中国生态文明实践如何检验和深化可持续性科学北大核心CSCDCSSCI

2022年,是联合国1992年确立可持续发展战略30周年,也是生态文明纳入中国“五位一体”现代化体系10周年。可持续性科学是有关可持续发展的学理研究,在一些基础性问题上存在着弱可持续性与强可持续性的观点差异。中国生态文明不仅对促进中国的绿色现代化具有重要意义,而且对发展可持续性科学也具有重要意义,后一方面的研究工作亟须加强。文章基于中国生态文明的政策和实践,讨论可持续性科学研究中五个存在观点分歧的重要论题,指出中国生态文明是以强可持续性为导向的,可持续性科学的理论架构需要包括具有内在层次关系的五个关键命题,即可持续发展是追求地球生态物理极限内的经济社会繁荣,要在控制生态消耗规模的前提下实现资源效率变革,发展中国家和发达国家要有不同的转型模式,要用目标-资本-治理建立三层次的发展模型,可持续性科学是跨学科的整合性范式。文章认为,可持续性科学的理论研究需要以强可持续性作为核心原理进行理论更新和版本升级,中国生态文明实践是世界上其他地方没有的大规模的社会运动,可以在深化发展可持续性科学中发挥重要的引领作用。     

基于能值分析的崇明岛“社会-经济-自然”复合生态系统可持续性评估

运用能值分析的理论和方法，以中国第三大岛崇明岛为研究对象，定量分析和评价了1980～2003年岛内“社会-经济-自然”复合生态系统的能值自给率、人均能值用量、能值密度、环境负荷率、人口承载量以及基于能值分析的可持续发展指数等多项指标的变化趋势，并将2003年的数据进行了国内外对比。针对崇明建设生态岛的目标，分析了崇明岛的优势和不足，为其可持续发展提出了对应的建议和措施。研究表明：虽然良好的生态环境提升了人民的生活质量，但由于缺乏经济和科技竞争力，崇明岛的发展水平处于全国平均水平，与所处的长三角地区整体发展水平相差较大。但岛屿系统现状良好，运行稳定、健康、有活力，可持续性高。未来崇明岛的发展应当合理权衡和协调绎济发展和环境保护的关系，维持系统的可持续性。     

地球工程的全球治理:理论、框架与中国应对北大核心CSCDCSSCI

为应对气候变化的严峻挑战,科学家提出地球工程的概念,探讨通过超常规的大规模工程技术手段改变气候系统的可能性,成为气候变化领域研究的新热点。地球工程是诸多复杂技术方案的总称,根据不同作用机理,将其分为太阳辐射管理(SRM)和碳移除(CDR)两大类。地球工程在降低地球平均温度的同时也带来新的风险,引发全球治理的难题。面对影响人类共同利益的未知领域,各国纷纷启动相关研究项目,陆续开展多领域科学评估,且部分CDR项目已经开展商业化示范,地球工程全球治理的实践也拉开帷幕。地球工程影响的全球性、外部性决定了其治理需要全球共同努力,其综合影响的复杂广泛和不确定性决定了其治理是一个跨领域、多平台、多主体、多层次的治理体系,而其特殊的经济学属性使得全球治理面临着供给方案、两难选择、道德风险、区域和代际公平等诸多的困境和挑战。地球工程的全球治理框架需要明确原则、对象、目标、主体、平台、制度和机制等基本要素,需要在现有机制基础上,建立联合国框架下的多平台协同治理机制,以科学共识推动政治进程,并把握关键时间节点。面对地球工程议题,中国应以可持续发展理念和生态文明思想为指导,在正确认识其风险特性的基础上,科学地将其纳入应对气候变化大框架,并坚持多边主义立场,深度参与地球工程的全球治理,维护人类命运共同体。     

新时代十年中国绿色发展之路

新时代生态文明建设的成就举世瞩目,成为新时代党和国家事业取得历史性成就、发生历史性变革的显著标志。该研究基于生态环境治理现代化的视角,总结回顾了新时代十年中国的绿色发展历程;从绿色发展体制机制、生态环境质量、经济绿色转型、绿色低碳生活、全球可持续发展等方面出发,直观展示了新时代十年中国的绿色发展成效;以协同推进降碳、减污、扩绿、增长和正确处理五个重大关系为导向,提出新征程上深入推动绿色发展的优化路径。绿色发展是中国共产党人在不懈探索下形成的全新发展模式,是发展观的一场深刻革命,其内涵包括经济“绿色化”和绿色“经济化”两个方面,具有深刻的理论逻辑、历史逻辑和现实逻辑。从党的十八大到党的二十大的十年间,中国多措并举完善治理制度、多维联动推动环境共治、科学有力实施治理手段、多管齐下提高治理效能,成功探索出了一条顺应自然、促进人与自然和谐共生的绿色发展之路。新时代十年来,中国绿色发展的体制机制不断健全,生态环境质量实现全局性改善,经济绿色转型取得重要进展,绿色低碳生活成为新风尚,为全球可持续发展贡献中国力量,创造了举世瞩目的生态奇迹和绿色发展奇迹,绿色成为中国式现代化的显著特征。把握党的二十大...     

对全球可持续发展目标制定中有关问题的思考

"里约+20"启动的全球可持续发展目标(SDGs)关系到未来全球发展规则的制定。在对SDGs的提出背景进行全面回顾基础上,就其制定中的若干问题进行了分析。文章认为:①SDGs应重点关注四大问题,即全球发展的不平衡和不公平性、人口快速增长以及老龄化和城市化加速、人类活动持续超过全球承载能力、全球可持续发展治理机制的不完善;②在SDGs制定中,两大阵营的斗争将持续,但其利益共同点也在增加,最终可能是重点面向2030年设定一系列具有政治意义的目标;③SDGs将为我国加快绿色转型创造机遇,与此同时,实现SDGs过程中我国也将承受更多的国际压力;④我国参与SDGs进程应坚持4点原则,即在总体目标设置方面强调三大支柱的协调性,在目标的约束性方面强调指导性和参考性,在实现目标的时间方面强调预留充足转型期的重要性,在执行手段方面强调在"共同但有区别的责任"原则指导下强化国际合作的迫切性。     

社会-生态系统概念性框架研究综述

人与自然的矛盾已成为全球性问题,可持续发展理论把人类对于生存与环境的认识推向了一个新的境界。近年来,以社会-生态系统作为研究对象,成为了可持续发展和全球变化研究的一个新视角。在社会-生态系统的概念性框架下,本文对社会-生态系统的动态运行机制和属性进行了详细的综述。社会-生态系统是复杂适应性系统,受自身和外界干扰的影响,具有不可预期性、自组织、非线性、多样性、多稳态等特点。适应性循环是一个启发性模型,有助于理解复杂系统的动态运行机制。恢复力、适应力和转化力是社会-生态系统的三个主要属性。并对社会-生态系统理论研究中面临的问题进行了展望,提出了在以后研究中可以适用的研究方法。     

地球工程的全球治理:理论、框架与中国应对

为应对气候变化的严峻挑战,科学家提出地球工程的概念,探讨通过超常规的大规模工程技术手段改变气候系统的可能性,成为气候变化领域研究的新热点。地球工程是诸多复杂技术方案的总称,根据不同作用机理,将其分为太阳辐射管理(SRM)和碳移除(CDR)两大类。地球工程在降低地球平均温度的同时也带来新的风险,引发全球治理的难题。面对影响人类共同利益的未知领域,各国纷纷启动相关研究项目,陆续开展多领域科学评估,且部分CDR项目已经开展商业化示范,地球工程全球治理的实践也拉开帷幕。地球工程影响的全球性、外部性决定了其治理需要全球共同努力,其综合影响的复杂广泛和不确定性决定了其治理是一个跨领域、多平台、多主体、多层次的治理体系,而其特殊的经济学属性使得全球治理面临着供给方案、两难选择、道德风险、区域和代际公平等诸多的困境和挑战。地球工程的全球治理框架需要明确原则、对象、目标、主体、平台、制度和机制等基本要素,需要在现有机制基础上,建立联合国框架下的多平台协同治理机制,以科学共识推动政治进程,并把握关键时间节点。面对地球工程议题,中国应以可持续发展理念和生态文明思想为指导,在正确认识其风险特性的基础上,科学地将其纳入应对气候变化大框架,并坚持多边主义立场,深度参与地球工程的全球治理,维护人类命运共同体。     

西北地区能源-环境-经济可持续发展预警研究——以陕西省为例

能源、环境与经济是人类社会生存与发展的物质基础,能源经济发展在带来区域经济快速繁荣的同时,往往造成当地社会生活质量的下降和生态环境的破坏。陕西作为我国21世纪重要的能源接续地,在能源开发利用的同时也受到脆弱生态环境的约束,本文以此为例进行可持续发展预警实证研究具有一定的代表性和现实意义。通过设计能源-环境-经济可持续发展预警指标体系,构建出可持续发展预警模型,采用人工神经网络预警方法和层次分析法,编写出计算运行程序,运用Matlab7.1软件中人工神经网络工具箱,将有关数据信息和预警模型有机结合,探讨能源-环境-经济可持续发展理论构建与应用问题。研究结果表明:陕西能源-环境-经济的可持续发展趋势在2000-2014年间分别处于重警、中警、轻警和无警四种状态,基本符合陕西能源产业发展现状;所设计的预警指标能较好地反映出能源-环境-经济可持续发展的特征;基于BP人工神经网络的预警方法具有较强的仿真能力,能提高可持续发展预警的准确性,在能源产业可持续发展预警研究中具有一定的应用价值。     

行星边界框架下可持续发展理论拓展创新与实践应用

系统把握行星边界框架的理论意涵及其在可持续发展理论体系中的拓展应用,对跟踪国际可持续发展研究前沿、丰富中国可持续发展实践路径具有重要意义。该研究基于行星边界框架内涵特征梳理,从思维范式、评价方法、全球治理三方面探索行星边界框架在可持续发展研究领域的价值贡献：该框架具有“强约束”特征,通过量化人类活动的“安全运行空间”加深了经济、社会、环境三者关系由增长模式向包含模式转变的理解。可量化的边界与生命周期评估、足迹家族、投入产出法等环境可持续评价方法的融合丰富了可持续发展评估工具。与联合国可持续发展目标体系的融合应用提升了行星边界框架理论的全球影响力。生态文明思想是立足本土经验泛化而成的新范式新表征,蕴含丰富的理论与实践基础。从只有一个地球、理性增长等价值理念及行动逻辑差异之处辩证地理解生态文明思想与行星边界框架的逻辑关系,是行星边界框架理论本土化实践的重要根底。基于此,提出进一步推动中国可持续发展战略实施的新思考：借助行星边界框架探索人与自然和谐共生的现代化方向,提高对人与自然和谐共生的基本认知,深化其与中国环境治理体系和治理能力现代化的有益碰撞;从拓展SDGs-PB研究尺度、注重异质性调...     

从《中国人口·资源与环境》审视国内的可持续发展研究——主题脉络、知识演进与新兴热点

自1994年国务院发布第一个国家级可持续发展战略——《中国21世纪人口、环境与发展白皮书》以来,中国在人口、资源和环境可持续性发展及其治理方面已取得诸多重要成果和研究进展。作为国内唯一以可持续发展为办刊宗旨的综合性学术期刊,《中国人口·资源与环境》收录并出版了过去数十年人口、资源、环境、经济和社会可持续发展问题的高质量研究。回顾分析其近年来的出版特征和演变趋势对我国未来多方位的可持续性发展研究治理有重要意义。为此,文章借助文献计量方法,以2010—2018年《中国人口·资源与环境》出版的2 543篇论文为样本,对国内可持续发展研究的主题脉络、知识演进与新兴热点进行系统性审视。研究发现:①《中国人口·资源与环境》在过去八年中收录可持续发展研究的视角和范围较为全面,主要涵盖了碳排放、生态与环境、能源与资源、农村与农户、城市与城乡以及经济与产业六大主题。②其总体的知识演变是由可持续发展相关主题的概念、指标和评价逐渐转变为单一主题的细化、延伸和深入研究,以及不同学科领域的交叉探讨和治理协同。研究方法上则是由初始的理论框架、影响评估和因素分析逐渐转变为问题导向和数据支撑的计量实证、效率测算和时空分异。③国内的可持续发展研究主题有明显的政策引导效应,近期的新兴热点为精准扶贫、城镇化、环境污染、环境规制、绿色发展、雾霾、新能源汽车、共享出行和韧性城市。这项研究的讨论与结论可为中国人口、资源、环境、社会及其他可持续发展科学的期刊编辑、作者、审稿人和读者以及对相关领域最新技术水平感兴趣的人员提供研究参考。     

Ethnosciences––A step towards the integration of scientific and indigenous forms of knowledge in the management of natural resources for the future

Integration of indigenous knowledge and ethnoscientific approaches into contemporary frameworks for conservation and sustainable management of natural resources will become increasingly important in policies on an international and national level, both in countries that are industrialised and those that have a developing status. We set the scene on how this can be done by exploring the key conditions and dimensions of a dialogue between ȁ8ontologiesȁ9 and the roles, which ethnosciences could play in this process. First, the roles of ethnosciences in the context of sustainable development were analysed, placing emphasis on the implications arising when western sciences aspire to relate to indigenous forms of␣knowledge. Secondly, the contributions of ethnosciences to such an ȁ8inter- ontological dialogueȁ9 were explored, based on an ethnoecological study of the encounter of sciences and indigenous knowledge in the Andes of Bolivia, and reviewed experiences from mangrove systems in Kenya, India and Sri Lanka, and from case-studies in other ecosystems world-wide, incl. Australia, Burkina Faso, Ecuador, Ethiopia, Guatemala, Indonesia, Nepal, Niger, Philippines, Senegal, South-Africa and Tanzania.     

Paradoxical ozone associations could be due to methyl nitrite from combustion of methyl ethers or esters in engine fuels

We review studies of the effects of low ambient ozone concentrations on morbidity that found a negative coefficient for ozone concentration. We call this a Paradoxical Ozone Association (POA). All studies were in regions with methyl ether in gasoline. All but one study carefully controlled for the effects of other criterion pollutants, so the phenomenon cannot be attributed to them. One was in southern California in mid-summer when ozone levels are highest. Because ozone is created by sunlight, the most plausible explanation for a POA would be an ambient pollutant that is rapidly destroyed by sunlight, such as methyl nitrite (MN). A previously published model of engine exhaust chemistry suggested methyl ether in the fuel will create MN in the exhaust. MN is known to be highly toxic, and closely related alkyl nitrites are known to induce respiratory sensitivity in humans. Support for the interpretation comes from many studies, including three linking asthma symptoms to methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE) and the observation that a POA has not been seen in regions without ether in gasoline. We also note that studies in southern California show a historical trend from more significant to less significant ozone-health associations. The timing of those changes is consistent with the known timing of the introduction of gasoline oxygenated with MTBE in that region.     

Distributions of personal VOC exposures: a population-based analysis

Information regarding the distribution of volatile organic compound (VOC) concentrations and exposures is scarce, and there have been few, if any, studies using population-based samples from which representative estimates can be derived. This study characterizes distributions of personal exposures to ten different VOCs in the U.S. measured in the 1999-2000 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Personal VOC exposures were collected for 669 individuals over 2-3 days, and measurements were weighted to derive national-level statistics. Four common exposure sources were identified using factor analyses: gasoline vapor and vehicle exhaust, methyl tert-butyl ether (MBTE) as a gasoline additive, tap water disinfection products, and household cleaning products. Benzene, toluene, ethyl benzene, xylenes chloroform, and tetrachloroethene were fit to log-normal distributions with reasonably good agreement to observations. 1,4-Dichlorobenzene and trichloroethene were fit to Pareto distributions, and MTBE to Weibull distribution, but agreement was poor. However, distributions that attempt to match all of the VOC exposure data can lead to incorrect conclusions regarding the level and frequency of the higher exposures. Maximum Gumbel distributions gave generally good fits to extrema, however, they could not fully represent the highest exposures of the NHANES measurements. The analysis suggests that complete models for the distribution of VOC exposures require an approach that combines standard and extreme value distributions, and that carefully identifies outliers. This is the first study to provide national-level and representative statistics regarding the VOC exposures, and its results have important implications for risk assessment and probabilistic analyses.     

Long-term increase in climatic dryness in the East-Mediterranean as evidenced for the island of Samos

The Eastern Mediterranean region is among the regions which were predicted to become drier under IPCC climate scenarios. Here, we document a gradual reduction of rainfall and tree growth and the loss of rural springs during the last decades of the twentieth century. Years with severe drought are associated with very low tree growth (dendrochronology) and dry falling of springs as evidenced by interviews with local stakeholders. The paper discusses the consequences of accelerating drought on natural vegetation and agriculture and points at the interaction with fire dynamics and economy, both likely to enhance the drought effect.     

Comparative analysis of the effect of predator odor on morphological and physiological parameters of adult male Campbell hamsters (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Phodopus campbelli</Emphasis>) and dwarf hamsters (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Phodopus sungorus</Emphasis>)

The effect of long-term exposure to natural excretions of the European polecat on the morphological parameters and hormonal status of adult male Campbell hamsters (Phodopus campbelli) and dwarf hamsters (Ph. sungorus) was studied. Exposure to volatile components of natural excreta of a potential predator did not have any significant effect on hamsters. The combined influence of volatile and nonvolatile components of the polecat’s excretions caused physiological stress in Ph. campbelli, while in Ph. sungorus, on the contrary, an increase in thymus weight and the plasma testosterone level was recorded.     

How Do Groups Solve Local Commons Dilemmas? Lessons from Experimental Economics in the Field

The use of experimental settings to observe human behaviour in a controlled environment of incentives, rules and institutions, has been widely used by the behavioural sciences for sometime now, particularly by psychology and economics. In most cases the subjects are college students recruited for one to two hour decision making exercises in which, depending on their choices, they earn cash averaging US$ 20. In such exercises players face a set of feasible actions, rules and incentives (payoffs) involving different forms of social exchange with other people, and that in most cases involve some kind of externalities with incomplete contracts, such as in the case of common-pool resources situations. Depending on the ecological and institutional settings, the resource users face a set of feasible levels of extraction, a set of rules regarding the control or monitoring of individual use, and sometimes ways of imposing material or non-material costs or rewards to those breaking or following the rules. We brought the experimental lab to the field and invited about two hundred users of natural resources in three Colombian rural villages to participate in such decision making exercises and through these and other research instruments we learned about the ways they solve - or fail to - tragedies of the commons with different social institutions. Further, bringing the lab to the field allowed us to explore some of the limitations of existing models about human behaviour and its consequences for designing policies for conserving ecosystems and improving social welfare.     

Quantifying the transfer of radionuclides to food products from domestic farm animals

Databases have been compiled to derive parameter values relevant to the transfer of radionuclides from feedstuffs to domestic animal products to provide a revision to the IAEA Handbook on transfer parameters TRS 364. Significant new data inputs have been incorporated into the databases from an extensive review of Russian language information and inclusion of data published since the early 1990s. Fractional gastrointestinal absorption in adult ruminants presented in the revised handbook are generally similar to those recommended for adult humans by the ICRP. Transfer coefficient values are presented in the handbook for a range of radionuclides to farm animal products. For most animal products, transfer coefficient values for elements additional to those in TRS 364 are provided although many data gaps remain. Transfer coefficients generally vary between species with larger species having lower values than smaller species. It has been suggested that the difference is partly due to the inclusion of dietary dry matter intake in the estimation of transfer coefficient and that whilst dietary intake increases with size nutrient concentrations do not. An alternative approach to quantifying transfer by using concentration ratios (CR), which do not consider dietary intake, has been evaluated. CR values compiled for the handbook vary considerably less between species than transfer coefficient values. The advantage of the CR approach is that values derived for one species could be applied to species for which there are no data. However, transfer coefficients will continue to be used as few studies currently report CR values or give data from which they can be estimated.     

A Dynamic model of Cs accumulation by fish of different age classes

A dynamic model of radionuclide accumulation in fish is developed. In the model, the fish population is represented by a set of discrete age classes. Each age class is characterized by a specific growth rate, diet and activity of metabolic processes. The model describes all known types of size effect in the contamination of fish with radiocaesium. The detailed dynamics of ¹³⁷Cs accumulation by fish are demonstrated using the results of the model's application to ichtiofauna in a water body which has a high level of contamination with radiocaesium — namely, the cooling pond of the Chernobyl NPP.     

Greenwashed sports and environmental activism: Formula 1 and FIFA†

ABSTRACT

Formula 1 motor sport and the Men's World Cup of association football, two major sporting events on our calendars, are indirectly and directly responsible for environmental despoliation. They serve as advertisements for heavy industry, are designed for elite as much as mass consumption, and provide sponsors with dubious social licenses to operate. This occurs through the very mechanisms of the events themselves (engines in Formula 1, tourism in the World Cup) as well as their promotional externalities. I look at greenwashing claims made about these two sporting events and examine counter-discourses, then investigate economic and ecological citizenship. I suggest that a progressive agenda can be forwarded if Greenpeace, which runs campaigns related to these sports, works with its fellow elites, in the case of Formula 1, and with fans in the case of football. Doing so may be more effective than business-as-usual direct action.     

江苏海洋开发的资源环境条件评述

江苏海洋的区位优越，海域广阔，环境条件总体有利，海洋资源种类多，数量大，具有综合开发功能，而且资源和环境的区域组合良好，有利于海洋产业的集约经营和协调发展，但也存在不少限制因素，如深水区离岸较远，海底矿产勘探程度低，自然灾害较多等。应根据实际情况确定本省海洋的开发战略。