农村食品安全消费态度、意愿与行为的差异研究

现阶段,我国食品安全状况不容乐观。通过梳理频繁发生的食品安全事件,可以发现食品安全问题的产生不仅仅是食品生产商、供应商或政府相关部门等方面的原因,食品消费者对于食品安全问题的产生和治理同样起到重要作用,其差异化的食品安全消费态度和行为也显著影响食品企业和政府部门的行为选择。现有研究大多针对消费者食品安全消费意愿和行为的影响因素及其相关方面进行分析,往往忽视了消费者食品安全消费态度、意愿和行为之间的客观差异现象。本文基于我国20个省份500个自然村实证调研数据,在引入空间地理分析概念的基础上,采用空间相关性检验的全局Moran’I指数分析农村食品安全消费、意愿和行为的大致集聚分布状况;再进一步利用局部Moran’I自相关指数分析判断相关具体集聚区域;最后通过消费态度、意愿、行为集聚区域的不一致性验证区域农村食品安全消费态度与行为差异的现实存在,对我国农村居民食品安全消费态度、意愿和行为之间的具体差异状况以及影响因素进行研究。结果显示:1现阶段,我国农村居民普遍持有较高程度的食品安全消费态度;2食品安全消费态度与食品安全消费意愿、行为之间存在一定程度上的差异;3造成这种差异的主要影响因素包括:主观规范作用、感知行为控制影响、农村消费者固有消费习惯障碍、安全食品消费基础设施建设不完善、政府监管认证力度不足以及相关政策制度缺失等。最后,文章提出针对性对策建议,具体包括:加强安全食品报道和宣传;加大科技技术投入力度;健全农村食品安全流通市场体系;加强食品检验检测等。     

中国生态消费发展指数测度研究

构建了涵盖消费水平适度、消费结构合理、消费方式健康、消费规模增长、消费环境和谐五个维度的生态消费发展指数评价指标体系,采用主成分分析法确定了各指标的权重,对2003-2012年中国及各省区生态消费发展指数进行了测度。然后运用空间自相关方法对我国生态消费的演化格局进行了实证分析。研究表明,全国生态消费发展指数处于1.530-4.702之间,整体呈现稳步上升的趋势。消费方式健康、消费规模增长、消费环境和谐、消费水平适度、消费结构合理对生态消费发展指数的提高具有正向作用,但贡献大小依次降低。生态消费发展指数及变动幅度在不同区域、省域之间,存在较大差异。从区域层面看,东部、中部和西部地区2003-2012年生态消费发展指数的均值依次为4.216,2.517和1.973,生态消费发展指数呈现由东部到中部再到西部逐渐递减的状态。从省级层面看,生态消费发展指数较高的省区集聚于东部地区,而生态消费发展指数较低的省区则集中于西部地区。从全局空间自相关来看,2003-2012年中国各省份生态消费发展指数的全局Moran’s I值均显著为正,表明各地的生态消费发展存在不断增强的空间集聚效应。由Moran’s I散点图分析可知,72.9%左右的省份表现为在地理空间上显著的空间正相关(高高和低低集聚分布为主),生态消费分布的"两极化"空间特征明显。根据实证结果,本文对进一步提高我国生态消费的发展状况提出了一些建议:坚持基础设施建设先行,积极践行生态消费,完善引领生态消费的政策体系,寻求生态消费区域协调发展新渠道。     

中国农村居民煤炭消费及影响因素研究

农村居民煤炭消费牵涉到农村居民生活方式与能源转型、北方供暖清洁化改革、大气污染治理等重大改革实践,如何准确理解和研判现有的农村居民煤炭消费现状,并进而识别出科学、有效的减煤措施,已成为改善农村居民能源结构、治理农村地区煤炭消费、改善北方地区大气质量的重要手段之一。然而,现有对农村居民煤炭消费的统计数据可能存在一定低估,基础性数据的匮乏与不足严重阻碍了科学研究和公共决策。为了准确了解我国农村居民煤炭消费的现状、特征与空间分布,本文采用第三次中国家庭能源消费调查数据对农村居民的煤炭消费进行了核算,并针对户均煤炭消费量和地区农村居民煤炭消费总量进行了比较,在此基础上还考察了气候差异、资源禀赋、收入水平等因素对农村居民煤炭需求的影响。研究结果表明,2014年中国农村居民生活用煤炭消费总量为6 585.7万tce,平均每户煤炭消费量为347.2 kgce,其中供暖用煤占比96.9%,烹饪用煤占比3.1%。各省的户均煤炭消费和煤炭消费总量呈现显著的空间差异,其中:东北、西部地区农村居民户均煤炭消费量显著高于其他地区,北京及周边的河北、山东、山西、内蒙、辽宁和天津7个省、市的农村居民共消费了全国55%的农村生活用煤,其中北京周边的河北、山东和山西三省农村居民消费了全国46.6%的农村煤炭消费。地区煤炭资源禀赋、农村居民住房面积与供暖用煤需求显著正相关,而冬季户外温度、居民收入水平同煤炭需求之间关系不显著。未来政府应通过改善农村居民民生需求、推动农村能源转型、提高农村能源统计水平等途径来有效治理农村散煤消费。     

信息化对区域贫困治理的影响

信息化发展消除了传统区域发展的空间边界,推动了贫困地区的经济发展,为实现区域减贫注入了新的动能,同时引发了信息贫困现象。评估信息化在区域贫困治理中的作用对制定与调整信息化背景下的扶贫策略具有重要意义。然而,已有文献忽视了信息化的动态属性及区域贫困治理的空间溢出效应,可能导致实证结果的偏误。因此,文章基于2002—2018年全国30个省份的面板数据,运用Moran’s I指数分析区域贫困治理效果的空间相关性,并在此基础上,采用地理距离空间权重矩阵与空间面板杜宾模型,分析信息化对区域贫困治理影响的空间效应。研究发现:(1)2002—2018年,区域贫困治理效果存在显著的空间正相关性。(2)总体来看,信息化不利于本地贫困减缓,但对相邻省份贫困治理具有正向空间溢出效应;进一步采用经济距离空间权重矩阵加权后,结果依然稳健。从区域差异来看,在东部地区与中部地区,信息化对本地贫困治理效果的抑制效应不明显,但信息化发展明显推动了西部地区的贫困治理。从空间溢出效应来看,信息化对东部地区相邻省份贫困治理具有正向空间溢出效应,对中部地区贫困治理具有负向空间溢出效应,但对西部地区贫困治理的空间溢出效应不明显。(3)信息化弱化了自然资本禀赋对本地贫困治理的负向影响,但强化了其对相邻区域贫困治理的正向空间溢出效应;信息化强化了经济资本禀赋对本地贫困治理效果的正向影响;信息化强化了制度禀赋对本地贫困治理效果的正向影响;信息化强化了技术禀赋对本地贫困治理效果的负向作用,但弱化了技术禀赋对相邻区域贫困治理的负向空间溢出效应。这就意味着,政府应该建立信息化与区域减贫联动发展机制,不仅要建立差异化、层次化的信息化发展策略,也要从顶层设计上将信息素养水平纳入区域信息化建设。同时,合理统筹要素禀赋与区域贫困治理的关系,并依托信息化优化区域贫困治理效果。     

中国省际碳排放效率的空间计量

本文基于至强有效前沿的最小距离法测算了我国1998-2011年的省际CO2排放效率,这种方法的优点是效率达到生产前沿后在投入或产出方面所做出的改动最小。然后在此基础上分析了我国省际碳排放效率的区域差异性以及空间相关性,最后运用1998-2011年我国30个省份的面板数据,建立空间面板数据模型,对我国碳排放效率的影响因素进行了实证研究。研究结果表明:样本期内,我国省际碳排放效率表现出较大的省际差异性,东部沿海省份的平均碳排放效率显著高于内陆省份。分地区看,东部地区的碳排放效率走势相对平稳,全国及中西部地区的碳排放效率则呈现出"U"型曲线的走势,并且东部地区的碳排放效率明显要高于中西部地区;空间自相关Moran’s I检验显示,省际碳排放效率在空间上存在着显著的空间自相关性,具有明显的集群趋势,而空间LISA图则表明省际碳排放效率不仅具有空间依赖性的特征,同时也有空间异质性的表现;经济规模、工业结构和能源消费结构对碳排放效率造成了较大的负面影响,对外开放、企业所有制结构以及政府干预对碳排放效率有正向影响,而产业结构对碳排放效率的影响则不显著。因此,对于将来中国提高碳排放效率工作的重点应该是实现经济增长模式由粗放型向集约型的转变,着重调整工业结构和能源消费结构,同时进一步提升对外开放的质量,加强政府的碳减排工作力度。     

中国生态效率的区域差异及动态演化研究

采用2000-2011年的统计数据,首先运用超效率DEA模型对中国30个省份的生态效率进行测算,在此基础上,运用空间自相关分析方法对中国省域生态效率的演化格局进行了实证分析,以此来探寻影响中国生态效率区域差异变化的空间机制。研究表明:我国生态效率平均水平处于0.854-1.050之间,整体呈现波动性变化趋势。从区域层面看,东部地区、中部地区和西部地区2000-2011年生态效率的平均值依次为1.821,0.559和0.381,生态效率呈现由沿海向内陆、由东部向中西部递减的格局,具有明显的"俱乐部收敛"现象。从省级层面看,生态效率较高的省区集聚于东部经济发达地区,而生态效率较低的省区则集中于西部经济欠发达地区;从全局空间自相关来看,2000-2011年中国各省份生态效率的全局Moran’s I值均显著为正(指数取值范围在0.236-0.400之间),表明中国各地区生态效率呈现出正的空间相关性特征,存在较明显的空间集聚特征,近邻效应显著;从局域空间自相关来看,80%左右的省份表现为在地理空间上显著的空间正相关(H-H集聚和L-L集聚),其中H-H集聚的沿海地区已成为中国生态效率的重要增长极,有着较强的正向辐射效应,有向周围扩散的趋势,而位于L-L集聚区的西部、中部地区的大部分省区及东北三省则在空间分布上较稳定。根据实证分析结果,提出政策建议:一是转变经济发展方式,巩固节能减排效果;二是把握区域发展特征,因地制宜促进发展;三是加强区域合作与交流,寻求区域协调发展新渠道。     

基于现实情境的村民委员会参与农村食品安全风险治理的行为研究

有效治理农村食品安全问题,需要发挥村委会的作用,构建社会共治格局。为了探究村委会参与农村食品安全治理的现状,本文基于对山东省、江苏省、安徽省和河南省等四个省份1 242个村委会的问卷调查,运用因子分析和聚类分析方法,实证测度了现实情境下村委会参与农村食品安全风险的治理行为。调查结果表明,受访村干部以年龄段在46—60岁间、受教育程度为高中、任职时间为3—4年的男性为主;被调查的村委会成员以3—5人为主,所辖人口主要在5 000人以下,绝大多数村委会每年对村干部的补贴在5 000元以下;受调查的村委会在食用农产品生产环节的治理具有相对较好的表现,在食品流通消费环节的治理表现相对较差,在食品安全风险治理职能建设方面则分别表现出了较好和较差的两极化倾向。因子分析结果表明,村委会参与食品安全风险治理的行为内含食用农产品安全生产、食品安全流通消费、宣传职能建设和基础治理职能建设等四个因子,分别对应不同的治理重点和方式:食用农产品生产环节与源头治理型,流通消费环节与效果追求型,宣传职能建设与信息公开型,基础治理职能建设与职能推动型。根据上述四个因子最终将现阶段不同治理行为的村委会划分为参与传统型、参与起步型、参与断点型和参与全面型等四种类型。这些结论对在新的历史时期促进村委会的职能建设,引导村委会参与农村社会治理尤其防范农村食品安全风险具有重要的作用。基于此,本文构建了村委会参与农村食品安全风险治理的行为路径,并提出了相关政策建议。     

农村地区养老脆弱性的省际差异及其影响因素研究

不同省份农村地区资源禀赋与经济社会发展水平的差距使得其养老脆弱性也存在较大差异,对农村养老脆弱性的省际差异测度及其影响因素的识别是提升养老保障政策针对性与可操作性的关键。文章基于2014年全国农村地区公开数据,从敏感性和应对能力两个维度构建农村地区养老脆弱性评价指标体系,采用集对分析方法对我国31个省(市、区)农村地区养老脆弱性指数进行了测算,借助Arc GIS自然断点法将我国农村地区养老脆弱性划分为5个等级并对其省际差异进行空间可视化描述,在此基础上,利用障碍度模型分析了我国农村养老脆弱性的影响因素。研究发现:1我国农村地区养老脆弱性总体上处于中等区,但呈现出明显的省际差异、区域差异以及区域内部差异;2不同省份农村地区养老敏感性和养老应对能力的差异较大,且对养老脆弱性的形成产生程度不一的影响。总体上,东部省份农村养老脆弱性明显低于中西部省份;3农村地区养老脆弱性省际差异的形成受到老年抚养比、国家级贫困县数量、低保中老年人占比、农作物受灾面积和医疗保健支出占比等多种因素的影响。文章认为,在全面提升农村养老服务供给水平的基础上,进一步促进区域经济社会协调发展、强化中西部省份农村养老服务体系建设的投入力度成为降低农村养老脆弱性的关键。     

中国城镇化、配套产业发展与农村居民消费拉动

农村居民消费不足是现阶段我国经济失衡的一大表现,加快我国城镇化建设的重要目标之一在于促进农村居民消费,于此同时,城镇化建设对农村居民消费的影响,还受制于配套产业发展水平的高低。本文首先探索性地构建城镇化影响农村居民消费的理论解释。在此基础上,采用2000—2012年我国30个省(市、区)的数据,运用双向固定效应模型,实证检验了城镇化水平、产业发展与农村居民消费之间的关系,其中重点从地区工业发展水平和服务业发展水平两个方面探讨配套产业发展的调节效应。此外,在估计过程中考虑到研究对象的区域异质性,对于东、中、西部分样本还进行了分组对比考察。本文研究结果表明:(1)城镇化能够显著促进农村居民的消费,工业发展水平具有明显的正向调节作用,但服务业发展水平的调节作用并不显著;(2)东部地区相比中、西部地区,由于配套优势,城镇化的推进更能有效地促进农村消费的提升;(3)东部地区工业发展水平的正向调节效应显著存在于工业化水平由最低端向中端攀升的过程中,而在西部地区,由于工业发展低效益伴随的农村劳动力外流以及对当地耕地的低效利用,工业发展反而削弱了城镇化的正向调节作用。因此,为了更好地通过促进农村消费实现扩大内需,本文研究的政策建议包括:在当前我国城镇化建设进程中,要特别注重对配套产业特别是工业的培育,防范产业空心化风险,稳定就业。东部工业发展的重点应是扶持工业最不发达区域,缩小区域之间工业发展差距,西部工业发展的重点则在于提高工业发展的效益,引导农民工回流,调整经济发展结构和模式。     

中国区域间农村社会保障对居民消费的影响

在对理论和经验研究进行述评的基础上,建立农村社会保障与居民消费支出之间的Panel Data模型,并运用4大区域农村社会保障与居民消费支出数据(1991-2008年)进行实证检验。结果显示,转型期农村社会保障对居民消费支出的影响程度存在明显的区域差异,具体来说,东部地区的农村社会保障系数为0.262,说明东部地区农村社会保障每增加1%,会促进居民消费支出增加0.262%;中部地区的农村社会保障系数为0.237;东北地区的农村社会保障系数为0.145;西部地区的农村社会保障系数为0.087,可见,东部地区的影响程度最大,西部地区最小。就其他解释变量来说,各地区的人均GDP对其居民消费支出均有显著的正向影响;东部地区的GINI系数对其居民消费支出有显著的负向影响,其他地区的GINI系数对其居民消费支出没有影响;东北地区、西部地区的城市化率对其居民消费支出均有显著的正向影响,而其他地区的城市化率对其居民消费支出没有影响。这些充分说明不同区域农村居民收入公平性、城市化进程、经济发展水平不同,对农村居民消费支出的影响也不同。本文还提出了如何因地制宜地发展农村社会保障,提高中西部贫困农村地区消费支出和生活水平的对策措施。     

Ethnosciences––A step towards the integration of scientific and indigenous forms of knowledge in the management of natural resources for the future

Integration of indigenous knowledge and ethnoscientific approaches into contemporary frameworks for conservation and sustainable management of natural resources will become increasingly important in policies on an international and national level, both in countries that are industrialised and those that have a developing status. We set the scene on how this can be done by exploring the key conditions and dimensions of a dialogue between ȁ8ontologiesȁ9 and the roles, which ethnosciences could play in this process. First, the roles of ethnosciences in the context of sustainable development were analysed, placing emphasis on the implications arising when western sciences aspire to relate to indigenous forms of␣knowledge. Secondly, the contributions of ethnosciences to such an ȁ8inter- ontological dialogueȁ9 were explored, based on an ethnoecological study of the encounter of sciences and indigenous knowledge in the Andes of Bolivia, and reviewed experiences from mangrove systems in Kenya, India and Sri Lanka, and from case-studies in other ecosystems world-wide, incl. Australia, Burkina Faso, Ecuador, Ethiopia, Guatemala, Indonesia, Nepal, Niger, Philippines, Senegal, South-Africa and Tanzania.     

Paradoxical ozone associations could be due to methyl nitrite from combustion of methyl ethers or esters in engine fuels

We review studies of the effects of low ambient ozone concentrations on morbidity that found a negative coefficient for ozone concentration. We call this a Paradoxical Ozone Association (POA). All studies were in regions with methyl ether in gasoline. All but one study carefully controlled for the effects of other criterion pollutants, so the phenomenon cannot be attributed to them. One was in southern California in mid-summer when ozone levels are highest. Because ozone is created by sunlight, the most plausible explanation for a POA would be an ambient pollutant that is rapidly destroyed by sunlight, such as methyl nitrite (MN). A previously published model of engine exhaust chemistry suggested methyl ether in the fuel will create MN in the exhaust. MN is known to be highly toxic, and closely related alkyl nitrites are known to induce respiratory sensitivity in humans. Support for the interpretation comes from many studies, including three linking asthma symptoms to methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE) and the observation that a POA has not been seen in regions without ether in gasoline. We also note that studies in southern California show a historical trend from more significant to less significant ozone-health associations. The timing of those changes is consistent with the known timing of the introduction of gasoline oxygenated with MTBE in that region.     

湘鄂赣农业资源与专业化区域化方向

湘鄂赣地理位置优越,农业资源丰富,稻谷、茶叶、麻类、棉花、油料、柑桔和淡水产品、禽蛋、肉类等在我国居有重要的地位,因此,大力发展三省农业生产,对我国人民实现小康生活具有战略意义。今后,要加速专业化区域化进程。我们找出生产潜力所在:改造低产田、低产园、低产水面;开发“三高”技术;开垦荒地、荒山、荒水;适当提高复种指数。通过建设,三省主要农产品将自给有余,还可满足国内外市场的需要。努力方向:高效农业开发——综合农业开发,吨粮田开发,玉米带开发,饲料稻开发,山区开发;合理布局农业生产;深化农业商品基地建设,发展综合利用,搞活商品流通;全面提高农业现代化水平,加强农业社会服务体系。     

Latitudinal variation in size of freshwater pulmonate mollusks (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Pulmonata) in Western Siberia

The size of shells in some freshwater pulmonate mollusk species abundant in Western Siberia (Lymnaea fragilis, L. terebra, Planorbis planorbis, and Anisus leucostoma) is relatively large in the south and decreases in the north. It is supposed that this phenomenon is explained by the fact that the season with conditions allowing the growth of mollusks is shorter in the north than in the south of Western Siberia.     

Prognosis of the spatiotemporal dynamics of ecosystems by means of universal kriging

The use of quantitative data for constructing prognostic maps of the dynamics of ecosystem degradation and restoration by nonlinear simulation methods is a topical field of landscape ecology. This method of dynamic cartography is based on fiberwise comparison of data on the state of Chernye Zemli (the Kalmyk Republic, Russia) in different years and the detailed analysis of the period on which the prognosis was based. For this purpose, materials of repeated aerial and satellite photography obtained during a long period (1954–1993) were used. Comparison of maps characterizing the dynamics of Chernye Zemli between 1958 and 1993 allows prognostic electronic maps for the next 10–15 years (with a five-year interval) to be drawn and land prognosis for the next 20–30 years (1998–2023) to be obtained. Deceased     

Distributions of personal VOC exposures: a population-based analysis

Information regarding the distribution of volatile organic compound (VOC) concentrations and exposures is scarce, and there have been few, if any, studies using population-based samples from which representative estimates can be derived. This study characterizes distributions of personal exposures to ten different VOCs in the U.S. measured in the 1999-2000 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Personal VOC exposures were collected for 669 individuals over 2-3 days, and measurements were weighted to derive national-level statistics. Four common exposure sources were identified using factor analyses: gasoline vapor and vehicle exhaust, methyl tert-butyl ether (MBTE) as a gasoline additive, tap water disinfection products, and household cleaning products. Benzene, toluene, ethyl benzene, xylenes chloroform, and tetrachloroethene were fit to log-normal distributions with reasonably good agreement to observations. 1,4-Dichlorobenzene and trichloroethene were fit to Pareto distributions, and MTBE to Weibull distribution, but agreement was poor. However, distributions that attempt to match all of the VOC exposure data can lead to incorrect conclusions regarding the level and frequency of the higher exposures. Maximum Gumbel distributions gave generally good fits to extrema, however, they could not fully represent the highest exposures of the NHANES measurements. The analysis suggests that complete models for the distribution of VOC exposures require an approach that combines standard and extreme value distributions, and that carefully identifies outliers. This is the first study to provide national-level and representative statistics regarding the VOC exposures, and its results have important implications for risk assessment and probabilistic analyses.     

Long-term increase in climatic dryness in the East-Mediterranean as evidenced for the island of Samos

The Eastern Mediterranean region is among the regions which were predicted to become drier under IPCC climate scenarios. Here, we document a gradual reduction of rainfall and tree growth and the loss of rural springs during the last decades of the twentieth century. Years with severe drought are associated with very low tree growth (dendrochronology) and dry falling of springs as evidenced by interviews with local stakeholders. The paper discusses the consequences of accelerating drought on natural vegetation and agriculture and points at the interaction with fire dynamics and economy, both likely to enhance the drought effect.     

Geographic Variation in the Seasonal Reproductive Strategy of the Mite Varroa jacobsoni in the Honeybee Nest

Variation in the reproduction of Varroa jacobsoni mite was studied in relation to the expansion of the range of its parasitism on the honeybee. Geographic differences in the seasonal dynamics of mite reproduction in the nests of bee families were revealed. Variation in the sex ratio of mites and the factors inhibiting their reproduction at the northern boundary of the honeybee range are considered. The forms of parthenogenetic reproduction in V. jacobsoni are discussed.     

Comparative analysis of the effect of predator odor on morphological and physiological parameters of adult male Campbell hamsters (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Phodopus campbelli</Emphasis>) and dwarf hamsters (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Phodopus sungorus</Emphasis>)

The effect of long-term exposure to natural excretions of the European polecat on the morphological parameters and hormonal status of adult male Campbell hamsters (Phodopus campbelli) and dwarf hamsters (Ph. sungorus) was studied. Exposure to volatile components of natural excreta of a potential predator did not have any significant effect on hamsters. The combined influence of volatile and nonvolatile components of the polecat’s excretions caused physiological stress in Ph. campbelli, while in Ph. sungorus, on the contrary, an increase in thymus weight and the plasma testosterone level was recorded.     

How Do Groups Solve Local Commons Dilemmas? Lessons from Experimental Economics in the Field

The use of experimental settings to observe human behaviour in a controlled environment of incentives, rules and institutions, has been widely used by the behavioural sciences for sometime now, particularly by psychology and economics. In most cases the subjects are college students recruited for one to two hour decision making exercises in which, depending on their choices, they earn cash averaging US$ 20. In such exercises players face a set of feasible actions, rules and incentives (payoffs) involving different forms of social exchange with other people, and that in most cases involve some kind of externalities with incomplete contracts, such as in the case of common-pool resources situations. Depending on the ecological and institutional settings, the resource users face a set of feasible levels of extraction, a set of rules regarding the control or monitoring of individual use, and sometimes ways of imposing material or non-material costs or rewards to those breaking or following the rules. We brought the experimental lab to the field and invited about two hundred users of natural resources in three Colombian rural villages to participate in such decision making exercises and through these and other research instruments we learned about the ways they solve - or fail to - tragedies of the commons with different social institutions. Further, bringing the lab to the field allowed us to explore some of the limitations of existing models about human behaviour and its consequences for designing policies for conserving ecosystems and improving social welfare.