面向生态的西部开发政策环境影响评价

本文在分析西部开发政策体系的基础上,剖析了该战略产生的环境影响的特征,指出了开展政策环境影响评价的必要性和可行性,提出了政策环评所需要的度量指标,以及面向生态的政策环评工作原则和技术程序,探讨了西部开发政策环境影响的控制方法。     

页岩气开发技术及其对环境的潜在影响

我国地质历史时期广泛发育的富含有机质的页岩地层具有优越的页岩气形成与富集条件,资源潜力巨大,勘探开发前景广阔。由于我国页岩气藏储藏层结构复杂,多为低孔、低渗型,开发技术要求很高,因此,开展页岩气开发相关技术研究是当前主要的任务之一。本文在收集国外大量的文献资料的基础上,总结了国外页岩气的勘探开发技术,提出了页岩气开发对环境的潜在影响因素。     

战略环评控制温室气体排放的评价思路与指标体系

战略环评作为宏观环境管理措施在推动产业转型升级、促进区域污染减排方面发挥重要作用。温室气体排放产生大尺度区域性生态环境问题,需要环境管理制度从战略和区域层面进行控制。通过战略环评控制温室气体排放对于适应当前国内外发展形势具有积极意义,有助于碳减排目标实现,加快转变经济发展方式和推进生态文明建设。由于温室气体环境影响的区域性、长期性和不确定性,不同于常规环境空气污染物,需要超越常规环评预测评估路径,以控制指标为核心建立环境影响评价思路。国际上已有应对气候变化的管理和技术实践,通过设定排放总量和排放绩效指标引导温室气体排放控制。结合国际经验,将温室气体作为特殊"污染物"控制纳入战略环评,建立基于温室气体控制的战略环评评价指标体系的组成可包括绝对排放量、排放强度和控制绩效三类指标。温室气体控制目标的确定,可以参照国家、区域和行业层面关于温室气体控制的政策目标进行划定或分解测算。通过建立科学适用的评价目标和指标体系,为在战略环评中开展温室气体控制扫除技术障碍,也必将为我国全面落实温室气体减排承诺发挥作用。     

加拿大战略环境影响评价的经验与启示

战略环境影响评价(简称战略环评)是加拿大政府实施可持续发展的一个重要手段。尽管加拿大的战略环境影响评价发展较快,形式多样,但其战略环评的理念及方法却有其一般的规律和特点。本文将介绍加拿大战略环境影响评价的理念、特点及评价方法,分析加拿大战略环评对我国的启示。     

贸易政策的环境影响评价导则研究

近年来,迅猛发展的对外贸易在为中国经济增长提供强劲动力的同时,也对中国的环境和资源产生了深远的影响。对贸易政策开展环境影响评价,对国内环境保护具有重要意义;而作为贸易政策环评的规范和指导文件,贸易政策环评导则的开发势在必行。本文从贸易政策环评工作的实践出发,结合我国现有的环境影响评价制度,借鉴国际贸易政策环评中同步评价、全面覆盖、突出重点、逐级递进、及时调整等先进理念,在总结国内贸易政策环境影响评价研究实践经验的基础上,遵循贸易政策对环境产生影响的基本逻辑,系统地从评价原则、评价对象、评价指标、评价内容、工作程序等方面,对如何制定中国的贸易政策环评导则进行了深入的探讨,指出应符合可持续性、可操作性等原则,遵循从贸易政策到环境影响的链式逻辑,涵盖直接影响和间接影响,综合运用经济影响和环境影响评价的相关模型,与贸易政策的谈判和制订同步展开评价。     

页岩气开发对乌江沿岸景观与生态格局的影响研究

景观生态格局是区域生态安全和可持续发展的基础。以乌江沿岸页岩气开发区为例，基于2010、2020年两期遥感影像、页岩气开发规模等相关数据，应用移动窗口获取景观格局指数，计算景观生态风险指数；构建生态网络，探究页岩气开发对区域景观格局的直接影响和生态格局的间接影响。结果表明：(1)2010～2020年，乌江沿岸页岩气开发区内林地、耕地分别减少了约52.78、43.78 km²,建设用地增加92.04 km²,草地和水域用地基本保持不变。页岩气矿区内景观聚集指数、最大斑块指数降低，降幅分别为9.38%～30.61%、14.36%～57.69%;斑块密度、分离度指数上升，增幅分别25.29%～55.39%、2.57%～5.11%,景观生态风险指数增幅0.20%～0.52%。(2)井场、管线、道路等基础设施建设带来的土地损毁，影响周边景观生态。其中道路沿线斑块密度指数、景观生态风险指数增幅最大，分别为50.95%～54.28%、0.59%～0.62%,对生态环境影响明显。(3)10年间，乌江沿岸生态源地面积减少250 km²,生...     

交通规划环评中机动车尾气影响预测方法研究

针对我国目前规划环境影响评价技术导则和技术方法中均欠缺关于交通发展建设规划的空气污染物排放量计算的指导性原则和方法,以已批复的北京市"十二五"时期交通发展建设规划环评为例,探讨当中所采用的机动车尾气污染物排放量计算方法的准确性和适用性。与国内部分学者利用IVE模型计算的北京市机动车排放因子和污染物排放量进行分析比较,结果表明,采用本研究的方法在计算CO、NOx污染物排放量时产生的误差较小,虽然在排放因子的选择上存在需进一步改进的地方,但相比IVE模型计算方法,采用本研究提供的方法所需参数较少,计算方法较为简便,并且在以交通量为主要变量的条件下,可预测不同时期的污染物排放特征,更适合做为交通发展建设规划环评的通用计算方法。     

资料集锦

△1992年,全国废气排放量为10.5亿立方米(不包括乡镇工业)。废气中烟尘排放量1414万吨,二氧化硫排放量1685万吨,工业粉尘排放量576万吨。△1992年,全国废水排放总量为366.5亿吨(不含乡镇工业),其中工业废水排放量233.9亿吨。重金属排放量1516吨,砷排放量872吨,氰化物排放量3579吨,挥发酚排放量6425吨,石油类排放量65076吨。△1992年,全国大江大河的水质状况,据七大水系和内陆河流38372公里的水质评价河段统计,其中符合《地面水环境质量标准》1、2类标准的占41％,符合3类标     

旅游规划的环境影响识别探讨

2003年《中华人民共和国环境影响评价法》的实施,标志着我国的规划环境影响评价开始进入制度化阶段,旅游规划也是其中要求进行环境影响评价并编写环评报告书的10个专项规划类型之一。但是目前我国旅游规划的环境影响评价工作尚处于起步阶段,其理论与技术性问题都需要进一步改进。例如,处于旅游规划环境影响评价过程中承上启下重要环节的环境影响识别就缺乏成熟的技术方法。在阐释旅游规划环境影响识别的定义及重要性的基础上,通过对已有文献资料及实践案例的分析与研究,总结与探讨了旅游规划环境影响识别的主体、受体和效应。最后以青海湖景区旅游规划为例,应用矩阵法识别了所规划项目与活动对青海湖地区自然资源、景观资源、生态环境、环境敏感区及社会经济文化的可能影响,以给类似旅游规划的环境影响识别工作提供经验借鉴.     

基于投影寻踪模型的湖南省土地多功能时空演变分析

土地多功能时空格局分析能够为明确区域土地利用方向及提升多功能整体效应提供参考。研究基于三生功能理论,通过划分土地多功能类型和构建多功能评价指标体系,综合运用投影寻踪法、空间自相关等揭示了2005、2010和2015年湖南省122个县（市）土地多功能时空变化特征。结果表明：（1）生态保育功能平均水平最高,农业生产功能次之,旅游功能相对较低;除生态功能有所下降外,其他各项功能呈现上升趋势,经济生产发展功能和社会保障居住就业功能提升幅度明显;（2）湖南省多功能性水平呈增加趋势且空间异质性明显,呈现由东向西递减的格局。单项功能水平空间分布差异明显,并表现出空间集聚的特征。农业生产、经济发展和社会保障居住就业功能较高的区域主要集中于湖南东部的长株潭地区及京广高速公路沿线县（市）,而生态保育功能高值区则主要分布于湘西、湘南、湘东南等山地丘陵区,研究期间,旅游功能集聚度逐渐提升,农业生产、社会保障居住就业和生态功能集聚度呈减弱趋势;(3)与传统评价方法相比,投影寻踪法客观可靠,信息表征丰富,结果合理,在土地多功能评价方面具有有效性。 关键词： 土地多功能性;时空格局;投影寻踪;空间自相关;湖南省     

Ethnosciences––A step towards the integration of scientific and indigenous forms of knowledge in the management of natural resources for the future

Integration of indigenous knowledge and ethnoscientific approaches into contemporary frameworks for conservation and sustainable management of natural resources will become increasingly important in policies on an international and national level, both in countries that are industrialised and those that have a developing status. We set the scene on how this can be done by exploring the key conditions and dimensions of a dialogue between ȁ8ontologiesȁ9 and the roles, which ethnosciences could play in this process. First, the roles of ethnosciences in the context of sustainable development were analysed, placing emphasis on the implications arising when western sciences aspire to relate to indigenous forms of␣knowledge. Secondly, the contributions of ethnosciences to such an ȁ8inter- ontological dialogueȁ9 were explored, based on an ethnoecological study of the encounter of sciences and indigenous knowledge in the Andes of Bolivia, and reviewed experiences from mangrove systems in Kenya, India and Sri Lanka, and from case-studies in other ecosystems world-wide, incl. Australia, Burkina Faso, Ecuador, Ethiopia, Guatemala, Indonesia, Nepal, Niger, Philippines, Senegal, South-Africa and Tanzania.     

Paradoxical ozone associations could be due to methyl nitrite from combustion of methyl ethers or esters in engine fuels

We review studies of the effects of low ambient ozone concentrations on morbidity that found a negative coefficient for ozone concentration. We call this a Paradoxical Ozone Association (POA). All studies were in regions with methyl ether in gasoline. All but one study carefully controlled for the effects of other criterion pollutants, so the phenomenon cannot be attributed to them. One was in southern California in mid-summer when ozone levels are highest. Because ozone is created by sunlight, the most plausible explanation for a POA would be an ambient pollutant that is rapidly destroyed by sunlight, such as methyl nitrite (MN). A previously published model of engine exhaust chemistry suggested methyl ether in the fuel will create MN in the exhaust. MN is known to be highly toxic, and closely related alkyl nitrites are known to induce respiratory sensitivity in humans. Support for the interpretation comes from many studies, including three linking asthma symptoms to methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE) and the observation that a POA has not been seen in regions without ether in gasoline. We also note that studies in southern California show a historical trend from more significant to less significant ozone-health associations. The timing of those changes is consistent with the known timing of the introduction of gasoline oxygenated with MTBE in that region.     

湘鄂赣农业资源与专业化区域化方向

湘鄂赣地理位置优越,农业资源丰富,稻谷、茶叶、麻类、棉花、油料、柑桔和淡水产品、禽蛋、肉类等在我国居有重要的地位,因此,大力发展三省农业生产,对我国人民实现小康生活具有战略意义。今后,要加速专业化区域化进程。我们找出生产潜力所在:改造低产田、低产园、低产水面;开发“三高”技术;开垦荒地、荒山、荒水;适当提高复种指数。通过建设,三省主要农产品将自给有余,还可满足国内外市场的需要。努力方向:高效农业开发——综合农业开发,吨粮田开发,玉米带开发,饲料稻开发,山区开发;合理布局农业生产;深化农业商品基地建设,发展综合利用,搞活商品流通;全面提高农业现代化水平,加强农业社会服务体系。     

Latitudinal variation in size of freshwater pulmonate mollusks (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Pulmonata) in Western Siberia

The size of shells in some freshwater pulmonate mollusk species abundant in Western Siberia (Lymnaea fragilis, L. terebra, Planorbis planorbis, and Anisus leucostoma) is relatively large in the south and decreases in the north. It is supposed that this phenomenon is explained by the fact that the season with conditions allowing the growth of mollusks is shorter in the north than in the south of Western Siberia.     

Prognosis of the spatiotemporal dynamics of ecosystems by means of universal kriging

The use of quantitative data for constructing prognostic maps of the dynamics of ecosystem degradation and restoration by nonlinear simulation methods is a topical field of landscape ecology. This method of dynamic cartography is based on fiberwise comparison of data on the state of Chernye Zemli (the Kalmyk Republic, Russia) in different years and the detailed analysis of the period on which the prognosis was based. For this purpose, materials of repeated aerial and satellite photography obtained during a long period (1954–1993) were used. Comparison of maps characterizing the dynamics of Chernye Zemli between 1958 and 1993 allows prognostic electronic maps for the next 10–15 years (with a five-year interval) to be drawn and land prognosis for the next 20–30 years (1998–2023) to be obtained. Deceased     

Distributions of personal VOC exposures: a population-based analysis

Information regarding the distribution of volatile organic compound (VOC) concentrations and exposures is scarce, and there have been few, if any, studies using population-based samples from which representative estimates can be derived. This study characterizes distributions of personal exposures to ten different VOCs in the U.S. measured in the 1999-2000 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Personal VOC exposures were collected for 669 individuals over 2-3 days, and measurements were weighted to derive national-level statistics. Four common exposure sources were identified using factor analyses: gasoline vapor and vehicle exhaust, methyl tert-butyl ether (MBTE) as a gasoline additive, tap water disinfection products, and household cleaning products. Benzene, toluene, ethyl benzene, xylenes chloroform, and tetrachloroethene were fit to log-normal distributions with reasonably good agreement to observations. 1,4-Dichlorobenzene and trichloroethene were fit to Pareto distributions, and MTBE to Weibull distribution, but agreement was poor. However, distributions that attempt to match all of the VOC exposure data can lead to incorrect conclusions regarding the level and frequency of the higher exposures. Maximum Gumbel distributions gave generally good fits to extrema, however, they could not fully represent the highest exposures of the NHANES measurements. The analysis suggests that complete models for the distribution of VOC exposures require an approach that combines standard and extreme value distributions, and that carefully identifies outliers. This is the first study to provide national-level and representative statistics regarding the VOC exposures, and its results have important implications for risk assessment and probabilistic analyses.     

Geographic Variation in the Seasonal Reproductive Strategy of the Mite Varroa jacobsoni in the Honeybee Nest

Variation in the reproduction of Varroa jacobsoni mite was studied in relation to the expansion of the range of its parasitism on the honeybee. Geographic differences in the seasonal dynamics of mite reproduction in the nests of bee families were revealed. Variation in the sex ratio of mites and the factors inhibiting their reproduction at the northern boundary of the honeybee range are considered. The forms of parthenogenetic reproduction in V. jacobsoni are discussed.     

Long-term increase in climatic dryness in the East-Mediterranean as evidenced for the island of Samos

The Eastern Mediterranean region is among the regions which were predicted to become drier under IPCC climate scenarios. Here, we document a gradual reduction of rainfall and tree growth and the loss of rural springs during the last decades of the twentieth century. Years with severe drought are associated with very low tree growth (dendrochronology) and dry falling of springs as evidenced by interviews with local stakeholders. The paper discusses the consequences of accelerating drought on natural vegetation and agriculture and points at the interaction with fire dynamics and economy, both likely to enhance the drought effect.     

Comparative analysis of the effect of predator odor on morphological and physiological parameters of adult male Campbell hamsters (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Phodopus campbelli</Emphasis>) and dwarf hamsters (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Phodopus sungorus</Emphasis>)

The effect of long-term exposure to natural excretions of the European polecat on the morphological parameters and hormonal status of adult male Campbell hamsters (Phodopus campbelli) and dwarf hamsters (Ph. sungorus) was studied. Exposure to volatile components of natural excreta of a potential predator did not have any significant effect on hamsters. The combined influence of volatile and nonvolatile components of the polecat’s excretions caused physiological stress in Ph. campbelli, while in Ph. sungorus, on the contrary, an increase in thymus weight and the plasma testosterone level was recorded.     

How Do Groups Solve Local Commons Dilemmas? Lessons from Experimental Economics in the Field

The use of experimental settings to observe human behaviour in a controlled environment of incentives, rules and institutions, has been widely used by the behavioural sciences for sometime now, particularly by psychology and economics. In most cases the subjects are college students recruited for one to two hour decision making exercises in which, depending on their choices, they earn cash averaging US$ 20. In such exercises players face a set of feasible actions, rules and incentives (payoffs) involving different forms of social exchange with other people, and that in most cases involve some kind of externalities with incomplete contracts, such as in the case of common-pool resources situations. Depending on the ecological and institutional settings, the resource users face a set of feasible levels of extraction, a set of rules regarding the control or monitoring of individual use, and sometimes ways of imposing material or non-material costs or rewards to those breaking or following the rules. We brought the experimental lab to the field and invited about two hundred users of natural resources in three Colombian rural villages to participate in such decision making exercises and through these and other research instruments we learned about the ways they solve - or fail to - tragedies of the commons with different social institutions. Further, bringing the lab to the field allowed us to explore some of the limitations of existing models about human behaviour and its consequences for designing policies for conserving ecosystems and improving social welfare.