用量,改善能源消费结构。能源生产要低碳、清洁,能源消费要节能优先、绿色高效。降低单位GDP能源消费量,控制人均能源消费量增长;降低单位能源消费产生的温室气体量,控制人均排放量。如按假设的低碳情景发展,中国发展进入新常态,GDP预期增速虽有所下降,但经济总量仍保持良好增长态势,2020年后我国经济增长与能源消费开始呈现逐步解耦的趋势,中国煤炭和石油消费量在2030年前达到峰值,我国经济增长与高碳能源(煤炭和石油)消费将在2030年前解耦;至2050年,我国能源消费趋于饱和,增量接近零,而经济总量继续增长,中国经济发展与能源消费接近绝对解耦;中国二氧化碳排放峰值将于2030年(或之前)到达,能源消费与二氧化碳排放在2030年(或之前)实现绝对解耦。     

温室气体核算与环境管理创新机制研究

在京津冀区域一体化发展的大背景下,针对城市大气污染治理和资源环境效应的优化改善,对温室气体排放状况进行梳理,作为分析城市环境容量的基础数据,继而从发展的资源生态限制角度,探索城市的低碳发展路径,结合京津冀区域发展方式转型的宏观要求,为有效破解经济增长与节能减排、大气污染治理之间的矛盾,为城市可持续发展路径和区域生态文明建设提供政策建议。认为:第一,近年来案例城市碳排放量呈增长的趋势,2005-2013年年均增长率达5.5%,碳排放与经济增长变化趋势一致;第二,对案例城市进行情景分析预测认为未来存在一定的减排空间;第三,碳排放权交易市场的建立是探索低碳城市建设的重要措施手段。     

中美两国2020年后减排目标比较

针对中美气候变化联合声明中公布的各自2020年后减排目标,本文通过情景分析的方法,测算了中美两国实现各自目标所需要采取的行动和努力,比较了两国在GDP碳排放强度下降、新能源和可再生能源发展规模、CO2排放达峰时间及其所处发展阶段、以及电力部门减排四个方面的努力程度和效果。通过比较可以看到,在中美两国分别实现各自既定目标的情况下,中国单位GDP碳强度年下降率将达4%,其幅度高于美国在2025年减排28%目标下的年下降率(3.59%);中国的新能源和可再生能源发展也更为迅速,年均增速高达约8%,2030年非化石能源总供应量可达11.6亿tce,约为届时美国非化石能源总供应量的2倍;在CO2排放达峰值方面,中国实现CO2排放峰值时所处的发展阶段要早于美国达峰值时的经济社会发展阶段,中国在强化低碳发展情景目标下可在2030年左右实现碳排放达峰值,且峰值时人均CO2排放约8 t水平,低于美国CO2排放峰值时的人均排放19.5 t的水平;在电力部门的减排努力方面,中国在未来比较高的电力需求背景下,2030年可实现比2011年单位千瓦时的CO2强度下降35%,而美国同期则只需下降约20%即可实现其电力部门的减排目标。上述几项指标的比较更可突显中国2020年后的减排目标是非常宏伟且极具挑战的。在实现2030年减排目标的行动中,中国政府还需要进一步强化和细化新能源和可再生能源的发展目标,进一步分解和落实全国及各省市的减排目标和减排行动,持续推进节能与加强新能源技术的创新,在经济高速发展的同时协调好经济、能源和环境的问题,早日实现低碳发展和生态文明。     

二氧化碳排放的国际比较及对我国低碳经济发展的启示

首先分析了我国二氧化碳排放的基本情况,指出当前二氧化碳排放增长率虽然有所下降,但环境形势依然严峻。然后从国家碳排放总量、人均CO2排放量、单位GDP二氧化碳排放量、国家累积碳排放和人均累积碳排放几个方面对我国二氧化碳排放水平与国际水平进行了比较,并结合节能减排目标对我国低碳经济的发展提出了相关建议。     

中国低碳试点城市的碳排放特征与碳减排路径研究北大核心CSCDCSSCI

城市既是温室气体排放最主要的领域,也是易受到气候变化影响的领域,实现城市的碳减排已成为全球应对气候变化日益重要的举措。中国正在经历全球规模最大、速度最快的城镇化进程,城市的低碳发展对于中国实现应对气候变化目标,推进生态文明建设,实现经济、社会与环境的共赢意义重大。2010年7月以来,中国国家发展和改革委员会先后开展了三批87个低碳省区和低碳城市的试点工作。根据低碳城市试点的进展,本文采用Tapio脱钩模型考察低碳试点城市经济增长与碳排放总量变动之间的关系,并根据脱钩弹性系数的大小将低碳试点城市分为低碳成熟型、低碳成长型、低碳后发型三种。在对城市进行分类的基础上采用STIRPAT模型,考察经济规模、能源结构、产业结构、城镇化水平等因素和碳排放总量和人均碳排放量之间的关系,识别不同驱动因素对试点城市碳排放的影响,依据碳排放驱动因素识别不同类型城市的减排路径。研究结论表明,对于低碳成熟型城市,大力发展可再生能源,加大研发投入是有效的减排途径;对于低碳成长型城市,优化产业结构,提升城镇化质量是减少碳排放的关键;对于低碳后发型城市,实现低碳发展需在促进经济增长的基础上,加快淘汰落后产能,加速产业升级转型。同时,位于东、中、西不同区域的低碳试点城市呈现出不同的碳排放特征,未来在探索差异化、多元化的城市减排路径时,区域性的绿色低碳协同发展有利于实现城市碳减排的目标。     

中国低碳试点城市的碳排放特征与碳减排路径研究

城市既是温室气体排放最主要的领域,也是易受到气候变化影响的领域,实现城市的碳减排已成为全球应对气候变化日益重要的举措。中国正在经历全球规模最大、速度最快的城镇化进程,城市的低碳发展对于中国实现应对气候变化目标,推进生态文明建设,实现经济、社会与环境的共赢意义重大。2010年7月以来,中国国家发展和改革委员会先后开展了三批87个低碳省区和低碳城市的试点工作。根据低碳城市试点的进展,本文采用Tapio脱钩模型考察低碳试点城市经济增长与碳排放总量变动之间的关系,并根据脱钩弹性系数的大小将低碳试点城市分为低碳成熟型、低碳成长型、低碳后发型三种。在对城市进行分类的基础上采用STIRPAT模型,考察经济规模、能源结构、产业结构、城镇化水平等因素和碳排放总量和人均碳排放量之间的关系,识别不同驱动因素对试点城市碳排放的影响,依据碳排放驱动因素识别不同类型城市的减排路径。研究结论表明,对于低碳成熟型城市,大力发展可再生能源,加大研发投入是有效的减排途径;对于低碳成长型城市,优化产业结构,提升城镇化质量是减少碳排放的关键;对于低碳后发型城市,实现低碳发展需在促进经济增长的基础上,加快淘汰落后产能,加速产业升级转型。同时,位于东、中、西不同区域的低碳试点城市呈现出不同的碳排放特征,未来在探索差异化、多元化的城市减排路径时,区域性的绿色低碳协同发展有利于实现城市碳减排的目标。     

中部六省低碳发展水平测度及发展潜力分析

人为的碳排放导致气候变化的加剧，低碳经济已成为人类的共识，向低能耗、低污染、低排放的低碳发展模式转型已成为世界各国可持续发展的必经之路。以我国中部六省作为研究区域，通过碳排放总量、人均碳排放量、地均碳排放量、碳生产率、碳能源排放系数等一系列指标对中部地区的低碳发展水平进行测度，对比各指标空间差异，认为中部地区目前还处于高碳发展阶段，碳排放总量大，碳生产率低，碳能源排放系数高，山西、河南尤为严重；在此基础上，采用产业 能源关联模型和能源 碳排放关联模型分析中部地区的低碳发展潜力，认为中部地区产业结构多元化水平和能源结构多元化水平低，且演化速率极其缓慢，致使碳排放增长速率无法减缓；中部地区虽然碳减排难度大，但减排潜力也大。〖     

WSSD 2002, Latin America and Brazil: Biodiversity and Indigenous People

Latin America comprehends notable variations in terms of natural environment, availability of natural resources, living standards, and demographic patterns. Latin America is a mosaic of cultures, post- and pre-Columbian. The rich variety of life forms discovered and described by chroniclers and traveling naturalists in the Neotropics contributed to the proposal, in mid-XVIIIth century, of a new system of classification and a scientific code of nomenclature for all organisms. Biodiversity was, for many centuries, a source of resources to be exploited in natura. In scientific circles, its inventory became the domain of taxonomists. But modern technology showed how important the miriad of life forms really are as sources of chemical molecules to be engineered as drugs and reassembled as novel manufactured products. We are on the brink of a new agricultural and medical revolution, thanks to the techniques of genetic engineering, which will lead eventually to the elimination of hunger and malnutrition.In this essay, the Brazilian environmental and social heterogeneity will serve as an example to illustrate some key points, which have influenced sustainability policies. The Amazon deforestation and indigenous knowledge (IK), subjects often associated with areas of high biodiversity, are usually the focus of environmental debates. The importance of IK in integrating development, reducing poverty and sustainability are considered together with the intellectual property rights of native populations.In the World Summit on Sustainable Development (WSSD) Implementation Plan, a few paragraphs were dedicated to Latin America, because of the pre-existing Action Platform on the Road to Johannesburg 2002, approved in Rio de Janeiro in October 2001. This paper calls attention to the need to draw up specific environmental policies for a region which shows an extremely high cultural and biological diversity, associated with a high availability of forests and water, among other resources.     

Latitudinal variation in size of freshwater pulmonate mollusks (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Pulmonata) in Western Siberia

The size of shells in some freshwater pulmonate mollusk species abundant in Western Siberia (Lymnaea fragilis, L. terebra, Planorbis planorbis, and Anisus leucostoma) is relatively large in the south and decreases in the north. It is supposed that this phenomenon is explained by the fact that the season with conditions allowing the growth of mollusks is shorter in the north than in the south of Western Siberia.     

湘鄂赣农业资源与专业化区域化方向

湘鄂赣地理位置优越,农业资源丰富,稻谷、茶叶、麻类、棉花、油料、柑桔和淡水产品、禽蛋、肉类等在我国居有重要的地位,因此,大力发展三省农业生产,对我国人民实现小康生活具有战略意义。今后,要加速专业化区域化进程。我们找出生产潜力所在:改造低产田、低产园、低产水面;开发“三高”技术;开垦荒地、荒山、荒水;适当提高复种指数。通过建设,三省主要农产品将自给有余,还可满足国内外市场的需要。努力方向:高效农业开发——综合农业开发,吨粮田开发,玉米带开发,饲料稻开发,山区开发;合理布局农业生产;深化农业商品基地建设,发展综合利用,搞活商品流通;全面提高农业现代化水平,加强农业社会服务体系。     

Ethnosciences––A step towards the integration of scientific and indigenous forms of knowledge in the management of natural resources for the future

Integration of indigenous knowledge and ethnoscientific approaches into contemporary frameworks for conservation and sustainable management of natural resources will become increasingly important in policies on an international and national level, both in countries that are industrialised and those that have a developing status. We set the scene on how this can be done by exploring the key conditions and dimensions of a dialogue between ȁ8ontologiesȁ9 and the roles, which ethnosciences could play in this process. First, the roles of ethnosciences in the context of sustainable development were analysed, placing emphasis on the implications arising when western sciences aspire to relate to indigenous forms of␣knowledge. Secondly, the contributions of ethnosciences to such an ȁ8inter- ontological dialogueȁ9 were explored, based on an ethnoecological study of the encounter of sciences and indigenous knowledge in the Andes of Bolivia, and reviewed experiences from mangrove systems in Kenya, India and Sri Lanka, and from case-studies in other ecosystems world-wide, incl. Australia, Burkina Faso, Ecuador, Ethiopia, Guatemala, Indonesia, Nepal, Niger, Philippines, Senegal, South-Africa and Tanzania.     

Paradoxical ozone associations could be due to methyl nitrite from combustion of methyl ethers or esters in engine fuels

We review studies of the effects of low ambient ozone concentrations on morbidity that found a negative coefficient for ozone concentration. We call this a Paradoxical Ozone Association (POA). All studies were in regions with methyl ether in gasoline. All but one study carefully controlled for the effects of other criterion pollutants, so the phenomenon cannot be attributed to them. One was in southern California in mid-summer when ozone levels are highest. Because ozone is created by sunlight, the most plausible explanation for a POA would be an ambient pollutant that is rapidly destroyed by sunlight, such as methyl nitrite (MN). A previously published model of engine exhaust chemistry suggested methyl ether in the fuel will create MN in the exhaust. MN is known to be highly toxic, and closely related alkyl nitrites are known to induce respiratory sensitivity in humans. Support for the interpretation comes from many studies, including three linking asthma symptoms to methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE) and the observation that a POA has not been seen in regions without ether in gasoline. We also note that studies in southern California show a historical trend from more significant to less significant ozone-health associations. The timing of those changes is consistent with the known timing of the introduction of gasoline oxygenated with MTBE in that region.     

Prognosis of the spatiotemporal dynamics of ecosystems by means of universal kriging

The use of quantitative data for constructing prognostic maps of the dynamics of ecosystem degradation and restoration by nonlinear simulation methods is a topical field of landscape ecology. This method of dynamic cartography is based on fiberwise comparison of data on the state of Chernye Zemli (the Kalmyk Republic, Russia) in different years and the detailed analysis of the period on which the prognosis was based. For this purpose, materials of repeated aerial and satellite photography obtained during a long period (1954–1993) were used. Comparison of maps characterizing the dynamics of Chernye Zemli between 1958 and 1993 allows prognostic electronic maps for the next 10–15 years (with a five-year interval) to be drawn and land prognosis for the next 20–30 years (1998–2023) to be obtained. Deceased     

Distributions of personal VOC exposures: a population-based analysis

Information regarding the distribution of volatile organic compound (VOC) concentrations and exposures is scarce, and there have been few, if any, studies using population-based samples from which representative estimates can be derived. This study characterizes distributions of personal exposures to ten different VOCs in the U.S. measured in the 1999-2000 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Personal VOC exposures were collected for 669 individuals over 2-3 days, and measurements were weighted to derive national-level statistics. Four common exposure sources were identified using factor analyses: gasoline vapor and vehicle exhaust, methyl tert-butyl ether (MBTE) as a gasoline additive, tap water disinfection products, and household cleaning products. Benzene, toluene, ethyl benzene, xylenes chloroform, and tetrachloroethene were fit to log-normal distributions with reasonably good agreement to observations. 1,4-Dichlorobenzene and trichloroethene were fit to Pareto distributions, and MTBE to Weibull distribution, but agreement was poor. However, distributions that attempt to match all of the VOC exposure data can lead to incorrect conclusions regarding the level and frequency of the higher exposures. Maximum Gumbel distributions gave generally good fits to extrema, however, they could not fully represent the highest exposures of the NHANES measurements. The analysis suggests that complete models for the distribution of VOC exposures require an approach that combines standard and extreme value distributions, and that carefully identifies outliers. This is the first study to provide national-level and representative statistics regarding the VOC exposures, and its results have important implications for risk assessment and probabilistic analyses.     

Household water in rural asia: a case study of the construction of a piped water system in Bangui,Ilocos Norte,Philippines

In early 1980 an extension agent was assigned to the rural municipality of Bangui, Ilocos Norte, Philippines to work on development projects – in particular the improvement of the supply of safe water for drinking and sanitation. After many months of visiting spring sites and meeting with community leaders, a small part of the municipality was selected to build a gravity fed piped water system. Although the system took many months to plan, identify funding and construct, the 600 community members were ultimately rewarded with house to house connections that enabled them to achieve per capita water consumption levels above the minimum levels recommended by the World Health Organization. Of course, money was critical to ensure the project’s success, but many other factors played an equally critical role. For instance, without the active participation of the community and the unwavering support of the community leadership the project would not have survived the initial planning stage. Also, the extension agent played a critical role by acting as a conduit between funding agencies, the Bureau of Public Works and the community. The primary lesson to be learned from this experience is that the success of rural development projects is largely driven by the synergy between the community, technical support, financial support, and agents of change such as extension agents. If any of these ingredients had been lacking, the project result would likely have been far different.     

A general approach to transform a lake model for one radionuclide (radiocesium) to another (radiostrontium) and critical model tests using data for four Ural lakes contaminated by the fallout from the Kyshtym accident in 1957

This paper presents results of a model test carried out within the framework of the COMETES project (EU). The aim of the work was to change the structure of the MOIRA lake model for radiocesium so that it can be applied more generally for, in principle, all types of radionuclides and heavy metals. This general lake model is used within the MOIRA decision support system (DSS; MOIRA and COMETES are acronyms for EU-projects). The model is based on a set of differential equations and a specific modelling structure. It incorporates all important fluxes to, from and within lakes in a general manner. Yet the model is driven by a minimum of variables accessible from standard maps and monitoring programs. The model can be separated into two parts, a general part with equations applicable for all types of water pollutants and a substance-specific part. This model has previously been validated for 137Cs from many lakes covering a wide domain and yielded excellent predictive power. The alterations discussed in this work are meant to be general and radiostrontium is used as a typical element. Radiostrontium is known to be more mobile than radiocesium and all abiotic parts of the model handling fixation and mobility have been altered. The new model for 90Sr has been critically tested using data from four lakes heavily contaminated with 90Sr from the Kyshtym accident in the Southern Urals, Russia, using empirical data from a period from 1958 to 1995 for 90Sr in fish (here goldfish), water and sediments.