吉林省某垃圾填埋场地下水有机污染风险评价

以吉林省某垃圾填埋场地下水为研究对象,监测其中的有机污染物,并进行风险评价。结果表明:(1)有机污染物总计检出18种,5种检出率大于50%。其中,三氯甲烷检出率最高,达到85.7%,质量浓度高达0.217mg/L,超过《生活饮用水卫生标准》(GB 5749—2006)限值(0.06mg/L)。(2)地下水污染指数表明,10种有机污染物具有高淋溶迁移性。(3)以三氯甲烷为典型污染物,14个采样点中,非致癌风险指数均未超过1,12个采样点致癌风险指数超过10~(-6),不在可接受范围。主要暴露途径为饮水摄入。     

兰州市城关区地表灰尘重金属污染健康风险评价

以兰州市城关区为研究区域,对多个人群日常活动场所的地表灰尘进行采集,测定了灰尘中重金属(Cu、Zn、Pb、Cr、Cd)含量,采用美国环境保护署(USEPA)推荐的土壤重金属健康风险评价方法,针对儿童和成人2个群体在3种主要暴露途径下的重金属非致癌与致癌健康风险进行了评估。结果表明:兰州市城关区地表灰尘中重金属含量均高于甘肃省土壤背景值。对于非致癌风险,呈现儿童高于成人,手-口摄食皮肤接触呼吸吸入,CrPbCuCdZn的特征。无论儿童还是成人,手-口摄食是导致暴露风险的主要途径,Cr、Pb是危害人体健康的主要元素。儿童的非致癌总风险为9.69×10-1,远高于成人的1.34×10-1,已接近于健康风险阈值(1.00)。Cr、Cd的致癌风险均低于癌症风险阈值范围(10-6~10-4),说明兰州市城关区灰尘重金属对儿童身体健康构成极大潜在危害,但致癌风险较低。     

静态扬尘对呼吸途径健康风险评价的影响

为了解呼吸暴露途径下污染场地静态扬尘对人体健康的影响,以空气动力学气固两相理论为基础,预测露天堆场近地面扬尘中PM10浓度。并以《污染场地风险评估技术导则》(HJ 25.3-2014)推荐的暴露评估模型和美国环保局推荐的人体健康风险评估模型,评估Cd、Cr、As、Ni和Hg对人体健康的危害。结果表明:研究区域重金属的致癌风险和非致癌风险与近地面PM10浓度呈现线性增加的趋势,下风向的居住区、商业区和旅游区PM10浓度达到0.30、0.30和0.15 mg·m-3。健康风险评估结果表明,当PM10浓度0.05 mg·m-3时,As、Cd、Cr暴露致癌发生率(R)均超过10-6,对暴露人群有致癌风险。当PM10浓度0.2 mg·m-3时,Cd和As的非致癌危害商超过阈值1,对人体健康存在威胁。Ni和Hg风险评估结果均低于风险阈值,风险水平较低。     

南方某典型矿冶污染场地健康风险评价及修复建议

矿区及周边土壤重金属污染不容忽视,砷、镉和铅等对周边人群造成较高的健康风险隐患。以南方红壤区某铅锌冶炼矿区污染场地为研究对象,开展危害识别、暴露评估、毒性评估及风险表征,并讨论场地修复目标值与修复技术。结果表明:土壤受到重金属复合污染,关注污染物为四类重金属,包括铅、砷、镉和锌,集中于表层土壤(0~0.6 m),并呈现空间分布规律性;场地未来用地类型为工业用地,对比污染物(不包括铅)各层(第1层0~0.3 m、第2层0.3~0.6 m、第3层0.6~1.0 m)风险表征值,污染物(砷、镉)存在致癌风险与非致癌危害,研究区重金属污染累积风险水平不可接受;分析风险控制值及国内外相关标准限值等,初步建议砷、镉和铅的修复目标值分别为13.41、21.50和600 mg·kg~(-1);同时,针对场地污染现状及健康风险,建议源控制与修复技术并用,并与当地工业园区建设统筹开展。     

泰安城区地下水中挥发性和半挥发性有机物特征与健康风险评价

为查清泰安城区地下水有机污染现状,对《地下水质量标准》(GB/T 14848—2017)中规定的26项挥发性和半挥发性有机物组分进行检测,并利用健康风险评价模型对饮水摄入、皮肤接触、洗浴呼吸吸入3种暴露途径产生的非致癌风险和致癌风险进行评价。研究结果表明：地下水样品中挥发性和半挥发性有机物检出率为35.34%,15项被检出的组分中,1,1,2-三氯乙烷检出率最高,为16.38%,其次为四氯乙烯(12.07%)和三氯乙烯(6.90%)。与GB/T 14848—2017的Ⅲ类水标准限值相比,挥发性和半挥发性有机物总超标率为5.17%,出现超标的组分为1,1,2-三氯乙烷、三氯乙烯、苯并(a)芘,最大检出质量浓度分别为26.90、149.00、0.024μg/L,为标准值的5.38、2.13、2.40倍,表明研究区地下水已受到一定程度的有机污染。挥发性和半挥发性有机物非致癌风险指数介于1.52×10^-6～1.48,均值为4.33×10^-2,超限率仅为0.86%,非致癌风险较低,对人体的健康危害程度小;致癌风险值介于2.04×10^-9     

新疆准东地区降尘重金属污染分析及健康风险评价

使用单因子污染指数及污染负荷指数计算重金属污染水平,应用美国环境保护署人体暴露风险评价方法对6种降尘重金属(Zn、Cu、Cr、Pb、Hg、As)进行健康风险评价。结果表明:(1)新疆准东地区降尘中6种重金属均值都高于昌吉土壤背景值。(2)健康风险评价表明,手-口摄食途径是儿童和成人致癌及非致癌的最主要暴露途径。As是致癌风险的主要贡献者。对于成人而言,降尘重金属的总非致癌和总致癌风险都在可接受的范围内,但儿童总非致癌风险、总致癌风险分别是成人的7.20、1.34倍,且儿童的总非致癌风险已大于安全阈值。     

某化肥厂污染场地土壤和地下水中氨氮分布特征及其非致癌风险评估

研究了生产历史长达43年的华北地区已停产的某化肥厂污染场地土壤和地下水中氨氮分布特征及其非致癌风险.结果表明:该场地内土壤氨氮质量浓度为0.29～7020.00 m g/kg,污染主要集中在碳化工房和变换、脱硫工房等核心生产区,以及发生过液氨泄漏事故的南部空地区域;氨氮浓度总体随土壤深度的增加呈现先上升后降低的趋势,深...     

某废弃硫酸厂场地土壤重金属污染特征及健康风险评估

以某废弃硫酸厂场地为研究对象,对该场地土壤中As、Cd、Cu、Pb、Zn的污染特征进行分析,并对该场地进行健康风险评估。采用单因子污染指数法、主成分分析和相关性分析对场地重金属污染特征及污染来源进行分析,并评价目标污染物的健康风险。结果表明,Zn、Cd、As、Pb、Cu最大超标倍数分别为18.86、320.25、466.00、132.50、12.42倍。污染比较严重的区域主要分布在厂区的原堆渣场、磷石膏、硫酸以及锌锭的生产车间,随着土壤深度的增加,污染物都发生了不同程度的垂向迁移。As、Pb具有同源性,来源于工业废渣的裸露堆放;Zn、Cd来源于硫酸以及锌锭生产车间,Cu与其他重金属具有相似的污染途径,受废渣堆放、硫酸生产、锌锭制造的共同影响。根据健康风险评价结果,土壤中As、Cd、Pb均超出可接受风险水平,是后续场地修复的目标污染物。     

宝鸡市长青镇冶炼厂周边居住区土壤重金属污染特征与风险评估

采用实地采样与室内测试方法对宝鸡市长青镇冶炼厂周边居住区土壤重金属(Pb、Zn、Cd、Cr)的含量进行了测定分析,利用地质累积指数法和改进的综合污染指数法对其土壤环境质量进行了评价,应用美国环境保护署(USEPA)推荐的健康风险评价模型对研究区土壤重金属在3种暴露途径下的健康风险做出了初步评价,并用相关性分析法和聚类分析法对污染源进行了解析。结果表明,研究区域13个采样点表层土壤中重金属元素Pb、Zn、Cd和Cr的质量浓度分别为52.43~96.42、82.54~151.32、0.065~0.309、59.26~104.13mg/kg,平均值分别为67.55、107.20、0.120、75.23mg/kg,其值均高于陕西和中国的背景值,说明土壤受到不同程度污染;地质累积指数法进一步证实研究区域土壤已经受到4种重金属不同程度的污染,且处于中等污染及以内;而4种重金属的综合污染评价显示,除4号村庄、7号村庄处于中等污染外,其余均处于轻污染至中污染;研究区域中,4种重金属在3种暴露途径下对儿童的非致癌健康风险均大于成人,但对成人和儿童均不存在显著的非致癌健康影响和非致癌健康总风险,其风险顺序是经口摄入经皮肤接触经呼吸吸入;其次,Cd对成人和儿童经呼吸暴露途径均不存在致癌健康风险,而Cr对成人和儿童经呼吸暴露所致的致癌健康风险处于不可接受状态;另外,源解析结果显示,Pb和Zn具有相同的污染源,而Cd和Cr具有不同的污染源。     

城市自来水中挥发性有机氯污染物检测及健康风险评价初步研究

水质安全是饮用水安全的重中之重,直接关系到人体健康。采用健康风险评价模式,对某市饮用水进行了分析和评价。研究结果表明,该市通过饮水途径引起的非致癌健康风险中四氯化碳最大,三氯甲烷次之,两者风险水平在10-5～10-6,远低于美国环境保护署推荐的最大可接受风险水平。通过饮水途径所致健康风险中,四氯乙烯所引起的致癌风险最大(1.2×10-8),但远远低于美国环境保护署推荐的通过饮水途径最大可接受风险水平(5×10-5)。根据美国环境保护署的推荐值,初步认为目前该市饮用水中挥发性有机污染物不会对人体产生明显的健康危害。     

Health risk assessment of an abandoned herbicide factory site for transportation use in Dalian,China

An abandoned herbicide factory site was used as an example of how planning should be considered for development of the site for transportation use in Dalian, China. Exposure pathways and parameters for three types of transportation use (land for a traffic hub, land for an urban road, and land for a subway) were developed. Twenty-five sampling sites were selected and 38 soil samples were collected in March 2015. Hexachlorobenzene and benzo(a)pyrene which were extracted by Soxhlet extraction and detected by gas chromatography mass spectrometry were the most significant pollutants detected. The maximum concentration of the two pollutants in the surface layer (0–0.5 m) were 0.57 and 3.10 mg/kg, and in the bottom layer (1.0 m) were 2.57 and 3.72 mg/kg, respectively. In this study, risk assessment results based on the established exposure scenario and parameters showed that there was a significant difference in traffic hub land use under specific exposure pathway and common insensitive land use exposure pathways (direct ingestion of soil, dermal contact with soil, and inhalation of soil-derived dust). Commonly considered hexachlorobenzene and benzo(a)pyrene carcinogenic risk values exceeded the maximum acceptable level (10⁻⁶) and were found to be 23.9-fold and 189-fold higher than the carcinogenic risk values, respectively. Parameter sensitivity analysis data showed that for transportation use, the two parameters “EFOa” and “OSIRa” were the most significant factors associated with variation of the carcinogenic risk value. For traffic hub land use, urban road land use, and subway land use, the main exposure pathways were through “inhalation of soil vapors outdoors (from surface soil),” “direct ingestion of soil,” and “inhalation of soil vapors indoors (from bottom soil),” which contributed 84.75, 73.00, and 100.00% to the total risk value, respectively.

     

Using risk maps to link land value damage and risk as basis of flexible risk management for brownfield redevelopment

Brownfield redevelopment involves numerous uncertain financial risks associated with market demand and land value. To reduce the uncertainty of the specific impact of land value and social costs, this study develops small-scale risk maps to determine the relationship between population risk (PR) and damaged land value (DLV) to facilitate flexible land reutilisation plans. This study used the spatial variability of exposure parameters in each village to develop the contaminated site-specific risk maps. In view of the combination of risk and cost, risk level that most affected land use was mainly 1.00 × 10^?6 to 1.00 × 10^?5 in this study area. Village 2 showed the potential for cost-effective conversion with contaminated land development. If the risk of remediation target was set at 5.00 × 10^?6, the DLV could be reduced by NT$15,005 million for the land developer. The land developer will consider the net benefit by quantifying the trade-off between the changes of land value and the cost of human health. In this study, small-scale risk maps can illuminate the economic incentive potential for contaminated site redevelopment through the adjustment of land value damage and human health risk.     

Odor Control In Los Angeles County

Abstract

Concentrations of 38 gas-phase organic air toxics were measured over a 2-yr period at four different sites in and around Pittsburgh, PA, to investigate spatial variations in health risks from chronic exposure. The sites were chosen to represent different exposure regimes: a downtown site with substantial mobile source emissions; two residential sites adjacent to one of the most heavily industrialized zones in Pittsburgh; and a regional background site. Lifetime cancer risks and non-cancer hazard quotients were estimated using a traditional and interactive risk models. Although study average concentrations of specific air toxics varied by as a much as a factor of 26 between the sites, the additive cancer risks of the gas-phase organic air toxics varied by less than a factor of 2, ranging from 6.1 × 10^-5 to 9.5 × 10^-5. The modest variation in risks reflects the fact that two regionally distributed toxics, formalde-hyde and carbon tetrachloride (CCl₄), contributed more than half of the cancer risk at all four sites. Benzene contributed substantial cancer risks at all sites, whereas trichloroethene and 1,4-dichlorobenzene only contributed substantial cancer risks at the downtown site. Only acrolein posed a non-cancer risk. Diesel particulate matter is estimated to pose a much greater cancer risk in Pittsburgh than other classes of air toxics including gas-phase organic, metals, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and coke oven emissions. Health risks of air toxics in Pittsburgh are comparable with those in other urban areas in the United States.     

Health risk assessment of exposure to organic matter from the use of reclaimed water in toilets

To estimate the carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks of six volatile organic compounds (VOCs) found in reclaimed water used for flushing toilets, a probabilistic health risk assessment based on Monte Carlo simulations was used. Before Monte Carlo simulations, the contaminant volatilization model was applied to estimate the concentration of the pollutants in air. Moreover, a questionnaire was used to acquire daily exposure time and the Batch Fit tool of Crystal Ball software was applied to find the best-fitting distribution of a part of the input parameters. The risk analysis indicated that the health risks from six VOCs were lower than the negligible risk level (1?×?10^?8) in all cases, and the health risk for females was slightly higher than that for males. Overall, exposure to organic pollutants in reclaimed water during toilet flushing does not currently pose a significant carcinogenic risk to humans. In this study, we want to provide some information on the health risk from reclaimed water used for toilet flushing in China and hope that it will be useful to promote the application of reclaimed water in water-deficient areas.     

PAH air pollution at a Portuguese urban area: carcinogenic risks and sources identification

This study aimed to characterize air pollution and the associated carcinogenic risks of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAHs) at an urban site, to identify possible emission sources of PAHs using several statistical methodologies, and to analyze the influence of other air pollutants and meteorological variables on PAH concentrations.The air quality and meteorological data were collected in Oporto, the second largest city of Portugal. Eighteen PAHs (the 16 PAHs considered by United States Environment Protection Agency (USEPA) as priority pollutants, dibenzo[a,l]pyrene, and benzo[j]fluoranthene) were collected daily for 24 h in air (gas phase and in particles) during 40 consecutive days in November and December 2008 by constant low-flow samplers and using polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) membrane filters for particulate (PM₁₀ and PM_2.5 bound) PAHs and pre-cleaned polyurethane foam plugs for gaseous compounds. The other monitored air pollutants were SO₂, PM₁₀, NO₂, CO, and O₃; the meteorological variables were temperature, relative humidity, wind speed, total precipitation, and solar radiation. Benzo[a]pyrene reached a mean concentration of 2.02 ng?m^?3, surpassing the EU annual limit value. The target carcinogenic risks were equal than the health-based guideline level set by USEPA (10^?6) at the studied site, with the cancer risks of eight PAHs reaching senior levels of 9.98?×?10^?7 in PM₁₀ and 1.06?×?10^?6 in air. The applied statistical methods, correlation matrix, cluster analysis, and principal component analysis, were in agreement in the grouping of the PAHs. The groups were formed according to their chemical structure (number of rings), phase distribution, and emission sources. PAH diagnostic ratios were also calculated to evaluate the main emission sources. Diesel vehicular emissions were the major source of PAHs at the studied site. Besides that source, emissions from residential heating and oil refinery were identified to contribute to PAH levels at the respective area. Additionally, principal component regression indicated that SO₂, NO₂, PM₁₀, CO, and solar radiation had positive correlation with PAHs concentrations, while O₃, temperature, relative humidity, and wind speed were negatively correlated.     

Infrared Measurement of Fluorocarbons,Carbon Tetrachloride,Carbonyl Sulfide,And Other Atmospheric Trace Gases

A cryogenic procedure for concentrating trace gases in the atmosphere has been developed and applied to the ambient air at Research Triangle Park, NC, Atlantic Beach, NC, and New York City. The concentrated gases have been analyzed by long path infrared absorption spectroscopy, with a detectability down to partial pressures of 10^?11 atmospheres. Carbonyl sulfide has been detected at partial pressures in the range 1 × 10^?10 atm. to 3 × 10^?10 atm. Carbon tetrachloride was always detected with a rather narrow partial pressure range of 0.7 × 10^?10 atm. to 1.1 × 10^?10 atm. Fluorocarbon-11 values ranged from about 1.3 × 10^?10 atm. at Research Triangle Park to 8 × 10^?10 atm. at New York City. Fluo-rocarbon-12 covered the range 1.8 × 10^?10 atm. to 1.0 × 10^?9 atm. Hydrocarbon pollutants varied widely in concentration, but were always detected, even in the clean rural air.     

Use pattern of pesticides and their predicted mobility into shallow groundwater and surface water bodies of paddy lands in Mahaweli river basin in Sri Lanka

Pesticides applied on agricultural lands reach groundwater by leaching, and move to offsite water bodies by direct runoff, erosion and spray drift. Therefore, an assessment of the mobility of pesticides in water resources is important to safeguard such resources. Mobility of pesticides on agricultural lands of Mahaweli river basin in Sri Lanka has not been reported to date. In this context, the mobility potential of 32 pesticides on surface water and groundwater was assessed by widely used pesticide risk indicators, such as Attenuation Factor (AF) index and the Pesticide Impact Rating Index (PIRI) with some modifications. Four surface water bodies having greater than 20% land use of the catchment under agriculture, and shallow groundwater table at 3.0 m depth were selected for the risk assessment. According to AF, carbofuran, quinclorac and thiamethoxam are three most leachable pesticides having AF values 1.44 × 10^?2, 1.87 × 10^?3 and 5.70 × 10^?4, respectively. Using PIRI, offsite movement of pesticides by direct runoff was found to be greater than with the erosion of soil particles for the study area. Carbofuran and quinclorac are most mobile pesticides by direct runoff with runoff fractions of 0.01 and 0.08, respectively, at the studied area. Thiamethoxam and novaluron are the most mobile pesticides by erosion with erosion factions of 1.02 × 10^?4 and 1.05 × 10^?4, respectively. Expected pesticide residue levels in both surface and groundwater were predicted to remain below the USEPA health advisory levels, except for carbofuran, indicating that pesticide pollution is unlikely to exceed the available health guidelines in the Mahaweli river basin in Sri Lanka.     

Airborne polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in a medium-sized city affected by preharvest sugarcane burning and inhalation risk for human health

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in air were measured in a municipality where sugarcane plantations are extensive, at three sites, one in the city center and two in rural localities. Twenty-four-hour sampling was done using PS1 PUF samplers from Andersen Instruments Inc., at least 1 day per month per site, from June 2009 to October 2009. The chemical analyses were performed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC/MS) for the 16 most toxic PAHs. The incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILTR) by inhalation was determined by the Monte Carlo method for the urban population using Crystal Ball software. The total concentration of the 16 PAHs at all sites varied from 6.2 to 65.7 ng m^?3, with an average of 25.9 ± 18.2 ng m^?3. The average concentrations per site were 14.1 ± 13.0 ng m^?3 at rural site B, 20.7 ± 11.5 ng m^?3 at rural site A, and 36.1 ± 22.7 ng m^?3 at the central site. The cancer risk for infants, children, and adults was approximately 14%, 25%, and 61% of the total IRLT, respectively. The mean (95% upper probability limit [95% UPL]) values were 1.2 × 10^?7 (2.2 × 10^?7) for infants, 2.2 × 10^?7 (4.1 × 10^?7) for children, and 8.9 × 10^?7 (1.1 × 10^?6) for adults. Although the three most abundant PAHs found were phenanthrene, fluoranthene, and pyrene, the three most important contributions to the incremental risk of cancer came from benzo[a]pyrene, benzo[b]fluoranthene, and naphthalene. Compared with the risks in big cities such as São Paulo, this would be low, but not negligible. Analysis of ratios of PAHs according to the literature showed that vehicle exhaust and biomass burning, including sugarcane burning, seem to be the most important contributors to PAH concentrations in the central area of Araraquara City.

Implications:The growth of biofuel use worldwide, especially ethanol, together with preharvesting burning practice, is cause of concern with regard to possible health effects, due to increased air pollution levels in cities in regions where sugarcane plantation and processing are intensive. This paper shows that the risk of cancer from PAH inhalation in an urban area surrounded by sugarcane agriculture was of the same order of magnitude as the tolerable risk value of 10^?6. As other classical and hazardous pollutants are also present, care should be taken to keep pollution as low as possible to protect human health.     

水泥窑共处置污染土壤的污染排放研究

以被DDT和六六六污染的土壤为研究对象,开展了利用水泥窑进行共处置的工程试验研究,分析了共处置过程对尾气排放的影响。结果表明,水泥窑共处置对农药污染物的焚毁去除率很高,DDT达到99.99991%,六六六达到99.99964%,均高于我国危险废物焚烧炉规定99.99％的焚烧效率;与空白处理相比,尾气排放中有机污染物（包括二恶英/呋喃,简称PCDD/F、多氯联苯PCB、六氯苯HCB、挥发性有机物VOC）、酸性气体和重金属的排放在共处置过程中没有显著增加,且都低于相应的规定限值。试验结果表明,水泥窑共处置固体废物不会导致污染负荷的增加。