人口年龄结构对区域经济增长的影响研究

经济增长和人口年龄结构通过人力资源和人的各种需求而联系起来.通过推导出含有年龄结构系数M的区域经济增长理论模型,将教育人力资本和干中学经验资本及就业效应共同体现在柯布-道格拉斯生产函数中.以山东省140个县域单元为样本进行实证分析,通过构建空间经济计量模型,研究发现:①增加人口年龄结构变量和考虑空间效应,可以显著提高模型的拟合优度,在现实中应重视年龄结构和空间溢出对县域经济增长的作用;②所有劳动适龄组均刺激经济增长,但以15-29岁年龄组的影响最显著;③除存在较强的空间集聚和空间依赖性,山东省区域经济增长显现出条件β-收敛;短期看人口增长和储蓄率对县域经济增长的作用显著为负;④鼓励30-44岁劳动力提高干中学经验效应以促进区域经济运行和缓解人口老龄化的不利影响.     

中国省际间人口迁移对经济增长动态收敛的影响

在一个动态收敛框架下应用经典收敛理论分析了中国省际间人口迁移对经济增长动态收敛的影响,通过横向对比发现:越是相对发达地区,其经济增长单纯受人口要素流动的影响越弱;越是相对落后地区,人口迁移对经济增长的影响效应也越大.其次,由于相同时期的人口迁移所引致的不同经济集团到达各自的稳态存在时间差,从而加剧了不同集团间的增长不均衡,并最终造成了中国经济增长总体差距的不断扩大.纵向的对比也发现,富裕地区的经济受人口迁移的影响不大,但是影响趋势却逐渐由促进收敛转向减缓收敛;中等发达地区的经济受人口迁移影响的趋势也是由促进收敛逐渐转移到减缓收敛甚至于增加发散,与富裕地区相比较,其影响的程度增强了;贫穷地区的经济受人口迁移的影响最大,并且人口迁移使贫穷地区的经济增长由最初的引致发散逐渐转向引致收敛.     

昆山市22年来耕地流失研究

以昆山市1985～2006年共22 a间的耕地面积变化及与之相关的总户籍人口、非农业人口、第一产业从业人口、地区生产总值、人均地区生产总值、第一产业生产总值、第二产业生产总值、粮食总产量和社会固定资产投资等9种社会经济指标为研究对象,采用变化率相关分析、主成分阶段分类等新方法对目前耕地流失研究中常用的相关分析、主成分分析等数学方法进行改进。研究结果表明：（1）新方法在耕地流失主要驱动因素分析和阶段划分方面具有独特的优势,同时能够通过回归方程的验证,所得结论可信度较高;（2）昆山市耕地流失的首要驱动因素为以人均地区生产总值为代表的社会经济水平的提高,同时人口增长和第二产业的发展加剧了耕地流失状况;（3）昆山市耕地流失按照所受压力对农业发展的影响可以分为3个阶段,分别为1985～1994年的未限制阶段、1995～1997年制约平衡阶段和1998～2006年限制阻碍阶段。     

贵州人口老龄化空间格局演变及环境成因

人口是一种重要的社会经济资源,老化的人口渐趋成为贵州经济社会可持续发展中不可回避的问题。研究贵州人口老龄化县域差异,可为老龄化问题解决和人口政策合理制定提供科学参考。选取1990、2000和2010年贵州县域老龄系数为人口老龄化指标,采用空间自相关和热点分析、地理加权回归和偏最小二乘法探求人口老龄化变化特征和环境成因。得出如下结论:(1)1990～2010年,贵州省县域老龄系数总体由东北向西南递减,2000年后空间内部组团明显;贵州老龄系数变动大致以贵阳分界,以东老龄系数递增较快,以西递增较慢。(2)贵州老龄人口空间集聚不断增强,区域间差异逐渐扩大;老龄系数低低区域增长显著,同时冷热点空间出现明显扩散与转移。(3)环境成因对人口老龄化影响具有空间差异,总体上降水是促进老龄人口聚集的主要自然因素,地形起伏度和气温对人口老龄化具有负向作用,石漠化的改善对人口老龄化影响由弱变强。     

昆山市22年来耕地流失研究

以昆山市1985～2006年共22a间的耕地面积变化及与之相关的总户籍人口、非农业人口、第一产业从业人口、地区生产总值、人均地区生产总值、第一产业生产总值、第二产业生产总值、粮食总产量和社会固定资产投资等9种社会经济指标为研究对象,采用变化率相关分析、主成分阶段分类等新方法对目前耕地流失研究中常用的相关分析、主成分分析等数学方法进行改进。研究结果表明:(1)新方法在耕地流失主要驱动因素分析和阶段划分方面具有独特的优势,同时能够通过回归方程的验证,所得结论可信度较高;(2)昆山市耕地流失的首要驱动因素为以人均地区生产总值为代表的社会经济水平的提高,同时人口增长和第二产业的发展加剧了耕地流失状况;(3)昆山市耕地流失按照所受压力对农业发展的影响可以分为3个阶段,分别为1985～1994年的未限制阶段、1995～1997年制约平衡阶段和1998～2006年限制阻碍阶段。     

中国省际人口迁移对地区差距的影响

人口迁移对地区差距影响的程度和趋势目前并没有一致的结论,学术界称之为"迁移谜题"。国内学者们大多数更倾向于认为人口迁移可以有效地促进地区经济增长的收敛,并因此可以促进地区差距的进一步缩小,但是也有一部分学者不这样认为,单就劳动力投入要素来说,他们认为中国省际人口迁移将最终导致地区差距的进一步扩大而不是缩小。本文基于人口迁移提出了一个对人均产出进行剥离的分析框架,考察在去掉人口迁移影响因素前后中国东部、中部、西部地区人均产出及总产出的变化趋势,以及由此带来的东部、中部、西部地区内部差距以及三大地带间增长差距的变化。结论是,自改革开放以来,中国省际人口迁移显著地扩大了东部地区的内部差距、中部地区的内部差距、三大地带间差距、以及中国整体的地区差距,只有西部地区的内部差距因为受到人口迁移的影响而显著地缩小了。     

多维度视角下中国人口城镇化发展模式

在中国进入人口城镇化发展中后期的背景下,透过人口城镇化水平快速提升的表象,从结构层面对人口城镇化发展模式进行多维度探究,有助于清楚识别与理解城镇化发展的内在机制与规律,发现城镇化发展进程中存在的问题并提出合理的应对策略。该研究利用第六次和第七次人口普查分县数据,以地级行政区为基本统计单元,并将数据汇总至省级和区域层面,从城乡人口变动、城镇人口增长来源、城镇人口空间分布三个维度对2010—2020年中国人口城镇化发展模式进行了深入探究。实证结果显示：(1)中国人口城镇化率的提升是城镇人口和乡村人口变动共同作用的结果,城镇人口增长的贡献度高于乡村人口减少的贡献度。(2)乡城人口迁移仍是中国城镇人口增长的绝对主力,其次为区划调整增长,最末为自然增长。(3)城镇人口空间分布趋于分散,县域城镇人口变动对城镇化率的贡献度略高于市辖区城镇人口变动。(4)东北地区城镇化率的提升主要依赖于乡村人口的减少,城镇人口已出现自然负增长和净迁出的现象,且该地区大多数县域城镇人口流失严重。据此,各级政府应及时审视过往人口城镇化发展的结构特征,在不断促进经济发展和完善公共服务供给的前提下,重点结合区域或城市自身的自...     

人口红利、结构红利与区域经济增长

现有的研究中忽视了人口红利与结构红利具有的内在联系,结果主观的拆分了劳动力投入增加和劳动力部门间转移对经济的增长效应,并在研究过程中对二者的增长路径和传导机制模糊化处理,也就出现了研究结论大相径庭的情况。本文通过在模型中同时引入人口红利和结构红利增长效应的代理变量,对我国四大经济板块进行误差修正分析。研究结果显示人口红利的产出效应在西部和中部地区对经济增长产生抑制作用,而资本积累效应在各个地区均不显著;结构转型过程中的劳动力(行业,空间)流动带来的增长效应在中部和东北地区效果较明显,其他地区甚至是负作用。资本要素(行业,空间)转移作用不明显,在中部和西部地区甚至出现抑制作用。土地要素的形态(用途)转移对东部沿海地区经济增长产生了负向作用,而在中部、西部和东北地区却呈现巨大的促进作用。     

中国人口年龄结构变动对能源消费的影响研究——基于省际动态面板数据的GMM分析

人的生产者和消费者的双重身份以及人口结构的动态变化使得人口因素对能源消费的影响极其复杂,不同年龄结构的人口对能源消费会产生不同影响。文章通过将反映人口年龄结构变动的少儿抚养比、老年抚养比和总抚养比3个指标引入扩展的STIRPAT模型,基于我国30个省市区1996-2013年的面板数据,利用GMM法对我国人口年龄结构变动对能源消费的影响进行了实证分析,结果表明:少儿抚养比、总抚养比、前期能源消费、经济增长、居民消费等因素对我国能源消费均具有显著影响,老年抚养比对能源消费的影响暂时不显著,但随着人口老龄化的加剧其影响会逐步显现;少儿抚养比和总抚养比与能源消费反方向变动;前期能源消费对当期能源消费存在显著正影响;经济增长和居民消费与能源消费同方向变动;在所有影响能源消费的因素中,前期能源消费的作用最大,少儿抚养比和总抚养比变动对能源消费的影响已超过经济增长,正逐步成为影响能源消费的主要因素。基于此,文章提出应将人口年龄结构因素纳入相关政策视野,适时调整完善人口政策,根据人口年龄结构变动特征不断优化能源消费结构,加快促进经济增长方式转变,大力发展节能技术,逐步提高能源利用率等相关政策建议,以促进我国人口、资源、环境和经济社会的可持续发展。     

江苏省人口规模、结构对碳排放的影响分析

将人口结构因素纳入STIRPAT模型,利用江苏省1982~2010年的相关数据运用统计和计量方法对影响碳排放的人口总量、人口城市化、老龄人口比重、家庭规模、人均消费额、碳排放强度等相关因素进行实证分析。结果表明：家庭规模具有显著的负效应;在显著的正向影响因素中,老龄人口比重弹性最大,其它依次为人均消费额、人口总量、人口城市化水平、碳排放强度。在考虑人口结构情况下,碳排放的人口规模弹性小于1,缺乏弹性,说明人口总量对江苏碳排放的影响开始放缓;人口年龄结构对碳排放的影响逐渐显现,特别是老龄人口比重已经超过人口规模,成为促进碳排放的第一驱动因素;人口城市化进程和人均消费额直接加剧了碳排放,以碳排放强度表示技术进步对抑制碳排放有一定的作用,但不显著。针对分析结果,探讨了江苏省未来低碳发展的应对之策     

Ethnosciences––A step towards the integration of scientific and indigenous forms of knowledge in the management of natural resources for the future

Integration of indigenous knowledge and ethnoscientific approaches into contemporary frameworks for conservation and sustainable management of natural resources will become increasingly important in policies on an international and national level, both in countries that are industrialised and those that have a developing status. We set the scene on how this can be done by exploring the key conditions and dimensions of a dialogue between ȁ8ontologiesȁ9 and the roles, which ethnosciences could play in this process. First, the roles of ethnosciences in the context of sustainable development were analysed, placing emphasis on the implications arising when western sciences aspire to relate to indigenous forms of␣knowledge. Secondly, the contributions of ethnosciences to such an ȁ8inter- ontological dialogueȁ9 were explored, based on an ethnoecological study of the encounter of sciences and indigenous knowledge in the Andes of Bolivia, and reviewed experiences from mangrove systems in Kenya, India and Sri Lanka, and from case-studies in other ecosystems world-wide, incl. Australia, Burkina Faso, Ecuador, Ethiopia, Guatemala, Indonesia, Nepal, Niger, Philippines, Senegal, South-Africa and Tanzania.     

Paradoxical ozone associations could be due to methyl nitrite from combustion of methyl ethers or esters in engine fuels

We review studies of the effects of low ambient ozone concentrations on morbidity that found a negative coefficient for ozone concentration. We call this a Paradoxical Ozone Association (POA). All studies were in regions with methyl ether in gasoline. All but one study carefully controlled for the effects of other criterion pollutants, so the phenomenon cannot be attributed to them. One was in southern California in mid-summer when ozone levels are highest. Because ozone is created by sunlight, the most plausible explanation for a POA would be an ambient pollutant that is rapidly destroyed by sunlight, such as methyl nitrite (MN). A previously published model of engine exhaust chemistry suggested methyl ether in the fuel will create MN in the exhaust. MN is known to be highly toxic, and closely related alkyl nitrites are known to induce respiratory sensitivity in humans. Support for the interpretation comes from many studies, including three linking asthma symptoms to methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE) and the observation that a POA has not been seen in regions without ether in gasoline. We also note that studies in southern California show a historical trend from more significant to less significant ozone-health associations. The timing of those changes is consistent with the known timing of the introduction of gasoline oxygenated with MTBE in that region.     

湘鄂赣农业资源与专业化区域化方向

湘鄂赣地理位置优越,农业资源丰富,稻谷、茶叶、麻类、棉花、油料、柑桔和淡水产品、禽蛋、肉类等在我国居有重要的地位,因此,大力发展三省农业生产,对我国人民实现小康生活具有战略意义。今后,要加速专业化区域化进程。我们找出生产潜力所在:改造低产田、低产园、低产水面;开发“三高”技术;开垦荒地、荒山、荒水;适当提高复种指数。通过建设,三省主要农产品将自给有余,还可满足国内外市场的需要。努力方向:高效农业开发——综合农业开发,吨粮田开发,玉米带开发,饲料稻开发,山区开发;合理布局农业生产;深化农业商品基地建设,发展综合利用,搞活商品流通;全面提高农业现代化水平,加强农业社会服务体系。     

Latitudinal variation in size of freshwater pulmonate mollusks (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Pulmonata) in Western Siberia

The size of shells in some freshwater pulmonate mollusk species abundant in Western Siberia (Lymnaea fragilis, L. terebra, Planorbis planorbis, and Anisus leucostoma) is relatively large in the south and decreases in the north. It is supposed that this phenomenon is explained by the fact that the season with conditions allowing the growth of mollusks is shorter in the north than in the south of Western Siberia.     

Prognosis of the spatiotemporal dynamics of ecosystems by means of universal kriging

The use of quantitative data for constructing prognostic maps of the dynamics of ecosystem degradation and restoration by nonlinear simulation methods is a topical field of landscape ecology. This method of dynamic cartography is based on fiberwise comparison of data on the state of Chernye Zemli (the Kalmyk Republic, Russia) in different years and the detailed analysis of the period on which the prognosis was based. For this purpose, materials of repeated aerial and satellite photography obtained during a long period (1954–1993) were used. Comparison of maps characterizing the dynamics of Chernye Zemli between 1958 and 1993 allows prognostic electronic maps for the next 10–15 years (with a five-year interval) to be drawn and land prognosis for the next 20–30 years (1998–2023) to be obtained. Deceased     

Distributions of personal VOC exposures: a population-based analysis

Information regarding the distribution of volatile organic compound (VOC) concentrations and exposures is scarce, and there have been few, if any, studies using population-based samples from which representative estimates can be derived. This study characterizes distributions of personal exposures to ten different VOCs in the U.S. measured in the 1999-2000 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Personal VOC exposures were collected for 669 individuals over 2-3 days, and measurements were weighted to derive national-level statistics. Four common exposure sources were identified using factor analyses: gasoline vapor and vehicle exhaust, methyl tert-butyl ether (MBTE) as a gasoline additive, tap water disinfection products, and household cleaning products. Benzene, toluene, ethyl benzene, xylenes chloroform, and tetrachloroethene were fit to log-normal distributions with reasonably good agreement to observations. 1,4-Dichlorobenzene and trichloroethene were fit to Pareto distributions, and MTBE to Weibull distribution, but agreement was poor. However, distributions that attempt to match all of the VOC exposure data can lead to incorrect conclusions regarding the level and frequency of the higher exposures. Maximum Gumbel distributions gave generally good fits to extrema, however, they could not fully represent the highest exposures of the NHANES measurements. The analysis suggests that complete models for the distribution of VOC exposures require an approach that combines standard and extreme value distributions, and that carefully identifies outliers. This is the first study to provide national-level and representative statistics regarding the VOC exposures, and its results have important implications for risk assessment and probabilistic analyses.     

Geographic Variation in the Seasonal Reproductive Strategy of the Mite Varroa jacobsoni in the Honeybee Nest

Variation in the reproduction of Varroa jacobsoni mite was studied in relation to the expansion of the range of its parasitism on the honeybee. Geographic differences in the seasonal dynamics of mite reproduction in the nests of bee families were revealed. Variation in the sex ratio of mites and the factors inhibiting their reproduction at the northern boundary of the honeybee range are considered. The forms of parthenogenetic reproduction in V. jacobsoni are discussed.     

Long-term increase in climatic dryness in the East-Mediterranean as evidenced for the island of Samos

The Eastern Mediterranean region is among the regions which were predicted to become drier under IPCC climate scenarios. Here, we document a gradual reduction of rainfall and tree growth and the loss of rural springs during the last decades of the twentieth century. Years with severe drought are associated with very low tree growth (dendrochronology) and dry falling of springs as evidenced by interviews with local stakeholders. The paper discusses the consequences of accelerating drought on natural vegetation and agriculture and points at the interaction with fire dynamics and economy, both likely to enhance the drought effect.     

Comparative analysis of the effect of predator odor on morphological and physiological parameters of adult male Campbell hamsters (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Phodopus campbelli</Emphasis>) and dwarf hamsters (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Phodopus sungorus</Emphasis>)

The effect of long-term exposure to natural excretions of the European polecat on the morphological parameters and hormonal status of adult male Campbell hamsters (Phodopus campbelli) and dwarf hamsters (Ph. sungorus) was studied. Exposure to volatile components of natural excreta of a potential predator did not have any significant effect on hamsters. The combined influence of volatile and nonvolatile components of the polecat’s excretions caused physiological stress in Ph. campbelli, while in Ph. sungorus, on the contrary, an increase in thymus weight and the plasma testosterone level was recorded.     

How Do Groups Solve Local Commons Dilemmas? Lessons from Experimental Economics in the Field

The use of experimental settings to observe human behaviour in a controlled environment of incentives, rules and institutions, has been widely used by the behavioural sciences for sometime now, particularly by psychology and economics. In most cases the subjects are college students recruited for one to two hour decision making exercises in which, depending on their choices, they earn cash averaging US$ 20. In such exercises players face a set of feasible actions, rules and incentives (payoffs) involving different forms of social exchange with other people, and that in most cases involve some kind of externalities with incomplete contracts, such as in the case of common-pool resources situations. Depending on the ecological and institutional settings, the resource users face a set of feasible levels of extraction, a set of rules regarding the control or monitoring of individual use, and sometimes ways of imposing material or non-material costs or rewards to those breaking or following the rules. We brought the experimental lab to the field and invited about two hundred users of natural resources in three Colombian rural villages to participate in such decision making exercises and through these and other research instruments we learned about the ways they solve - or fail to - tragedies of the commons with different social institutions. Further, bringing the lab to the field allowed us to explore some of the limitations of existing models about human behaviour and its consequences for designing policies for conserving ecosystems and improving social welfare.