四氧化三铁明胶固定过氧化物酶催化降解五氯酚

利用Fe₃Ｏ₄吸附-明胶包埋-交联法固定辣根过氧化物酶（HRP）催化去除水中的五氯酚（PCP）,探讨了催化反应时间、不同缓冲体系及pH值、不同PCP初始浓度和HRP使用量对催化反应的影响,确定了固定化HRP催化去除PCP的最佳反应条件,并与自由酶的催化反应做对比研究.结果表明,用固定化辣根过氧化物酶催化去除五氯酚,反应在30 min后可达到平衡,催化速度和自由酶相当;pH值介于 4～6之间有较明显的去除效果,固定后催化反应的适宜pH范围更为宽泛,且受不同缓冲体系影响较小,pH为5时有最高催化去除率41%;在0.05 　U/mL的低活性浓度下固定化HRP的催化效率高,与自由酶相比可减少酶用量;PCP的去除量随其初始浓度的增加而增加,但催化去除率从39.68%下降至24.4%;此外,固定化HRP具有良好的催化稳定性,在酶活性浓度为0.05 　U/mL时重复使用7次后PCP的催化去除率仍高于39%.     

吸附苯酚的固定化改性蒙脱土的再生

在固定化改性蒙脱土对苯酚吸附的研究基础上,进一步对固定化改性蒙脱土进行了碱性条件和微生物条件下的再生,并检测再生的效果.碱性再生后固定化改性蒙脱土的吸附能力有一定程度下降.微生物再生效果好于碱性再生,在高效脱酚的瓶形酵母菌(Pityrosporum sp.)作用下,吸附在固定化改性蒙脱土上的苯酚降解率为98.6%,从而达到再生的目的.     

电化学-表面铜螯合磁性二氧化硅固定化漆酶联合催化降解水中五氯酚

利用电化学-固定化漆酶联合工艺催化降解水中五氯酚。结果表明:反应0.5 h时,五氯酚的降解效率达82%,虽然与单独固定化漆酶催化降解五氯酚效能没有明显区别,但联合工艺中酶活损失较小,反应5 h,联合工艺的相对剩余酶活为32.6%,比单独使用固定化漆酶提高12%,且联合工艺脱氯能力明显提高。催化反应重复进行5次后,联合工艺的五氯酚去除率和相对剩余酶活分别为52.3%和33.6%,分别比单独使用固定化漆酶催化降解提高38.5%和13.7%。     

固定化碳酸酐酶的特性及催化吸收CO_2的实验研究

采用海藻酸钠包埋和戊二醛交联法固定碳酸酐酶,比较游离酶和固定化酶的酶学性质,并用固定化酶催化吸收CO2.实验结果表明:固定化酶的酶活力回收率是56.3%;最适反应温度为30℃,最适p H为7,在T=30~40℃和p H=6~10区间有稳定和很高的相对酶活力;固定化酶在60℃温浴1 h后,能保持39.8%的相对酶活力,而游离酶已经基本完全失去活性,固定化酶在p H=5.0~11.0范围内p H稳定性显著;固定化酶在T=30℃下催化吸收CO2效果显著,10%的反应时间完成了80.2%的催化反应,催化吸收CO2的量是空白试验的4.2×103倍,SEM显示反应后的固定化酶表面出现大量形状不规则的小孔,空隙结构变得发达;固定化酶具有良好的储存稳定性和操作稳定性.     

"Fe0/优势脱氯菌"体系降解2,4,6-TCP特性及机制研究

采用批处理实验方式,对"Fe0/优势脱氯菌"体系降解2,4,6-TCP过程进行研究,探讨了零价铁与微生物的协同作用及其机制.结果表明,Fe0对微生物具有促进生长和界面富集的作用,"Fe0/优势脱氯菌"体系菌浓度(D600表示)是单独优势脱氯菌体系的约1.7倍,反应96 h铁表面有大量细菌附着生长,其形态呈现短杆状或类球状;Fe0腐蚀产生的OH-对体系酸化起平衡调节作用,在pH值7.0、Fe0浓度5 g.L-1、2,4,6-TCP浓度30 mg.L-1的初始条件下,体系pH值稳定在7.8左右,有利于2,4,6-TCP还原脱氯反应的进行和优势脱氯菌的生长;2,4,6-TCP的主要降解路径为2,4,6-TCP→2,4-DCP→4-CP.     

光合细菌对2,4,6-三氯苯酚的降解特性研究

研究了混合光合细菌PSB-DR在不同光照、接种量和pH值下对2,4,6-三氯苯酚(2,4,6-TCP)的生物降解特性,确定了PSB-DR生物降解2,4,6-TCP的优化控制条件.结果表明,光照培养下,接种量30%,初始pH值7.0时2,4,6-TCP降解效率最高.在此条件下,50mg/L的2,4,6-TCP经5d后降解率达到82.3%.培养基中醋酸钠的加入对2,4,6-TCP降解有明显的抑制作用.PSB-DR静息细胞对2,4,6-TCP的降解符合高浓度底物抑制的酶促反应类型,其降解动力学参数rmax=1.746h-1,Km=38.333mg/L,Ki=260.87mg/L.     

不同电子供体下三氯苯酚的还原脱氯机制研究

研究了葡萄糖、乳酸钠、丙酮酸钠、乙酸钠这4种电子供体条件下,2,4,6-三氯苯酚(2,4,6-trichlorophenol,2,4,6-TCP)的降解效果及其还原脱氯途径.结果表明,与葡萄糖的作用相比,乳酸钠、丙酮酸钠、乙酸钠均可有效提高2,4,6-TCP的脱氯效果,其中乳酸钠能作为一类缓释氢物质持续供给2,4,6-TCP还原脱氯所需电子.外加电子供体可提高微生物体内基质代谢脱氢酶活性,反应240 h后,4种电子供体体系中脱氢酶活性增长依次为21.49%、25.78%、136.85%和139.3%.2,4,6-TCP还原脱氯的主要产物包括2,4-二氯苯酚(2,4-dichlorophenol,2,4-DCP)、4-氯苯酚(4-chlorophenol,4-CP)和苯酚,其中乙酸钠作为电子供体时,4-CP为其主要降解产物,转化率达到22%以上.     

驯化污泥厌氧还原脱氯促进2,4,6-三氯酚矿化及胞外呼吸脱氯途径

厌氧条件下,以乳酸钠为电子供体,2,4,6-三氯酚为电子受体对活性污泥进行驯化,考察了驯化污泥厌氧脱氯的代谢特性.结果发现,污泥可对2,4,6-三氯酚进行高效脱氯,乳酸钠、2,4,6-三氯酚初始浓度为20 mmol·L-1、40~80μmol·L-1时,9~24 h内可实现2,4,6-三氯酚100%初始性降解.中间产物有2,4-二氯酚,但检出浓度较低(4.22μmol·L-1),4-氯酚和苯酚为主要产物.驯化污泥以脱邻位氯(2,4,6-三氯酚,2,4-二氯酚)降解菌为优势种群,对4-氯酚和苯酚的进一步转化有限.厌氧代谢残留物经好氧污泥处理后,4-氯酚(初始浓度33μmol·L-1)2 h实现100%去除.驯化污泥可快速将Fe(Ⅲ)还原为Fe(Ⅱ),并具有较强的腐殖质(AQDS)还原能力,说明驯化污泥中富集了异化铁还原菌.电子介体[Fe(Ⅲ)和AQDS]明显地加速了脱氯速率,在电子介体的介导作用下,污泥可同步进行胞外呼吸脱氯.     

HDTMA改性蒙脱土的稳定性

利用十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(HDTMA)改性天然蒙脱土,观察其在不同环境条件下的稳定性.试验结果表明:随着阳离子交换量(CEC)的增加改性蒙脱土在蒸馏水中的稳定性逐渐降低,1.0CEC改性蒙脱土中HDTMA发生解吸.改性蒙脱土在水体中的稳定性随着振荡强度的加强而降低.从室温到70℃对改性蒙脱土的稳定性几乎无影响.超声波处理使改性蒙脱土的稳定性有所降低.NaCl能提高水体中改性蒙脱土的稳定性,而CaCl₂却使其稳定性有所下降.同酸性条件相比,在碱性条件下改性蒙脱土的稳定性更好.因此,废水的温度、pH和无机盐对低改性蒙脱土稳定性的影响都比较小,这为改性蒙脱土处理废水和它的再生提供了可能.同时在较低振荡强度下,改性蒙脱土也许还能成为废水生物处理的载体.     

吸附在改性蒙脱土上有机物的稳定性

利用十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(HDTMA)改性的蒙脱土来吸附含油废水中的有机物,并在不同环境条件下观察被吸附有机物的稳定性.结果表明,改性蒙脱土对含油废水中的有机物有很强的吸附能力,吸附在改性蒙脱土上的有机物在超声波作用下能发生一定数量的解吸,提高温度略微降低被吸附有机物稳定性,而无机盐对其的解吸影响很小.在碱性(pH12.0)条件下,吸附在改性蒙脱土上的有机物能发生大量的解吸,因此其稳定性差,可以通过加碱的方式对改性蒙脱土进行再生,这为改性蒙脱土的循环使用提供了可能.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions

The contribution of aliphatic-rich plant biopolymer to sorption of hydrophobic organic compounds is significantly important because of their preservation and accumulation in the soil environment,but sorption mechanism is still not fully understood.In this study, sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions was examined to better understand the contributions of respective fraction.Toward this end,cuticular materials were isolated from the fruits of tomato by chemical method.The tomato cuticle sheet consisted of waxes (6.5 wt%),cuticular monomer (69.5 wt%),and polysaccharide (24.0 wt%).Isotherms of l-naphthol to the cuticular fractions were nonlinear (N value (0.82-0.90)) at the whole tested concentration ranges.The KodKow ratios for bulk cuticle (TC1),dewaxed cuticle (TC2),cutin (TC4),and desugared cuticle (TC5) were larger than unity,suggested that tomato bulk cuticle and cutin are much powerful solption medium.Sorption capability of cutin (TC4) was 2.4 times higher than the nonsaponifiable fraction (TC3).The 1-naphthol interactions with tomato cuticular materials were governed by both hydrophobic-type interactions and polar (H-bonding) interactions. Removal of the wax and polysaccharide materials from the bulk tomato cuticle caused a significant increase in the sorption ability of the cuticular material.There was a linear negative trend between K_(oc) values and the amount of polysaccharides or fraction's polarities ((N O)/C);while a linear positive relationship between K_(oc) values and the content of cutin monomer (linear R~2=0.993) was observed for present in the cuticular fractions.Predominant sorbent of the hydrophobic organic compounds (HOCs) in the plant cuticular fraction was the cutin monomer,contributing to 91.7% of the total sorption of tomato bulk cuticle.