高铁对吉林省旅游地域系统空间结构的影响

高铁是旅游地域系统要素中重要的一部分。选取2010年与2016年两个典型年份,采用加权平均旅行时间指标研究吉林省9个地级市(州)交通通达性的变化;运用首位度、位序—规模法则和旅游赫芬达尔指数三个指标分析了高铁对吉林省旅游地域系统空间结构的影响,并在此基础上探讨其作用机制。结果表明:高铁的开通提高了吉林省旅游地域系统整体交通水平,沿线城市交通改善率明显高于非沿线城市,拓展了沿线城市"一日交流圈"的辐射范围,产生了明显的"时空压缩"效应;对旅游者出游意愿、客源市场格局、旅游吸引力产生影响,进而削弱了核心区域极化效应,使空间结构形态逐渐趋于均衡,对吉林省旅游业发展产生了积极效应。     

基于地方特色挖掘的吉林省旅游纪念品开发

旅游纪念品是旅游地地域文化的体现,对推动地区文化和旅游业发展意义重大.阐述了旅游纪念品开发的研究背景,从自然环境、历史文化等方面对吉林省旅游纪念品的地域特色进行挖掘,分析了现阶段吉林省旅游纪念品的市场现状,提出了相关开发策略.     

杭州湾跨海大桥与宁波旅游业的发展

杭州湾跨海大桥是连接以宁波为中心的长三角南翼和长三角中心地区的一条快速、便捷的重要通道。从旅游交通对旅游资源、客源市场和游客决策行为等方面阐述了杭州湾跨海大桥对宁波旅游业的影响：促进长三角地区尤其是沪、甬、杭地区旅游资源和客源市场的优势互补，扩大宁波的客源市场规模和范围，加速宁波市与长三角腹地旅游经济的融合。同时，以这些影响为依据，提出宁波市旅游业的发展对策：完善旅游设施、增强旅游从业人员的素质，提升旅游产业的软硬件水平，加强与长三角主要旅游城市联合，加快旅游产业带的迁移。     

基于亲景度的秦皇岛入境旅游市场研究

入境旅游市场的规模与质量直接影响旅游目的地旅游业的外向度,而外向度的提升是旅游目的地塑造国际化品牌形象、增加旅游收入、提高经济效益的基础。依据秦皇岛1995-2006年入境旅游市场的相关统计数据,分析了秦皇岛入境旅游市场亲景度的国别差异及空间演变,并对秦皇岛今后拓展入境旅游市场提出了对策与建议。     

基于旅游资源评价的吉林省旅游发展格局研究

科学评价旅游资源是制定旅游开发策略的前提.在系统分析吉林省自身旅游资源特征以及在东北三省中所处优劣势的基础上,探讨当前旅游资源的状况对吉林省旅游业产生的影响,针对性地提出“一心两域”的吉林省旅游发展格局模式.     

中国公民出境旅游的国际比较

近年来中国出境旅游市场规模增长迅速,出境旅游消费已成为中国公民的一个消费新热点。采用总旅游倾向、国家潜在旅行生成指数和人均旅游消费支出3个指标,比较分析了中国与其他14个出境旅游消费大国在出境旅游发展上的差异和差距。结论认为,出境旅游对中国总人口的渗透程度还很低,仍属于出境旅游低产客能力国家;中国出境旅游消费正处于转型期,旅游高消费仍是出境旅游市场的一个重要特征。     

河北城市入境旅游极化与国内旅游扁平化

基于河北省入境旅游、国内旅游接待客流量和旅游收入的统计数据,运用首位度指数、位序—规模分析和空间基尼系数指标对省内城市旅游等级规模结构及演化进行了探究,并对其成因进行了分析。结果表明:(1)入境旅游规模分布呈核心极化,大城市突出;(2)国内旅游规模分布呈扁平化,中小城市发育较好;(3)高级别景区资源丰度、区位条件和星级宾馆建设造成入境旅游的空间极化;(4)本地市场崛起与城市旅游联合开发,推动国内旅游扁平化;(5)从长期发展趋势来看,入境旅游核心极化不断削弱,国内旅游扁平化不断加强,朝均衡发展方向推进。     

我国入境旅游市场时空演变及其特征研究——基于国际对比的视角

改革开放以来,我国入境旅游业取得了令人瞩目的成绩,对发展我国旅游业、增加国家外汇储备和提升国家对外形象等起到了重要的作用。在全球国际旅游市场表现良好和亚洲一些重要旅游目的地快速增长的背景下,以入境旅游人次和国际旅游收入两大指标为基础,从时间轴和空间轴两大维度对包括中国在内的全球10大旅游目的地的入境旅游市场时空演化状况进行了对比,分析出中国入境旅游市场规模仍处于世界前列,旅游市场变动强度较小,客源市场规模差异合理和客源市场集中程度相对均衡等特征。     

城市旅游市场分类研究及其意义--以汕头市为例

运用旅游市场分类法，通过对旅游流、旅游市场细分和旅游者行为等方面分析，以及对汕头市旅游市场的实证研究，作者初步认证了旅游市场分类法的科学性和有效性。区分城市旅游者与景点旅游者两类市场，对比这两类市场旅游者的空间结构、出游目的结构、时间分配结构的差异，对分析汕头旅游发展的主导旅游吸引、旅游需求趋势和需求预测以及确定区域旅游发展的动力模型、旅游发展动力机制，制定产品战略和市场战略具有重要的意义。     

基于投入—产出效率视角的边境旅游目的地竞争力评价研究——来自云南省的实证分析

从投入—产出效率视角切入,对云南省8个边境旅游目的地投入—产出效率与竞争力水平进行分析。研究发现:云南省各边境旅游目的地投入—产出水平均存在显著差异且规模等级层次明显;各边境旅游目的地投入—产出效率水平同样差异较明显,竞争力水平分化显著,规模经济与规模不经济各占比50%,整体的竞争力水平一般。在此基础上,提出坚持"全域一体化、区域差异化"发展;凸显旅游主题特色,激发旅游创新动能;加强基础供给,优化市场环境;强化政府引导,建立稳定的区域旅游合作机制促进边境旅游目的地竞争力提升路径。     

Conversion of temperate forests into heaths: Role of ecosystem disturbance and ericaceous plants

Fire and logging in nutrient-poor temperate forests with certain ericaceous understory plants may convert the forests into heaths. The process of disturbance-induced heath formation is documented by using examples ofCalluna in western Europe,Kalmia in Newfoundland, andGaultheria (salal) in coastal British Columbia. In a cool, temperate climate, rapid vegetative growth ofCalluna, Kalmia, and salal following disturbance results in increasing organic accumulation (paludification), nutrient sequestration, soil acidification, and allelochemicals. These are thought to be the main reasons to conifer regeneration failure in disturbed habitats. If continuation in forest is a land-use objective, then temperate forests with an ericaceous understory should not be logged unless effective silvicultural methods are devised to control the ericaceous plants and restore forest regeneration. Preharvest vegetation control may be considered as an option. Failure to control the understory plants may lead to a long-term vegetation shift, from forest to heathland, particularly in nutrient-poor sites. Successful methods of controllingKalmia andGaultheria, however, have yet to be developed. While theKalmia- andGaultheria- dominated heathlands are undesirable in Canada and the Pacific Northwest, a wide range ofCalluna heathlands of western Europe are being conserved as natural and seminatural vegetation.     

AN APPLICATION RUNOFF MODEL STRATEGY FOR UNGAGED WATERSHEDS1

ABSTRACT: Mathematical models for predicting watershed surface flow responses are available, most of which are elaborate nonlinear numerical surface and channel flow models linked with infiltration models. Such models may be used to make predictions for ungaged areas, assuming an acceptable fitting of the model to the topography and roughness of the real system. For some application purposes, these models are impractical because of their complexity and expensive computer solutions. A procedure is developed that uses a complex model of an ungaged area to derive a simpler parametric nonlinear system model for repetitious simulation with input sequences. The predicted flow outputs are obtained with the simpler model at significant savings of money and time. The procedures for constructing a complex kinematic model of a 40 acre (161,880 m²) reference watershed and deriving the simpler system model are outlined. The results of predictions from both models are compared with a selected set of measured events, all having essentially the same initial conditions. Peak discharges ranged from 3 to 118 ft³/sec (0.085 to 3.34 m³/sec), which includes the largest event of record. The inherent limitations of lumped systems models are demonstrated, including the bias caused by their inability to model infiltration losses after rainfall ceases. Computer costs and times for the models were compared. The derived simple model has a cost advantage when repeated use of a model is required. Such an applications hydrologic model has an engineering tradeoff of reduced accuracy, and lumping bias, but is more economical for certain design purposes.     

Urban ecological systems: scientific foundations and a decade of progress

Urban ecological studies, including focus on cities, suburbs, and exurbs, while having deep roots in the early to mid 20th century, have burgeoned in the last several decades. We use the state factor approach to highlight the role of important aspects of climate, substrate, organisms, relief, and time in differentiating urban from non-urban areas, and for determining heterogeneity within spatially extensive metropolitan areas. In addition to reviewing key findings relevant to each state factor, we note the emergence of tentative "urban syndromes" concerning soils, streams, wildlife and plants, and homogenization of certain ecosystem functions, such as soil organic carbon dynamics. We note the utility of the ecosystem approach, the human ecosystem framework, and watersheds as integrative tools to tie information about multiple state factors together. The organismal component of urban complexes includes the social organization of the human population, and we review key modes by which human populations within urban areas are differentiated, and how such differentiation affects environmentally relevant actions. Emerging syntheses in land change science and ecological urban design are also summarized. The multifaceted frameworks and the growing urban knowledge base do however identify some pressing research needs.     

Neighbourhood characteristics and urban gardens in the Toledo metropolitan area: staffing and voluntarism,food production,infrastructure, and sustainability practices

Urban gardens are important sources of sustenance for communities with limited access to food. Hence, this study focuses on food production in gardens in the Toledo metropolitan area in Northwest Ohio. We administered surveys to 150 garden managers from November 2014 to February 2015 in our attempt to better understand how neighbourhood racial composition and poverty levels are related to staffing and voluntarism, food production and distribution, the development of infrastructure, and the adoption of sustainability practices in urban gardens. The results from 30 gardens are presented in this paper. We used Geographic Information Systems to map the gardens and overlay the map with 2010 census data so that we could conduct demographic analyses of the neighbourhoods in which the gardens were located. Though the gardens were small – two acres or less – up to 46 varieties of food were grown in a single garden. Gardens also operated on small budgets. Food from the gardens was gifted or shared with friends, family, and neighbourhood residents. Gardens in predominantly minority neighbourhoods tended to have fewer institutional partners, less garden infrastructure, and had adopted fewer sustainable practices than gardens in predominantly White neighbourhoods. Nonetheless, residents of predominantly minority and high-poverty neighbourhoods participated in garden activities and influenced garden operations. Volunteering and staffing were racialised and gendered.     

Using Paleo Reconstructions to Improve Streamflow Forecast Lead Time in the Western United States

In water stressed regions, water managers are exploring new horizons that would help in long‐range streamflow forecasts. Oceanic‐atmospheric oscillations have been shown to influence streamflow variability. In this study, long‐lead time streamflow forecasts are made using a multiclass kernel‐based data‐driven support vector machine (SVM) model. The extended streamflow records based on tree ring reconstructions were used to provide a longer time series data. Reconstructed data were used from 1658 to 1952 and the instrumental record was used from 1953 to 2007. Reconstructions for oceanic‐atmospheric oscillations included the El Niño‐Southern Oscillation, Pacific Decadal Oscillation, Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation, and North Atlantic Oscillation. Streamflow forecasts using all four oscillations were made with one‐year to five‐year lead times for 21 gages in the western United States. This is the first study that uses both instrumental and reconstructed data of oscillations in SVM model to improve streamflow forecast lead time. SVM model was able to provide “satisfactory” to “very good” forecasts with one‐ to five‐year lead time for the selected gages. The use of all the oscillation indices helped in achieving better predictability compared to using individual oscillations. The SVM modeling results are better when compared with multiple linear regression model forecasts. The findings are statistical in nature and are expected to be useful for long‐term water resources planning and management.     

Predicting deer-vehicle collisions in an urban area

Collisions with deer and other large animals are increasing, and the resulting economic costs and risks to public safety have made mitigation measures a priority for both city and wildlife managers. We created landscape models to describe and predict deer-vehicle collision (DVCs) within the City of Edmonton, Alberta. Models based on roadside characteristics revealed that DVCs occurred frequently where roadside vegetation was both denser and more diverse, and that DVCs were more likely to occur when the groomed width of roadside right-of-ways was smaller. No DVCs occurred where the width of the vegetation-free or manicured roadside buffer was greater than 40 m. Landscape-based models showed that DVCs were more likely in more heterogeneous landscapes where road densities were lower and speed limits were higher, and where non-forested vegetation such as farmland was in closer proximity to larger tracts of forest. These models can help wildlife and transportation managers to identify locations of high collision frequency for mitigation. Modifying certain landscape and roadside habitats can be an effective way to reduce deer-vehicle collisions.     

MANGANESE CYCLE IN IMPOUNDMENT WATER

Manganese entering impounded water will undergo a cyclic transformation. Oxidation precipitates manganese from top waters. At the bottom of the lake, biological activity will render manganese soluble by both intracellular as well as extracellular activity. The study was made to demonstrate that biological reduction and transformation, organometallic complexation, together with the presence of carbon dioxide and the lowering of pH all have some effect on the solubility of manganese. Dissolved manganese may be brought back to top waters during the lake overturn and therefore deteriorates the water quality.     

Biodiversity and biotechnology

The maintenance of biodiversity is urged from many quarters and on grounds ranging from aesthetic considerations to its usefulness, particularly for biotechnology. But regardless of the grounds for preserving biodiversity, writers are generally in agreement that it should be preserved. But, in examining the various references biodiversity, such as species diversity, genetic diversity, and habitat diversity, it is apparent that we cannot aim to preserve biodiversityas such, since there are a number of conflicts in any such undertaking. In preserving one aspect of biodiversity, we damage another aspect. Five arguments which attempt to ground our moral concern for biodiversity are reviewed and critiqued, not only for their consistency but also for their power to move us to action. The final section of the paper shows how conflicts in the values of personal and environmental health can impair ethical action and especially policy formation.An earlier version of this paper was read at the conference on Agriculture, Food, and Human Values: Tradition and Change, Orlando, Florida, October 7–9, 1987.     

Surface applied water treatment residuals affect bioavailable phosphorus losses in Florida sands

Water treatment residuals (WTR) can reduce runoff P loss and surface co-application of P-sources and WTR is a practical way of land applying the residuals. In a rainfall simulation study, we evaluated the effects of surface co-applied P-sources and an Al-WTR on runoff and leacheate bioavailable P (BAP) losses from a Florida sand. Four P-sources, namely poultry manure, Boca Raton biosolids (high water-soluble P), Pompano biosolids (moderate water-soluble P), and triple super phosphate (TSP) were surface applied at 56 and 224kgPha(-1) (by weight) to represent low and high soil P loads typical of P- and N-based amendments rates. The treatments further received surface applied WTR at 0 or 10gWTRkg(-1) soil. BAP loss masses were greater in leachate (16.4-536mg) than in runoff (0.91-46mg), but were reduced in runoff and leachate by surface applied WTR. Masses of total BAP lost in the presence of surface applied WTR were less than approximately 75% of BAP losses in the absence of WTR. Total BAP losses from each of the organic sources applied at N-based rates were not greater than P loss from TSP applied at a P-based rate. The BAP loss at the N-based rate of moderate water-soluble P-source (Pompano biosolids) was not greater than BAP losses at the P-based rates of other organic sources tested. The hazards of excess P from applying organic P-sources at N-based rates are not greater than observed at P-based rates of mineral fertilizer. Results suggest that management of the environmental P hazards associated with N-based rates of organic materials in Florida sands is possible by either applying P-sources with WTR or using a moderate water-soluble P-source.     

Sources and Transport of Phosphorus to Rivers in California and Adjacent States,U.S., as Determined by SPARROW Modeling

The SPARROW (SPAtially Referenced Regression on Watershed attributes) model was used to simulate annual phosphorus loads and concentrations in unmonitored stream reaches in California, U.S., and portions of Nevada and Oregon. The model was calibrated using de‐trended streamflow and phosphorus concentration data at 80 locations. The model explained 91% of the variability in loads and 51% of the variability in yields for a base year of 2002. Point sources, geological background, and cultivated land were significant sources. Variables used to explain delivery of phosphorus from land to water were precipitation and soil clay content. Aquatic loss of phosphorus was significant in streams of all sizes, with the greatest decay predicted in small‐ and intermediate‐sized streams. Geological sources, including volcanic rocks and shales, were the principal control on concentrations and loads in many regions. Some localized formations such as the Monterey shale of southern California are important sources of phosphorus and may contribute to elevated stream concentrations. Many of the larger point source facilities were located in downstream areas, near the ocean, and do not affect inland streams except for a few locations. Large areas of cultivated land result in phosphorus load increases, but do not necessarily increase the loads above those of geological background in some cases because of local hydrology, which limits the potential of phosphorus transport from land to streams.