中国制造业能源相关的碳排放因素分析

本文运用对数平均迪氏分解法,建立制造业部门能源消耗碳排放模型,将我国制造业碳排放分解为产出规模、部门结构,能源强度和能源结构等四个方面因素。以能源强度为标准把制造业划分为能源密集型行业和非能源密集型行业两类。结果发现:①从逐年效应来看,产出规模是碳排放增加的最大拉动因素,能源强度是碳排放较强的抑制因素,产业结构和能源结构两个因素影响相对较小,产出规模增长抵消了能源强度对碳减排的贡献导致碳排放总量增加。以1996年为基期,至2011年,除能源消耗强度的累积效应为负值外,其余三种因素的累积效应均为正值。②相较于非能源密集型行业,能源密集型行业数目虽少,对能源消耗碳排放的影响更大,但非能源密集型行业减碳潜力巨大。     

山东省工业总产值与能源消耗量的协整关系

为考察山东省工业经济发展与能源消耗之间的定量关系,本文基于协整分析和误差修正模型,实证研究了山东省工业总产值与能源消费的动态关系.选取1990-2008年山东省工业总产值和能源消耗的相关数据,通过对时序变量的协整检验、误差修正分析及Granger因果关系检验,对工业总产值和能源消耗量在时序维度的关系进行实证分析.研究得出山东省工业总产值与终端能源消耗量及原煤消耗量之间存在协整关系,工业总产值与终端能源消耗量为双向Granger因果关系,工业总产值是原煤消耗量的单向Granger原因,误差修正模型则显示了具有协整关系的时序变量长期均衡误差对其短期波动的修正.结果表明山东省工业经济发展仍然是以大量消耗能源为基础,而原煤在能源结构中又占主导地位,优化能源结构是山东省工业经济发展的方向.     

技术进步、结构变动与中国能源利用效率

随着中国经济的快速增长,能源生产与消费量呈几何级数增长,而单位GDP的能耗却不断下降.理论上,能源利用效率的变化可以归因于结构变化与技术进步.为了解释中国能源效率的这种变化过程,本文采用对数平均的LMDI方法将中国1994-2005年的能源强度变化分解为六大类产业结构变化、两位数产业结构变化效应和技术进步效应.研究结果表明,1994-2005年,能源强度降低主要得益于技术进步,但技术进步的贡献在2001年后不断降低,产业结构变动在1998年前降低了能源强度,1998年之后导致能源强度的上升.在技术效应中,化学原料及制品制造业、黑色金属冶炼及压延加工业、非金属矿物制品业等高耗能产业部门及居民消费业的技术进步是导致我国能源强度下降的主要原因.     

产业调整路径、幅度与能源消耗

经济增长和节约能源要二者兼顾,在促进经济增长的同时,还要减少能源消耗和环境污染,要达到这个目的短期有效的方法是通过产业结构调整来降低能耗水平。本文以制造业各产业为研究对象,用线性支出扩展模型来确定制造业各产业对能源的最低需求量,来指导降低能耗的幅度;用产业能耗比重来反应不同产业的能源消耗水平,用单位能耗产出来反应产业的能耗绩效,用能耗产出弹性来反应产业结构调整的方向。通过控制能耗比重大、单位能耗产出低的产业,可以有效地降低能源消耗。政府可以根据不同产业制定能源消费政策引导产业结构调整,同时通过控制能源价格来调节不同产业对能源的需求。     

用能权交易政策对地区产业结构优化升级的影响

中共二十大报告中提及中国现有资源环境约束趋紧、环境污染等问题,而用能权交易政策是中国实现绿色、循环、低碳发展的关键举措,是推进可持续发展和生态文明建设的重大制度创新,那么在生态效益和经济效益的双重考虑下,该政策能否对产业结构产生影响效果？基于此,该研究以用能权交易试点启动为准自然实验,采用31个省份2009—2020年的面板数据,运用双重差分法探究该政策对产业结构优化升级的影响与作用机制。研究结果表明：(1)整体上看,用能权交易政策能够显著促进产业结构优化升级,对产业结构高级化的促进作用大于对产业结构合理化的不利影响,且在通过一系列平行趋势假设检验、安慰剂检验等稳健性检验后该结论仍成立。(2)进一步的机制分析表明,用能权政策促进产业结构高级化的实现路径为技术创新水平的提升和能源消费结构的升级,并且该政策通过改善部分产业部门的投入结构和产出结构来抑制对产业结构合理化的不利影响。(3)异质性分析表明,用能权试点对于产业结构优化升级的影响存在明显的区域异质性显著促进了中西部地区产业结构高级化和东部地区产业结构合理化。由此该研究提出相应建议：在现有用能权交易试点的基础上,深入推进用能权交易市场...     

中国能源开采业碳排放脱钩效应情景模拟北大核心CSCDCSSCI

厘清能源开采中的碳脱钩问题,对于推动能源绿色开采和能源富集区高质量发展具有重要意义。本文基于广义迪氏指数分解模型和系统动力学模型,分析了能源开采业碳排放的主要驱动因素及脱钩效应,并通过情景模拟,评估了中国能源开采业碳脱钩的潜力,提出了能源绿色开采的政策建议。研究结果表明:①2009—2017年中国能源开采业碳排放呈现出先增后降趋势,2012年达到拐点5.26亿t后开始下降,2017年达3.65亿t。整体来看,产业规模效应对碳排放增长的贡献最大,能源强度效应也有部分贡献;投资效应、能耗效应、碳强度效应、技术效应与碳排放之间呈正相关关系,是主要的碳减排驱动因素。②基于能源-环境-经济的系统动力模型,能有效解释能源开采与碳脱钩效应之间的传导机理;碳强度效应、技术效应和碳排放因子是影响碳脱钩潜力的主要因素。2006—2017年间,中国能源开采业碳排放与GDP增长之间,除2008、2014—2016年表现为强脱钩,2009、2011年表现为扩张性负脱钩外,其余年份均表现为弱脱钩关系。③预计2020—2030年,中国煤炭、石油和天然气开采业碳排放与GDP增长之间,在基准情景下呈现出弱脱钩效应,在规划情景下自2014—2030年间均呈现出强脱钩效应;然而,碳排放与其能源产出之间,2021—2030年在基准情景下呈现扩张连接效应,在规划情景和对比情景下表现出程度不一的衰退脱钩效应。据此,未来中国能源开采业碳脱钩的政策重点,一方面应注重环境政策、税收政策、技术政策等政策变量间的协同作用,着力调整煤炭和石油天然气开采业的投资强度和产出规模,优化能源进口结构,进一步减少能源生产碳排放强度,提升能源绿色生产水平;另一方面,还应着力能源开采业能源消耗结构和能耗强度的调整,革新采掘技术和设备,以进一步降低碳强度,走高质量发展之路。     

中国能源开采业碳排放脱钩效应情景模拟

厘清能源开采中的碳脱钩问题,对于推动能源绿色开采和能源富集区高质量发展具有重要意义。本文基于广义迪氏指数分解模型和系统动力学模型,分析了能源开采业碳排放的主要驱动因素及脱钩效应,并通过情景模拟,评估了中国能源开采业碳脱钩的潜力,提出了能源绿色开采的政策建议。研究结果表明:①2009—2017年中国能源开采业碳排放呈现出先增后降趋势,2012年达到拐点5.26亿t后开始下降,2017年达3.65亿t。整体来看,产业规模效应对碳排放增长的贡献最大,能源强度效应也有部分贡献;投资效应、能耗效应、碳强度效应、技术效应与碳排放之间呈正相关关系,是主要的碳减排驱动因素。②基于能源-环境-经济的系统动力模型,能有效解释能源开采与碳脱钩效应之间的传导机理;碳强度效应、技术效应和碳排放因子是影响碳脱钩潜力的主要因素。2006—2017年间,中国能源开采业碳排放与GDP增长之间,除2008、2014—2016年表现为强脱钩,2009、2011年表现为扩张性负脱钩外,其余年份均表现为弱脱钩关系。③预计2020—2030年,中国煤炭、石油和天然气开采业碳排放与GDP增长之间,在基准情景下呈现出弱脱钩效应,在规划情景下自2014—2030年间均呈现出强脱钩效应;然而,碳排放与其能源产出之间,2021—2030年在基准情景下呈现扩张连接效应,在规划情景和对比情景下表现出程度不一的衰退脱钩效应。据此,未来中国能源开采业碳脱钩的政策重点,一方面应注重环境政策、税收政策、技术政策等政策变量间的协同作用,着力调整煤炭和石油天然气开采业的投资强度和产出规模,优化能源进口结构,进一步减少能源生产碳排放强度,提升能源绿色生产水平;另一方面,还应着力能源开采业能源消耗结构和能耗强度的调整,革新采掘技术和设备,以进一步降低碳强度,走高质量发展之路。     

“水十条”对工业水污染强度的影响及其机制

《水污染防治行动计划》(简称“水十条”)是国家为切实加大水污染防治力度,保障国家水安全而制定的法规。为检验“水十条”的政策影响效应,文章利用2012—2017年全国269个地级市的数据,结合工业化程度、对外开放水平、技术进步、人口规模、水资源禀赋等控制变量,运用双重差分法对“水十条”政策实施是否有助于减轻工业水污染强度进行研究。研究发现:我国中西部地区由于产业结构、技术水平等原因,工业水污染强度显著高于其他地区,“水十条”政策实施显著降低了中西部地区工业水污染强度。通过改变政策实施时间、剔除中心城市、增加控制变量以及剔除严重污染等方式进行重新回归,检验结果依然具有较强稳健性。进一步分析中,文章研究了产业结构以及技术创新的作用机制,发现第一产业比重显著降低,而第三产业显著提升,产业结构得到优化,并且技术创新效应显著加强。结果表明,产业结构升级以及技术创新均为“水十条”政策改善工业水污染强度的有效途径。在空间异质性方面,在环境规制强度较高的地区“水十条”政策对工业水污染强度的影响相对较小;而在环境规制强度较低地区却呈现出较强的抑制作用,主要原因在于环境规制强度高的地区水污染情况原本较好,因此污染强度降低幅度较小。因此,文章认为“水十条”政策能够显著改善工业水污染强度,并且加上环境规制、技术创新以及产业结构优化等手段的辅助能够更好地发挥政策效果。文章的发现为中国水污染防治行动提供了有益的政策启示。     

GDP与能源消费之间的关系研究

选取中国1985-2009年能源消费总量与GDP的年度数据作为研究样本,运用Eviews对时间序列的GDP和能源消费总量进行单位根检验、协整检验、Engle-Grange因果关系检验.结果发现,GDP、能源消费总量的二阶差分在5%的显著性水平下是平稳的;GDP、能源消费总量在5%的显著性水平下,存在协整关系;Engle-Grange因果检验结果显示,在5%的显著性水平下,GDP与能源消费的因果影响关系不明显,但长期能源消费对GDP存在单向因果关系.从研究的结论来看,GDP增长引起能源需求和消费内生性的增长,减少能源的消费不影响产出、就业、收入的增长.要解决我国目前经济发展过程中诸多矛盾,使经济持续发展,首先,必须积极开发新能源、提高能源利用效率、调整能源战略、实施能源保护和节能政策来弥补我国能源短缺,提供充足的能源供给作为保障.其次,要转变经济增长方式、调整产业结构,尤其是工业结构;加快技术创新、发展高新技术产业和知识密集型产业,使我国经济发展摆脱对能源的依赖.     

产业结构变迁与高校产出互动关系——以湖北省为例

明确产业结构变迁与高校产出的关系对于推动产业结构优化升级、完善高校发展策略有重要意义。将产业结构变迁量化为产业结构高级化和合理化两个指标,将高校产出量化为毕业生规模、学历高级化和创新产出3个指标,最后通过Granger检验、VAR模型、脉冲响应函数和方差分解确定它们之间的因果关系及影响程度。研究结果表明:(1)产业结构高级化和合理化是学历高级化的格兰杰原因,技术市场成交额、毕业生规模是产业结构合理化的格兰杰原因;(2)学历高级化能对产业结构变迁的冲击做出及时反应;产业结构合理化对创新产出的冲击具有延迟响应的特点,对毕业生规模的冲击有一定回馈但并不强烈;(3)产业结构高级化和合理化对学历高级化具有高贡献能力,创新产出对产业结构合理化的贡献能力远大于毕业生规模。     

Ethnosciences––A step towards the integration of scientific and indigenous forms of knowledge in the management of natural resources for the future

Integration of indigenous knowledge and ethnoscientific approaches into contemporary frameworks for conservation and sustainable management of natural resources will become increasingly important in policies on an international and national level, both in countries that are industrialised and those that have a developing status. We set the scene on how this can be done by exploring the key conditions and dimensions of a dialogue between ȁ8ontologiesȁ9 and the roles, which ethnosciences could play in this process. First, the roles of ethnosciences in the context of sustainable development were analysed, placing emphasis on the implications arising when western sciences aspire to relate to indigenous forms of␣knowledge. Secondly, the contributions of ethnosciences to such an ȁ8inter- ontological dialogueȁ9 were explored, based on an ethnoecological study of the encounter of sciences and indigenous knowledge in the Andes of Bolivia, and reviewed experiences from mangrove systems in Kenya, India and Sri Lanka, and from case-studies in other ecosystems world-wide, incl. Australia, Burkina Faso, Ecuador, Ethiopia, Guatemala, Indonesia, Nepal, Niger, Philippines, Senegal, South-Africa and Tanzania.     

Paradoxical ozone associations could be due to methyl nitrite from combustion of methyl ethers or esters in engine fuels

We review studies of the effects of low ambient ozone concentrations on morbidity that found a negative coefficient for ozone concentration. We call this a Paradoxical Ozone Association (POA). All studies were in regions with methyl ether in gasoline. All but one study carefully controlled for the effects of other criterion pollutants, so the phenomenon cannot be attributed to them. One was in southern California in mid-summer when ozone levels are highest. Because ozone is created by sunlight, the most plausible explanation for a POA would be an ambient pollutant that is rapidly destroyed by sunlight, such as methyl nitrite (MN). A previously published model of engine exhaust chemistry suggested methyl ether in the fuel will create MN in the exhaust. MN is known to be highly toxic, and closely related alkyl nitrites are known to induce respiratory sensitivity in humans. Support for the interpretation comes from many studies, including three linking asthma symptoms to methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE) and the observation that a POA has not been seen in regions without ether in gasoline. We also note that studies in southern California show a historical trend from more significant to less significant ozone-health associations. The timing of those changes is consistent with the known timing of the introduction of gasoline oxygenated with MTBE in that region.     

湘鄂赣农业资源与专业化区域化方向

湘鄂赣地理位置优越,农业资源丰富,稻谷、茶叶、麻类、棉花、油料、柑桔和淡水产品、禽蛋、肉类等在我国居有重要的地位,因此,大力发展三省农业生产,对我国人民实现小康生活具有战略意义。今后,要加速专业化区域化进程。我们找出生产潜力所在:改造低产田、低产园、低产水面;开发“三高”技术;开垦荒地、荒山、荒水;适当提高复种指数。通过建设,三省主要农产品将自给有余,还可满足国内外市场的需要。努力方向:高效农业开发——综合农业开发,吨粮田开发,玉米带开发,饲料稻开发,山区开发;合理布局农业生产;深化农业商品基地建设,发展综合利用,搞活商品流通;全面提高农业现代化水平,加强农业社会服务体系。     

Prognosis of the spatiotemporal dynamics of ecosystems by means of universal kriging

The use of quantitative data for constructing prognostic maps of the dynamics of ecosystem degradation and restoration by nonlinear simulation methods is a topical field of landscape ecology. This method of dynamic cartography is based on fiberwise comparison of data on the state of Chernye Zemli (the Kalmyk Republic, Russia) in different years and the detailed analysis of the period on which the prognosis was based. For this purpose, materials of repeated aerial and satellite photography obtained during a long period (1954–1993) were used. Comparison of maps characterizing the dynamics of Chernye Zemli between 1958 and 1993 allows prognostic electronic maps for the next 10–15 years (with a five-year interval) to be drawn and land prognosis for the next 20–30 years (1998–2023) to be obtained. Deceased     

Distributions of personal VOC exposures: a population-based analysis

Information regarding the distribution of volatile organic compound (VOC) concentrations and exposures is scarce, and there have been few, if any, studies using population-based samples from which representative estimates can be derived. This study characterizes distributions of personal exposures to ten different VOCs in the U.S. measured in the 1999-2000 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Personal VOC exposures were collected for 669 individuals over 2-3 days, and measurements were weighted to derive national-level statistics. Four common exposure sources were identified using factor analyses: gasoline vapor and vehicle exhaust, methyl tert-butyl ether (MBTE) as a gasoline additive, tap water disinfection products, and household cleaning products. Benzene, toluene, ethyl benzene, xylenes chloroform, and tetrachloroethene were fit to log-normal distributions with reasonably good agreement to observations. 1,4-Dichlorobenzene and trichloroethene were fit to Pareto distributions, and MTBE to Weibull distribution, but agreement was poor. However, distributions that attempt to match all of the VOC exposure data can lead to incorrect conclusions regarding the level and frequency of the higher exposures. Maximum Gumbel distributions gave generally good fits to extrema, however, they could not fully represent the highest exposures of the NHANES measurements. The analysis suggests that complete models for the distribution of VOC exposures require an approach that combines standard and extreme value distributions, and that carefully identifies outliers. This is the first study to provide national-level and representative statistics regarding the VOC exposures, and its results have important implications for risk assessment and probabilistic analyses.     

Long-term increase in climatic dryness in the East-Mediterranean as evidenced for the island of Samos

The Eastern Mediterranean region is among the regions which were predicted to become drier under IPCC climate scenarios. Here, we document a gradual reduction of rainfall and tree growth and the loss of rural springs during the last decades of the twentieth century. Years with severe drought are associated with very low tree growth (dendrochronology) and dry falling of springs as evidenced by interviews with local stakeholders. The paper discusses the consequences of accelerating drought on natural vegetation and agriculture and points at the interaction with fire dynamics and economy, both likely to enhance the drought effect.     

Geographic Variation in the Seasonal Reproductive Strategy of the Mite Varroa jacobsoni in the Honeybee Nest

Variation in the reproduction of Varroa jacobsoni mite was studied in relation to the expansion of the range of its parasitism on the honeybee. Geographic differences in the seasonal dynamics of mite reproduction in the nests of bee families were revealed. Variation in the sex ratio of mites and the factors inhibiting their reproduction at the northern boundary of the honeybee range are considered. The forms of parthenogenetic reproduction in V. jacobsoni are discussed.     

Comparative analysis of the effect of predator odor on morphological and physiological parameters of adult male Campbell hamsters (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Phodopus campbelli</Emphasis>) and dwarf hamsters (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Phodopus sungorus</Emphasis>)

The effect of long-term exposure to natural excretions of the European polecat on the morphological parameters and hormonal status of adult male Campbell hamsters (Phodopus campbelli) and dwarf hamsters (Ph. sungorus) was studied. Exposure to volatile components of natural excreta of a potential predator did not have any significant effect on hamsters. The combined influence of volatile and nonvolatile components of the polecat’s excretions caused physiological stress in Ph. campbelli, while in Ph. sungorus, on the contrary, an increase in thymus weight and the plasma testosterone level was recorded.     

How Do Groups Solve Local Commons Dilemmas? Lessons from Experimental Economics in the Field

The use of experimental settings to observe human behaviour in a controlled environment of incentives, rules and institutions, has been widely used by the behavioural sciences for sometime now, particularly by psychology and economics. In most cases the subjects are college students recruited for one to two hour decision making exercises in which, depending on their choices, they earn cash averaging US$ 20. In such exercises players face a set of feasible actions, rules and incentives (payoffs) involving different forms of social exchange with other people, and that in most cases involve some kind of externalities with incomplete contracts, such as in the case of common-pool resources situations. Depending on the ecological and institutional settings, the resource users face a set of feasible levels of extraction, a set of rules regarding the control or monitoring of individual use, and sometimes ways of imposing material or non-material costs or rewards to those breaking or following the rules. We brought the experimental lab to the field and invited about two hundred users of natural resources in three Colombian rural villages to participate in such decision making exercises and through these and other research instruments we learned about the ways they solve - or fail to - tragedies of the commons with different social institutions. Further, bringing the lab to the field allowed us to explore some of the limitations of existing models about human behaviour and its consequences for designing policies for conserving ecosystems and improving social welfare.     

Latitudinal variation in size of freshwater pulmonate mollusks (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Pulmonata) in Western Siberia

The size of shells in some freshwater pulmonate mollusk species abundant in Western Siberia (Lymnaea fragilis, L. terebra, Planorbis planorbis, and Anisus leucostoma) is relatively large in the south and decreases in the north. It is supposed that this phenomenon is explained by the fact that the season with conditions allowing the growth of mollusks is shorter in the north than in the south of Western Siberia.