中国及“一带一路”沿线典型国家贸易隐含碳转移研究

贸易将生产和消费连接起来,商品消费地可通过产品的跨地区调入,将与生产相关的碳排放与实际消费相分离,产生贸易中隐含碳排放转移的问题。本文基于多区域投入产出方法(MRIO),采用投入产出链接技术,将中国降尺度到30个省份(含4个直辖市),建立了"区域-国家-全球"多级尺度嵌套模型及相应的环境卫星矩阵数据库,评估了中国各区域及中国对"一带一路"沿线典型国家商品和服务贸易中的碳排放,并对双边贸易隐含碳排放的区域和行业流向进行分析。研究发现,中国在与"一带一路"沿线典型国家进行贸易时,国内生产碳排放大于国内消费碳排放,是隐含碳净出口国,属于隐含碳的"国内承担、国外消费"模式。韩国、印度是中国隐含碳的主要出口国家,俄罗斯是主要隐含碳进口国。在中国内部,沿海、东北、内陆、西北及西南地区的进出口贸易隐含碳依次减少,隐含碳排放平衡性具有区域差异性。中国对"一带一路"沿线典型国家贸易隐含碳行业结构的分析结果显示,公用事业(电力、热力和燃气)是最大的隐含碳净出口部门,建筑业是最大的隐含碳净进口部门。研究结果识别了中国与"一带一路"沿线国家贸易隐含碳排放的关键地区和关键部门,可为宏观层面制定低碳策略提供定量决策和理论支持。     

中国进出口贸易中的隐含能估算

采用投入产出法。估算了1997-2006年中国进出口贸易中的隐含能。在考虑隐含能和进出口能源产品的情况下，都按我国的能耗效率对进出口进行的保守估计发现：1997-2006年，我国的能源进出口基本持平．其中1999-2005年是一个微弱的能源净进口国，而1997。1998和2006年却是能源净出口国；按照日本的能耗效率对进口产品进行调整后的乐观估计发现中国则是一个更大的能源净出口国，每年能源净出口量在10000-50000万t标煤之间，其中1997-2002年我国能源净出口量占当年能源消费总量的10％左右。之后该数字迅速增长，2006年更高达18．8％。可见我国进口的能源（包括进口产品中的隐含能）又以出口产品的形式输出到了国外。从能源净消费的角度看我国并没有多消费世界上其他国家的能源。虽然我国近年来能源产品进口增加较快，但我国快速增长的净出口使这些能源又“隐含”在产品中离开了中国。     

中国外贸隐含土地实证研究述评

在全球化背景下,中国为满足日益增长的本土和国际市场的消费需求而不断提高的对土地资源的需求,不仅对本国土地资源的可持续利用构成严峻挑战,也对全球土地资源的配置格局产生了重要影响。因此,准确测算中国与其他国家或地区的外贸隐含土地资源的流动状况及其变化发展趋势,已经成为有效评价中国与世界土地资源供需结构现状、相互依存程度以及可持续支撑能力的重要前提。本文首先对20世纪末以来与中国相关的贸易隐含土地资源的实证研究文献进行了梳理,总结了这一时期实证研究的主要发现:单就粮食外贸而言,中国是隐含土地资源的净进口国;从全部商品、服务贸易角度看,多数研究证实中国是隐含土地的净出口国;中国人均土地资源消耗水平(土地足迹)显著低于世界平均水平;中国在隐含土地国际流动中扮演着"资源中枢"的角色。文献研究表明,研究方法与数据来源对研究结果有重大影响,多数用实物方法测算的结果显示中国是隐含土地的净进口国,而多数用投入产出分析方法测算的结果则显示为净出口国。文章在讨论上述实证研究发现所包含的政策含义基础上,从产业政策、贸易政策以及资源环境治理角度提出了相关对策建议。最后,文章就未来研究的重点及方向提出两点展望:第一,当前隐含土地资源实证研究的一项迫切任务是通过提高数据质量和改进研究方法提高研究结果的精度和信度应当成为当前隐含土地资源实证研究的一项迫切任务;第二,重视贸易对全球供应链参与各方所造成的非中性资源环境影响问题,并从多维度和多资源环境要素角度深化对该问题的理论探讨和实证研究。     

基于碳排放权价值的中国省域绿色贸易利益测度北大核心CSCDCSSCI

作为碳排放大国和出口强国,中国获得贸易顺差的背后是生产出口产品所带来的巨量碳排放。科学测算碳排放导致的价值损失,对“双碳”目标下的绿色发展具有重要意义。该研究通过构建嵌入式多区域投入产出表,从双边贸易层面和行业层面,分析中国30个省份进出口贸易隐含碳的现状,并利用碳排放权价值测算各省份对外贸易的环境净损失;在增加值贸易利益的基础上,进一步考察中国省域绿色贸易利益。研究表明,从双边贸易层面看,中国省域出口贸易隐含碳主要由美国和欧盟转入,进口贸易隐含碳主要向巴西、俄罗斯、印度、印度尼西亚、墨西哥和土耳其转出。对东盟贸易隐含碳占比较大的省份主要位于西南地区,对BRIIMT贸易隐含碳占比较大的省份主要位于北部地区,对日韩贸易隐含碳占比较大的省份主要位于东部地区。从行业层面看,出口贸易隐含碳集中在制造业和电热生产供应业,占比之和超过70%,且各省份的行业结构具有一定差异性。进口贸易隐含碳集中在电热生产供应业和运输业,占比之和约63%。引入碳排放权价值后,中国30省份的绿色贸易利益相比于增加值贸易利益减少0.94%。作为隐含碳净出口国,中国有28个省份在对外贸易中承担环境净损失。其中新疆和甘肃环境净损失的比重最高,分别为69.29%和57.43%。天津、吉林等7个省份在损失增加值贸易利益的同时,还承担着净出口贸易隐含碳带来的环境污染。针对结论,该研究提出大力发展清洁能源、省域间差异化减排、优化对外贸易结构的建议。     

贸易隐含污染物测算及结构绿色转型研究

该文根据中国2002年和2007年非竞争型投入产出表、OECD的国外投入产出表和GTAP Version 7.0的CO2排放强度等数据,利用多国投入产出模型方法测算了中国对外贸易中隐含污染物,分析了贸易隐含污染物的行业结构分布以及在主要贸易伙伴国中的贸易流向,并通过结构分解方法分析了出口规模总量、出口结构变化、投入产出表中间结构变化及单位产值CO2排放量四大因素对出口贸易隐含CO2的贡献。研究结果表明:2002-2007年间,我国对外贸易创造了巨大贸易顺差,同时也带来了大量隐含CO2、SO2顺差,2002年和2007年贸易隐含CO2顺差达6.21×108t和1.38×109t。2002年和2007年贸易隐含SO2顺差分别为323.99万t和674.54万t;出口贸易规模的扩大使我国出口贸易隐含CO2大幅增加,带来了巨大的环境压力,且出口贸易结构、投入产出中间结构变化也增加了出口贸易隐含CO2的排放。但是单位产值的CO2排放量的降低对抑制隐含CO2增长值发挥了十分重要作用,故需要进一步优化贸易结构,调整产业结构,提高能源利用效率,也就是贸易结构绿色转型势在必行。     

中国贸易隐含污染转移研究

本文基于WIOD、UNCTAD数据库,以8种污染物作为污染排放指标,构建了中国及其主要贸易伙伴国之间的环境多区域投入产出(MRIO)模型,并测算了中国贸易隐含污染净出口量及双边贸易污染转移量,继而引入贸易污染条件分析双边贸易对中国及其贸易伙伴国的不同影响。结果表明:中国在观察期(2000—2011年)内均为贸易隐含污染净出口国,且贸易隐含碳净出口量先升后降,而贸易隐含其他污染物净出口量却逐年递增。2011年中国基于生产端核算污染排放总量达685.69亿t,基于消费端核算污染排放量为635.50亿t,贸易隐含污染净出口总量达50.19亿t;双边贸易污染转移中中国成为了发达国家的"污染天堂"。2011年美国、欧盟、日本通过贸易向中国分别净转移污染物总量分别达到26 464.48万t、40 837.45万t、8 001.19万t,但中国与亚洲其他地区之间并不存在单向污染转移关系。中美、中欧、中日之间的贸易污染条件介于0.95~61.89之间,即双边贸易在恶化中国环境的同时对促进美国、欧盟、日本环境的改善作用明显,中国与亚洲其他地区之间的贸易污染条件介于0.40~6.41之间,因而双边贸易对中国和亚洲其他地区的环境影响并不确定。中国与任何伙伴国之间采掘业、电力煤气供应业等行业的贸易均严重增加了国内污染物排放。意味着:一方面,限制"两高一资"产品的出口等政策已改善了中国贸易隐含碳排放,但未对贸易隐含其他污染物排放产生作用;另一方面,中国不仅需要提高资源密集行业生产技术绿色化程度,更要严格控制这类行业的进出口贸易。     

中国林产品行业隐含碳的计量研究

本文采用投入产出分析法,结合行业能源消耗及温室气体排放相关数据,研究和测算了2007年我国各行业的隐含碳排放。研究结果显示,我国隐含碳排放总量高达96.20Gt,各行业间的隐含碳排放量差异较大;林产品行业的隐含碳排放量占我国隐含碳排放总量的3.22%,林产品净出口隐含碳排放量占行业隐含碳排放的28.25%;林产品行业直接碳排放强度占其隐含碳排放强度的1.92%。为了实现碳减排,我国应该调整外贸出口结构和产业结构,提升生产管理和生产技术水平,并提高清洁能源的使用比例。     

中国行业隐含能源消费及其强度的变动与影响因素

与传统生产侧的能源消费和能源强度不同,使用2012、2015和2017年可比价非竞争性投入产出表从需求侧对我国各行业的隐含能源消费和隐含能源强度进行了测算。基于行业间投入产出关系编制了行业间能源消费、增加值和能源强度转入转出平衡表。最后分别使用加法SDA和乘法SDA将我国能源消费总量和能源强度的变动分解为能源效率效应、增加值率效应、生产结构效应和最终需求效应,并使用归因分析将全国层面的各个分解效应归因至行业层面。研究结果显示:第一,金属冶炼和压延加工业等传统高耗能行业的隐含能源消费并不高,而建筑业是隐含能源消费最高的行业,这是由于采掘业、制造业和能源工业超过30%的传统能源消耗都是因满足建筑业的最终需求导致的。第二,传统能源强度较高行业的隐含能源强度往往也比较高,如非金属矿物制品业、金属冶炼和压延加工业等,说明这些行业无论生产侧还是需求侧均带来了以过度能源消耗为代价的"粗放式"经济增长。第三,2012—2017年各行业能源效率变动和生产结构变动促进了我国能源消费总量的下降,而增加值率变动和最终需求变动大幅增加了能源消费总量,其中建筑业和其他服务业对能源消费总量上升的贡献最大。第四,2012—2017年除了增加值率效应外,其余三个效应均总体上降低了我国的能源强度,其中专用设备制造业和交通运输设备制造业是导致能源强度下降的主要行业。因此,促进能源节约高效利用的各项政策应从仅关注生产侧高耗能行业的生产导向模式向同时考虑生产侧和需求侧的多行业综合治理模式转变。     

基于投入产出法的中国出口产品隐含碳测算

使用投入产出法,利用1999 -2008年中国海关货物出口商品分类数据,研究和测算了中国出口商品中的隐含碳.研究结果显示,中国是隐含碳的出口大国,出口贸易是中国CO2排放量逐年增长的重要原因.1999 - 2008年,我国出口产品中的隐含碳由1999年的3.8亿t上升至2008年的11.9亿t,在此期间,中国CO2年排放量的12％ -24％是因生产满足国际市场消费的产品而产生的.中国出口产品中的隐含碳主要集中在5大类行业,分别为:纺织业及服装鞋帽制造业、化学医药制造业、黑色及有色金属冶炼和压延加工业、通用及专用机械设备、电气机械及器材制造业.这5大类行业的出口产品中的隐含碳在中国出口产品的隐含碳总量中占到80％左右.中国出口产品隐含碳的主要流向是美国、欧盟和日本.在实证研究结果的基础上,本文认为国际社会应从生产者负责制和消费者负责制相结合的角度界定各国的碳排放责任和减排目标;同时建议我国应提高生产技术,降低产品的能源消耗强度,并限制能源密集型产业产品的出口.     

外贸出口增长与隐含能源出口总量下降的脱钩北大核心CSCDCSSCI

转变增长方式,实现绿色低碳发展已经成为全球共识,也是新时代中国特色社会主义的重要治国理念。能否实现经济增长与碳排放、能源消费的脱钩,是衡量绿色低碳发展的关键指标,也是实现2060年前碳中和目标的必然要求。文章基于2002、2007、2012、2018年投入产出表测算了中国对外贸易所载出口隐含能源,对中国入世以来外贸出口增长与隐含能源出口总量的弹性关系及趋势进行了研究,主要结果表明:①中国出口隐含能源与出口总额在2012年到2018年第一次出现绝对脱钩。这表明中国的经济结构、产业结构、能源结构调整进入了一个新的阶段,也是中国实现低碳发展路径下经济增长与能源消费脱钩进程中实现的第一个绝对脱钩。出口部门由于国际竞争的压力,效率水平相对领先,因此早于制造业整体和消费领域实现脱钩,符合经济规律和中国的发展阶段特征。②2007—2018年出口隐含能源占中国总能源消费的比例出现大幅下降。从最高时期2007年的31.48%下降到26.57%,下降了4.91个百分点,说明更大比例的能源消费主要在国内实现,主要依靠出口扩张拉动经济增长的模式开始出现调整;这个研究结论也可以从对外出口与能源消费的角度,支持“加快构建以国内大循环为主体、国内国际双循环相互促进的新发展格局”的论断。③对出口隐含能源与出口规模脱钩发展的原因分析表明:2002—2007年与2007—2012年出口隐含能源与出口总额保持同向不同增长速率趋势,出口规模增长是影响隐含能源出口量的主要原因,此间随着出口规模的快速增长,出口隐含能源也呈快速增长态势;2012—2018年出口隐含能源总量出现了下降,分析结果表明“完全能耗系数”即技术效应是出口隐含能源下降并实现绝对脱钩的主要原因。随着中国高质量发展、绿色转型发展等战略推进,脱钩趋势有望继续保持,并拓展实现更大经济领域的脱钩发展。     

Ethnosciences––A step towards the integration of scientific and indigenous forms of knowledge in the management of natural resources for the future

Integration of indigenous knowledge and ethnoscientific approaches into contemporary frameworks for conservation and sustainable management of natural resources will become increasingly important in policies on an international and national level, both in countries that are industrialised and those that have a developing status. We set the scene on how this can be done by exploring the key conditions and dimensions of a dialogue between ȁ8ontologiesȁ9 and the roles, which ethnosciences could play in this process. First, the roles of ethnosciences in the context of sustainable development were analysed, placing emphasis on the implications arising when western sciences aspire to relate to indigenous forms of␣knowledge. Secondly, the contributions of ethnosciences to such an ȁ8inter- ontological dialogueȁ9 were explored, based on an ethnoecological study of the encounter of sciences and indigenous knowledge in the Andes of Bolivia, and reviewed experiences from mangrove systems in Kenya, India and Sri Lanka, and from case-studies in other ecosystems world-wide, incl. Australia, Burkina Faso, Ecuador, Ethiopia, Guatemala, Indonesia, Nepal, Niger, Philippines, Senegal, South-Africa and Tanzania.     

Paradoxical ozone associations could be due to methyl nitrite from combustion of methyl ethers or esters in engine fuels

We review studies of the effects of low ambient ozone concentrations on morbidity that found a negative coefficient for ozone concentration. We call this a Paradoxical Ozone Association (POA). All studies were in regions with methyl ether in gasoline. All but one study carefully controlled for the effects of other criterion pollutants, so the phenomenon cannot be attributed to them. One was in southern California in mid-summer when ozone levels are highest. Because ozone is created by sunlight, the most plausible explanation for a POA would be an ambient pollutant that is rapidly destroyed by sunlight, such as methyl nitrite (MN). A previously published model of engine exhaust chemistry suggested methyl ether in the fuel will create MN in the exhaust. MN is known to be highly toxic, and closely related alkyl nitrites are known to induce respiratory sensitivity in humans. Support for the interpretation comes from many studies, including three linking asthma symptoms to methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE) and the observation that a POA has not been seen in regions without ether in gasoline. We also note that studies in southern California show a historical trend from more significant to less significant ozone-health associations. The timing of those changes is consistent with the known timing of the introduction of gasoline oxygenated with MTBE in that region.     

湘鄂赣农业资源与专业化区域化方向

湘鄂赣地理位置优越,农业资源丰富,稻谷、茶叶、麻类、棉花、油料、柑桔和淡水产品、禽蛋、肉类等在我国居有重要的地位,因此,大力发展三省农业生产,对我国人民实现小康生活具有战略意义。今后,要加速专业化区域化进程。我们找出生产潜力所在:改造低产田、低产园、低产水面;开发“三高”技术;开垦荒地、荒山、荒水;适当提高复种指数。通过建设,三省主要农产品将自给有余,还可满足国内外市场的需要。努力方向:高效农业开发——综合农业开发,吨粮田开发,玉米带开发,饲料稻开发,山区开发;合理布局农业生产;深化农业商品基地建设,发展综合利用,搞活商品流通;全面提高农业现代化水平,加强农业社会服务体系。     

Latitudinal variation in size of freshwater pulmonate mollusks (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Pulmonata) in Western Siberia

The size of shells in some freshwater pulmonate mollusk species abundant in Western Siberia (Lymnaea fragilis, L. terebra, Planorbis planorbis, and Anisus leucostoma) is relatively large in the south and decreases in the north. It is supposed that this phenomenon is explained by the fact that the season with conditions allowing the growth of mollusks is shorter in the north than in the south of Western Siberia.     

Prognosis of the spatiotemporal dynamics of ecosystems by means of universal kriging

The use of quantitative data for constructing prognostic maps of the dynamics of ecosystem degradation and restoration by nonlinear simulation methods is a topical field of landscape ecology. This method of dynamic cartography is based on fiberwise comparison of data on the state of Chernye Zemli (the Kalmyk Republic, Russia) in different years and the detailed analysis of the period on which the prognosis was based. For this purpose, materials of repeated aerial and satellite photography obtained during a long period (1954–1993) were used. Comparison of maps characterizing the dynamics of Chernye Zemli between 1958 and 1993 allows prognostic electronic maps for the next 10–15 years (with a five-year interval) to be drawn and land prognosis for the next 20–30 years (1998–2023) to be obtained. Deceased     

Distributions of personal VOC exposures: a population-based analysis

Information regarding the distribution of volatile organic compound (VOC) concentrations and exposures is scarce, and there have been few, if any, studies using population-based samples from which representative estimates can be derived. This study characterizes distributions of personal exposures to ten different VOCs in the U.S. measured in the 1999-2000 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Personal VOC exposures were collected for 669 individuals over 2-3 days, and measurements were weighted to derive national-level statistics. Four common exposure sources were identified using factor analyses: gasoline vapor and vehicle exhaust, methyl tert-butyl ether (MBTE) as a gasoline additive, tap water disinfection products, and household cleaning products. Benzene, toluene, ethyl benzene, xylenes chloroform, and tetrachloroethene were fit to log-normal distributions with reasonably good agreement to observations. 1,4-Dichlorobenzene and trichloroethene were fit to Pareto distributions, and MTBE to Weibull distribution, but agreement was poor. However, distributions that attempt to match all of the VOC exposure data can lead to incorrect conclusions regarding the level and frequency of the higher exposures. Maximum Gumbel distributions gave generally good fits to extrema, however, they could not fully represent the highest exposures of the NHANES measurements. The analysis suggests that complete models for the distribution of VOC exposures require an approach that combines standard and extreme value distributions, and that carefully identifies outliers. This is the first study to provide national-level and representative statistics regarding the VOC exposures, and its results have important implications for risk assessment and probabilistic analyses.     

Geographic Variation in the Seasonal Reproductive Strategy of the Mite Varroa jacobsoni in the Honeybee Nest

Variation in the reproduction of Varroa jacobsoni mite was studied in relation to the expansion of the range of its parasitism on the honeybee. Geographic differences in the seasonal dynamics of mite reproduction in the nests of bee families were revealed. Variation in the sex ratio of mites and the factors inhibiting their reproduction at the northern boundary of the honeybee range are considered. The forms of parthenogenetic reproduction in V. jacobsoni are discussed.     

Long-term increase in climatic dryness in the East-Mediterranean as evidenced for the island of Samos

The Eastern Mediterranean region is among the regions which were predicted to become drier under IPCC climate scenarios. Here, we document a gradual reduction of rainfall and tree growth and the loss of rural springs during the last decades of the twentieth century. Years with severe drought are associated with very low tree growth (dendrochronology) and dry falling of springs as evidenced by interviews with local stakeholders. The paper discusses the consequences of accelerating drought on natural vegetation and agriculture and points at the interaction with fire dynamics and economy, both likely to enhance the drought effect.     

Comparative analysis of the effect of predator odor on morphological and physiological parameters of adult male Campbell hamsters (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Phodopus campbelli</Emphasis>) and dwarf hamsters (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Phodopus sungorus</Emphasis>)

The effect of long-term exposure to natural excretions of the European polecat on the morphological parameters and hormonal status of adult male Campbell hamsters (Phodopus campbelli) and dwarf hamsters (Ph. sungorus) was studied. Exposure to volatile components of natural excreta of a potential predator did not have any significant effect on hamsters. The combined influence of volatile and nonvolatile components of the polecat’s excretions caused physiological stress in Ph. campbelli, while in Ph. sungorus, on the contrary, an increase in thymus weight and the plasma testosterone level was recorded.     

How Do Groups Solve Local Commons Dilemmas? Lessons from Experimental Economics in the Field

The use of experimental settings to observe human behaviour in a controlled environment of incentives, rules and institutions, has been widely used by the behavioural sciences for sometime now, particularly by psychology and economics. In most cases the subjects are college students recruited for one to two hour decision making exercises in which, depending on their choices, they earn cash averaging US$ 20. In such exercises players face a set of feasible actions, rules and incentives (payoffs) involving different forms of social exchange with other people, and that in most cases involve some kind of externalities with incomplete contracts, such as in the case of common-pool resources situations. Depending on the ecological and institutional settings, the resource users face a set of feasible levels of extraction, a set of rules regarding the control or monitoring of individual use, and sometimes ways of imposing material or non-material costs or rewards to those breaking or following the rules. We brought the experimental lab to the field and invited about two hundred users of natural resources in three Colombian rural villages to participate in such decision making exercises and through these and other research instruments we learned about the ways they solve - or fail to - tragedies of the commons with different social institutions. Further, bringing the lab to the field allowed us to explore some of the limitations of existing models about human behaviour and its consequences for designing policies for conserving ecosystems and improving social welfare.