无阀滤池在丁腈橡胶污水处理中的应用

研究利用砂滤技术去除丁腈橡胶污水携带橡胶胶粒的问题,首先通过筛分实验确定橡胶胶粒的粒径分布区间,理论计算过滤该粒径区间橡胶胶粒所需的石英砂滤料粒径范围和填装高度,再利用小试验证砂滤技术去除橡胶胶粒的技术可行性并确定关键的滤料参数和反冲洗周期,最后以石英砂作为无阀滤池的滤料在丁腈橡胶污水处理装置进行工业化应用。发现采用两层不同粒径,总厚度为500mm的石英砂作为无阀滤池滤料,可彻底去除丁腈橡胶污水中的细小胶粒和其它悬浮物,应用效果良好。     

深床滤池在城镇污水深度处理中的应用及设计

广东地区某镇污水处理厂一二期提标改造工程的深度处理工艺,采用占地面积小、脱氮效果稳定的反硝化深床滤池,在反硝化去除TN的同时,过滤去除SS和TP,保证了达标排放。文章详述了该滤池的设计原理、设计参数和结构特点。     

新型排水浮阀的优化设计

滤池改造试验对中小城镇的水厂改造提供了-个切实可行的方法.在提出浮阀滤池改造工艺的基础上对它进行了细致的试验论证,使其能更好地指导工程实践.从理论上推导出新排水浮阀设备排水能力的计算公式,并用模型试验的大量数据对其进行验证和修正,为滤池的技术改造工程设计提供重要的数据和技术依据.     

广东某城市污水处理厂CASS工艺设计

根据广东省某城市污水处理厂工程设计实例,介绍了该工程设计采用的比氏沉砂池的特点,以及CASS工艺设计参数的选用。     

分层锰砂滤池去除地下水中铁离子的工程应用

通过工程实例讨论了分层锰砂滤池在地下水去除铁离子中的工艺过程和处理效果。结果表明:滤池对铁离子有较好的去除效果,进水中铁离子浓度由1.57 mg/L降到出水的0.06mg/L,去除率达到96%以上。与传统的锰砂滤池相比,由于采用了适当的预处理以及滤料的分层设计,系统的堵塞情况大为改善,反冲洗频率大幅降低,运行管理更加方便。     

自来水厂滤池反冲洗废水处理及回用技术进展

自来水生产过程滤池要定期反冲洗,滤池反冲洗废水最早一般被直接排放,近年来低成本安全回用滤池反冲洗废水逐渐受到重视.其主要处理回用技术从以直接回用或混凝-沉淀后回用为主的传统技术,逐渐转变为高效安全的膜回收技术.评析滤池反冲洗废水回用技术在实际应用中存在的问题,对回收滤池反冲洗废水提出建议.分析表明饮用水系统滤池反冲洗废水采用膜过滤技术可避免自来水厂出水浊度增加、出水消毒副产物增加和致病微生物增加三大问题.     

滤层结构特性对滤后水浊度影响关系的研究

滤料层是滤池的核心组成部分,其本身的结构特性对滤后水的水质、过滤性能有着重要的影响。滤料层滤料粒径与滤层厚度之间的关系是滤池设计的重要依据,本文通过实验,发现l/d2值在描述滤池处理出水浊度方面比l/d值更加准确,而且l/d2值的大小影响出水浊度的高低。     

曝气生物滤池填料的研究进展

简要介绍了曝气生物滤池的发展,并对国内外曝气生物滤池填料的研究进展分别进行了阐述,指出了未来曝气生物滤池填料的研究方向。     

某高速数据解调终端分系统的可靠性定量设计

可靠性与产品的其它特性一样,是工程设计的一项重要参数。电子行业的可靠性数据指出：设计原因是产品不可靠的最重要的原因。本文针对某高速数据解调终端分系统特别高的可靠性要求,分析了一种比较复杂的可靠性模型,并从理论上给出了完整的可靠性设计方法和预计结果,解决了困扰类似电子系统可靠性定量设计的问题。     

小型一体化高效生物滤池污水处理系统

由江苏省嘉庆水务发展有限公司开发的小型一体化高效生物滤池污水处理系统,适用于农村村落及小型城镇污水处理系统。主要技术内容一、基本原理采用一体化高效滤池工艺,污水先由村落内部污水管网引至污水处理站,经粗格栅后进入预沉调节池,通过沉淀去除污水中的部分悬浮物和砂粒,在调节池中调节均质后(将好氧滤池混合液回流至调节池),提升进入缺氧滤池进行反硝化,再自流进入除磷滤池,污水通过除磷滤料时其中的磷与除磷滤料中的化学物质发生反     

燃煤锅炉机组电改袋工程成功案例分析

以宝钢电厂3#机组电改全袋工程为例,论述了该成功工程的特点,介绍了袋式除尘器及滤料的比选过程、结构型式和设计参数,总结了除尘系统所具有的技术特色和投运后所取得的效果,该案例对袋式除尘器在电站锅炉的推广应用具有参考意义。     

用能产品绿色设计浅议

随着全球环境问题日益加剧,绿色设计已经逐渐成为人们关注的焦点.与非用能产品相比,用能产品的特性决定了它在整个生命周期中会对环境产生更为严重的影响.因此,把绿色设计方法集成到用能产品的设计流程中,提高产品的环境性能,具有重要的现实意义.     

余压过滤系统在工业循环水系统中的应用

砂过滤器是一种传统而高效的水处理设备,广泛应用于钢铁企业循环水系统。目前钢铁企业最常用的砂滤器是高速或中速砂过滤器。本文结合新型浅层砂过滤器的应用,对余压过滤系统技术（余压全滤、余压旁滤）应用于钢铁企业循环水系统进行了分析,并对具体的设计方法进行了详细的介绍,可供实际生产和工程建设参考。     

袋式除尘器结构优化设计与虚拟装配关键技术

针对袋式除尘器大型化后在结构轻质化、模块化结构的可靠装配和焊接变形控制等方面面临的诸多问题,开展了系统的研究,发展了不同结构类型袋式除尘器快速参数化建模、整体和局部联合计算、梁柱连接节点的简化设计、整体计算中复杂花板结构简化、非线性多约束结构优化等复杂关键技术,开发了袋式除尘器结构计算和优化设计软件;提出了基于世界树的实体层次系统结构建模框架,开发了大型模块化袋式除尘器虚拟装配软件;分析了主要结构焊接变形、应力和应变分布及变化规律,提出了反变形法消除焊接变形的控制方法,并开展了实验验证。     

袋式除尘器在沥青混凝土搅拌设备上的应用

分析了沥青混凝土搅拌设备的构成以及生产沥青混凝土的工艺及烟尘特点;通过应用工程实例,指出袋式除尘器是沥青混凝土搅拌设备最理想的除尘系统之一。     

碳五加氢石油树脂化工废水的处理

本文介绍了应用新型曝气沉淀池-曝气生物滤池工艺处理碳五加氢石油树脂化工废水的工程实例。运行表明，通过调节水的pH值，改善铝的去除率。新型曝气沉淀池能有效地去除SS、CODCr、石油类和部分有机物，为后续好氧生物处理创造了一个良好的环境；新型挂膜方式的曝气生物滤池(BAF)工艺能稳定高效地去除SS、CODCr、硫化物、苯等，出水水质达到了国家一级排放标准.     

Assessing Uncertainty in Estimates of Nitrogen Loading to Estuaries for Research, Planning, and Risk Assessment

Parametric (propagation for normal error estimates) and nonparametric methods (bootstrap and enumeration of combinations) to assess the uncertainty in calculated rates of nitrogen loading were compared, based on the propagation of uncertainty observed in the variables used in the calculation. In addition, since such calculations are often based on literature surveys rather than random replicate measurements for the site in question, error propagation was also compared using the uncertainty of the sampled population (e.g., standard deviation) as well as the uncertainty of the mean (e.g., standard error of the mean). Calculations for the predicted nitrogen loading to a shallow estuary (Waquoit Bay, MA) were used as an example. The previously estimated mean loading from the watershed (5,400 ha) to Waquoit Bay (600 ha) was 23,000 kg N yr⁻¹. The mode of a nonparametric estimate of the probability distribution differed dramatically, equaling only 70% of this mean. Repeated observations were available for only 8 of the 16 variables used in our calculation. We estimated uncertainty in model predictions by treating these as sample replicates. Parametric and nonparametric estimates of the standard error of the mean loading rate were 12–14%. However, since the available data include site-to-site variability, as is often the case, standard error may be an inappropriate measure of confidence. The standard deviations were around 38% of the loading rate. Further, 95% confidence intervals differed between the nonparametric and parametric methods, with those of the nonparametric method arranged asymmetrically around the predicted loading rate. The disparity in magnitude and symmetry of calculated confidence limits argue for careful consideration of the nature of the uncertainty of variables used in chained calculations. This analysis also suggests that a nonparametric method of calculating loading rates using most frequently observed values for variables used in loading calculations may be more appropriate than using mean values. These findings reinforce the importance of including assessment of uncertainty when evaluating nutrient loading rates in research and planning. Risk assessment, which may need to consider relative probability of extreme events in worst-case scenarios, will be in serious error using normal estimates, or even the nonparametric bootstrap. A method such as our enumeration of combinations produces a more reliable distribution of risk.     

Flow-through rates and evaluation of solids separation of compost filter socks versus silt fence in sediment control applications

Soil loss rates from construction sites can be 1000 times the average of natural soil erosion rates and 20 times that from agricultural lands. Silt fence (SF) is the current industry standard used to control sediment originating from construction activities. Silt fences are designed to act as miniature detention ponds. Research has indicated that SF sediment filtering efficiency is related to its ability to detain and pond water, not necessarily the filtration ability of the fabric. Design capacity and spacing is based on flow-through rate and design height. In addition, increased detention of runoff and pressure from ponding may increase the likelihood of overtopping or failure of SF in field application. Testing was conducted on compost silt socks (SS) and SF to determine sediment filtering efficiency, flow-through rate, ponding depth, overtopping point, design height, and design capacity. Results indicate flow-through rate changes with time, as does ponding depth, due to the accumulation of solids on/in the sediment filters. Changes in depth with time were a linear function of flow rate after 10 min of flow, up to the time the sediment filter is overtopped. Predicting the capacity of SF and SS to handle runoff without the filter being overtopped requires consideration of both runoff rate and length of runoff time. Data show SS half the heights of SF were less likely to overtop than SF when sediment-laden runoff water flow rates are less than 1.03 L(-1) s(-1) m(-1) (5 gpm/ft, gal per minute per lineal foot). Ponded depth behind a 61.0-cm (24 in) SF increased more rapidly than behind a 30.5-cm diam. (12 in) SS, and at the end of the thirty minutes, the depth behind the SF was 75% greater than that behind the SS. Removal of solids by the SF and the SS were not shown to be statistically different. Results were used to create a Microsoft Excel-based interactive design tool to assist engineers and erosion and sediment control planners on how to specify compost SS relative to SF in perimeter sediment control applications.     

A PARAMETRIC MODEL CALIBRATED WITH A PHYSICALLY BASED MODEL FOR RUNOFF PREDICTION FROM UNGAGED STREAMS1

ABSTRACT: Recent developments in the numerical solution of the governing partial differential equations for overland and channel flow should make possible physically based models which predict runoff from ungaged streams. However, these models, which represent the watershed by sets of intersecting planes, are complex and require much computer time. Parametric models exist that have the advantage of being relatively simple, and once calibrated are inexpensive to use and require limited data input. In this study, a procedure was developed for calibrating a parametric model against a physically based model, utilizing base areas of one acre and one square mile, with the expectation that base areas can be combined to model real watersheds. Simulation experiments with the physically based model showed that, for the one-acre base area, the dominant parameter (cell storage ratio, K) related to the slope and friction of the planes, whereas for one square-mile areas, the dominant parameters (K plus a lag factor, L) relate to channel properties. These parameters decreased exponentially as rainfall intensity increased.