3种大型海藻对含铅废水的生物吸附研究

运用批吸附技术研究了海带、裙带菜和条斑紫菜对水溶液中Pb2+的吸附特性。结果表明:pH是影响生物吸附的重要因素,海带和裙带菜吸附Pb2+的适宜pH在3~5之间,紫菜吸附Pb2+的最佳pH为4;在20~40℃范围内,3种海藻对Pb2+的生物吸附非常快,40 min达到吸附平衡,动力学数据符合准二级动力学模型;Langmuir和Freundlich模型成功地拟合了平衡数据。热力学分析表明吸附能够自发进行。红外光谱分析表明,羧基是海带和裙带菜吸附Pb2+的主要官能团。实验结果表明,用这3种海藻吸附剂对水溶液中Pb2+具有较好的吸附性能,海带和裙带菜的吸附容量相近,优于紫菜。     

高铁酸钾辅助土壤吸附Cu2+的性能及影响因素

研究了汾河边砂壤土(A土)和细砂土(B土)在不同影响因素下对Cu2+的吸附特性,对比2种原土和加入高铁酸钾后对水相中Cu2+的吸附动力学和热力学参数。结果表明,B土有机质含量比A土高,其对Cu2+的吸附量大于A土。高铁酸钾的加入对土壤吸附Cu2+有显著效果,最佳吸附条件为A土和B土加入K2FeO4的Fe/Cu质量比分别为20:1和5:1,pH=8~10,T=35 ℃,此时A土、B土、加入K2FeO4的A土、加入K2FeO4的B土的最大吸附量分别为0.36、0.41、0.41和0.46 mg/g。A土和B土对Cu2+的吸附过程满足Freundlich方程,吸附能力大小为:加入K2FeO4的B土 >加入K2FeO4的A土 >B土 >A土。吸附热力学表明,该吸附是自发吸热过程,吸附动力学满足准二级动力学模型,表明土壤A和B对Cu2+吸附是以多层吸附为主,同时存在物理和化学吸附过程。     

狭叶香蒲活性炭对Cd2+与Pb2+的吸附及机理分析

为了解狭叶香蒲(Typha angustifolia L.)活性炭的吸附性能及其机理,采用磷酸一步活化法制备了狭叶香蒲活性炭,并对其理化性质进行了表征;通过静态实验,研究了溶液起始pH、Cd2+和Pb2+浓度、吸附时间、温度、活性炭剂量对狭叶香蒲活性炭吸附水溶液中Cd2+和Pb2+的影响。狭叶香蒲活性炭对Cd2+和Pb2+的吸附量随溶液起始pH与温度的增加而增加,吸附平衡时间约为10 min;热力学分析表明,吸附过程自发而且吸热,吸附动力学实验结果符合拟二级动力学模型, Langmuir吸附等温模型能更好地拟合狭叶香蒲活性炭对Cd2+的吸附, Pb2+的平衡吸附量与Freundlich模型的拟合性更好。25℃条件下,由Langmuir线性模型拟合得到的Cd2+和Pb2+最大吸附量Qm分别为83.33和116.28 mg/g。狭叶香蒲活性炭的理化性质分析表明,活性炭表面凹凸不平、多孔,比表面积为780.42 m2/g、孔容23.29 mL/g、平均孔径3.14 nm;活性炭含有羟基、磷酸基、C[FY=, 1]C键等,等电点为3.3。结果表明,狭叶香蒲活性炭是Cd2+和Pb2+吸附的有效吸附剂,吸附过程包括静电吸附、离子交换等。     

白云石矿物对水溶液中Cu2+、Pb2+吸附的动力学和热力学

采用静态实验方法研究了白云石对水溶液中Cu2+、Pb2+的吸附特性,通过批实验考察了反应时间、溶液初始浓度、pH值、离子强度、温度以及固液比等因素对吸附的影响,探讨了白云石对Cu2+、Pb2+的吸附动力学、热力学规律及其反应机制。实验结果显示:白云石对Cu2+、Pb2+的吸附在24 h达到平衡,对Pb2+的吸附量大于Cu2+,伪二级和双常数动力学方程分别能较好地拟合白云石对Cu2+、Pb2+的吸附;在一定条件下,白云石对Cu2+、Pb2+的去除率与溶液初始浓度呈反比,与固液比呈正比;吸附等温方程符合Langmuir模型,为单分子层吸附;溶液pH值对吸附行为影响显著,在溶液pH=6~7时,吸附效果最好,离子强度对吸附影响甚微;白云石对Cu2+、Pb2+的吸附属于吸热反应,反应自发进行,高温促进白云石的吸附行为。     

氧化镁基固化剂对铅离子的吸附作用及其影响因素

应用批量平衡法,以膨润土、硅藻土和氧化镁为原料,探索了组配固化剂对Pb2+的吸附性能、作用机制及影响因素,为将天然材料固化剂应用于重金属污染土壤修复提供理论参考。结果表明,组配固化剂对Pb2+的吸附行为符合二级动力学模型,等温吸附曲线符合Langmuir方程,吸附过程是自发、吸热反应,以物理吸附为主,30、40和50 ℃的最大吸附量分别为96.2、114.9和151.5 mg·g-1。吸附过程受pH值和盐度的影响,膨润土、硅藻土与氧化镁混合,能有效提高对Pb2+的吸附固化效果。     

生物膜细菌藻酸盐对Cu2+的吸附动力学研究

以生物膜中提取的细菌藻酸盐为原料制备藻酸钙为吸附剂,对水溶液中的Cu2+进行了吸附动力学研究.试验结果表明,吸附时间、溶液初始pH和吸附剂投加量对藻酸钙吸附Cu2+影响显著.当溶液初始pH为4.0、Cu2+初始质量浓度为100 mg/L、吸附剂投加量为0.7 g/L时,藻酸钙对Cu2+的平衡吸附量为56.15 mg/g.水溶液中Cu2+在藻酸钙上的吸附动力学过程可用准二级动力学方程来模拟.吸附等温线研究表明,藻酸钙吸附Cu2+的过程可用Langmuir和Freundlich模型来描述.100 mmol/L 乙二胺四乙酸(EDTA)可有效解吸95.6%的Cu2+,实现Cu2+的回收与吸附剂的重复利用.     

表面活性剂对多壁碳纳米管吸附Pb~(2+)的影响

多壁碳纳米管(MWNT)在吸附有毒气体和重金属离子方面具有极高的应用价值.针对MWNT对水溶液中Pb2+的净化吸附进行了研究,从吸附量,吸附速率、动力学角度考察了表面活性剂、Pb2+浓度对MWNT吸附Pb2+的影响.结果表明,司班-60、吐温-20、阿拉伯树胶等表面活性剂的加入,促进了MWNT在溶液中的分散,导致在Pb2+摩尔浓度为3～18 mmol/L的Lang-muir和Freundlich等温吸附方程中的吸附常数(K)变大,使得MWNT对Pb2+的吸附速率和平衡吸附量都得到提高;随着溶液中Pb2+浓度的增大,MWNT对其吸附量渐至饱和,随后由于Pb2+的位阻作用.吸附量下降;在这3种表面活性剂中,由于司班-60具有相对较小的分子量,其分散的MWNT在Pb2+摩尔浓度为14 mmol/L时,吸附量最大,为230 mg/g.     

从矿区土壤中筛选微生物对Pb2+、Zn2+吸附的研究

从铅锌矿区土壤中分离到12株细菌和lO株真菌,通过其干菌体对Pb2+和Zn2+的吸附试验,筛选出具有较强生物吸附能力的细菌菌株B6和真菌菌株F1.探讨了pH值、吸附时间、菌量和Pb2+、Zn2+的初始浓度对B6和F1菌株的吸附影响,结果表明:2株菌对Ph2+、Zn2+吸附是一个快速的过程,pH值为5.0～6.0是菌体吸附的较适范围.Pb2+、Zn2+初始浓度在150～300 mg/L内,B6和F1菌株吸附效果明显.当B6菌株的菌最超过0.1 g,F1菌株的菌量超过0.2 g后吸附率趋于平缓.应用Langmuir和Freundlich吸附等温线研究,Langmuir吸附等温线更为适合模拟B6和F1菌株的吸附过程.B6和Fl菌株吸附Pb"、zn"的动力学过程都可以用准二级动力学方程进行描述.16S rDNA基因序列分析表明,B6菌株属于里拉微球菌(Micrococcus lylae).用形态及理化特征鉴定,F1菌株属于镰刀霉菌属(Fusarium sp.).     

黑土胶体对铅的吸附动力学特征

利用虹吸法从采自于吉林省黑土中分别提取出粒级为5~10、2~5和1~2μm的3种胶体,并通过批次实验法研究不同粒级黑土胶体对Pb2+的吸附动力学。结果表明,不同粒级土壤胶体对Pb2+的吸附过程均表现为快慢2个阶段,其中,10 min内呈现快速吸附阶段,之后为慢速吸附阶段。3种粒级土壤胶体5~10、2~5和1~2μm在pH为6、温度为25℃时,对Pb2+的饱和吸附量为114.45、126.98和131.89 mmol/kg。随pH从2升到6,粒级为5~10、2~5和1~2μm的3种胶体对Pb2+的饱和吸附量分别增加了928%、153%和142%。随温度从25℃升到55℃,粒级为5~10、2~5和1~2μm的3种胶体对Pb2+的饱和吸附量分别增加了16.56%、4.9%和4.89%。不同粒级胶体对Pb2+的吸附量由大到小依次为:1~2μm2~5μm5~10μm。不同粒级胶体对Pb2+的吸附动力学均较好地符合拉格朗日准二级动力学方程,说明该吸附过程以化学吸附为主。准二级动力学吸附速率常数表明,随着吸附剂粒径增大,吸附速率降低。4种温度范围内随着温度升高,吸附速率加快。吸附过程的限速步骤为颗粒间扩散。     

热改性蛇纹石对Pb~(2+)的吸附平衡及动力学研究

采用等温吸附法比较了天然的蛇纹石和700℃热改性处理的热改性蛇纹石对含铅废水的吸附效果,并采用Langmuir、Freundlich方程及Lagrange假二级动力学方程、粒内扩散方程对实验数据进行了拟合,研究了pH对吸附效果的影响,并对2种蛇纹石做了X衍射。结果表明:Pb2+质量浓度大于50mg/L时,热改性蛇纹石吸附效果更好,吸附率在92%以上;天然蛇纹石对Pb2+的吸附符合Freundlich方程和Lagrange假二级动力学方程,以化学吸附为主,有多个控速步骤,热改性蛇纹石对Pb2+的最大吸附量为78.13mg/g;在pH6的条件下,天然蛇纹石对Pb2+的吸附效果更好。     

木粉/壳聚糖接枝丙烯酸-丙烯酰胺吸附树脂对二元重金属离子溶液中Pb2+的吸附

采用自制木粉/壳聚糖接枝丙烯酸-丙烯酰胺吸附树脂R1、R2、R3对二元金属离子Cu2 +/pb2和Zn2+/pb2+溶液中的吸附性能进行了较系统考察.pb2+离子溶液中存在竞争离子Cu2+、Zn2+时,随竞争离子浓度增加,3种吸附树脂R1、R2、R3对pb2+的吸附量明显下降,而竞争离子吸附量显著增加.二元溶液中各金属离子浓度相同时,3种树脂对竞争离子Cu2+、Zn2+的吸附量大于对pb2+的吸附量;各溶液中分别加入NaCl及NaNO3、尿素后,对pb2+离子的吸附量下降迅速.随吸附树脂用量增加,竞争离子Cu2+、Zn2+的吸附量逐渐减小,pb2+的吸附量在吸附树脂用量0.10 g/L(Zn2 +/pb2+溶液)或0.15 g/L(Cu2+/pb2+溶液)时出现最大值.溶液pH值对树脂吸附性能有显著影响.3.0＜pH＜5.O时,3种树脂对竞争离子和pb2+的吸附量快速增大;5＜ pH ＜9时,树脂对竞争离子和pb2+的吸附量基本不变;9＜pH＜ll时,树脂对pb2+的吸附量减小,而对竞争离子的吸附量或增大或减小.     

4种脂肪多胺修饰硅胶对铅离子的吸附

为了合成高效铅离子吸附剂,了解其对铅离子的吸附规律。采用(3-氯丙基)三甲氧基硅烷(CPTS)架桥法,以硅胶(SG)为载体,乙二胺(EDA)、二乙烯三胺(DETA)、三乙烯四胺(TETA)和四乙烯五胺(TEPA)为表面修饰剂,合成了4种胺化硅胶,测定了它们的红外光谱、热重等性质以及对Cu2+、Zn2+和Pb2+的吸附能力。结果表明,4种胺化硅胶对Pb2+的吸附量均大于Cu2+和Zn2+的吸附量,其中DETA修饰硅胶对Pb2+的吸附量较高。4种胺化硅胶对Pb2+的吸附过程较好地符合拟二级动力学模型以及Langmuir和Scatchart等温吸附热力学模型,其对Pb2+吸附的速率常数、饱和吸附量以及吸附位点数由大到小的顺序一致,均为SG-DETASG-TEPASG-EDASG-TETA。4种胺化硅胶对Pb2+的吸附速率和吸附量呈现"奇数胺"增强效应,亲和常数则依次减小。阐明了脂肪多胺修饰硅胶对Pb2+的吸附规律,并进一步讨论了Scatchart和Langmuir热力学模型的统一性。     

Removal of toxic heavy metal ions from waste water by functionalized magnetic core–zeolitic shell nanocomposites as adsorbents

Functionalized magnetic core–zeolitic shell nanocomposites were prepared via hydrothermal and precipitation methods. The products were characterized by vibrating sample magnetometer, X-ray powder diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, nitrogen adsorption–desorption isotherms, and transmission electron microscopy analysis. The growth of mordenite nanocrystals on the outer surface of silica-coated magnetic nanoparticles at the presence of organic templates was well approved. The removal performance and the selectivity of mixed metal ions (Pb²⁺ and Cd²⁺) in aqueous solution were investigated via the sorption process. The batch method was employed to study the sorption kinetic, sorption isotherms, and pH effect. The removal mechanism of metal ions was done by chem–phys sorption and ion exchange processes through the zeolitic channels and pores. The experimental data were well fitted by the appropriate kinetic models. The sorption rate and sorption capacity of metal ions could be significantly improved by optimizing the parameter values.     

Biosorption of divalent Pb, Cd and Zn on aragonite and calcite mollusk shells

The potential of using mollusk shell powder in aragonite (razor clam shells, RCS) and calcite phase (oyster shells, OS) to remove Pb²⁺, Cd²⁺ and Zn²⁺ from contaminated water was investigated. Both biogenic sorbents displayed very high sorption capacities for the three metals except for Cd on OS. XRD, SEM and XPS results demonstrated that surface precipitation leading to crystal growth took place during sorption. Calcite OS displayed a remarkably higher sorption capacity to Pb than aragonite RCS, while the opposite was observed for Cd. However, both sorbents displayed similar sorption capacities to Zn. These could be due to the different extent of matching in crystal lattice between the metal bearing precipitate and the substrates. The initial pH of the solution, sorbent’s dosage and grain size affected the removal efficiency of the heavy meals significantly, while the organic matter in mollusk shells affected the removal efficiency to a lesser extent.     

Enhancement of phenanthrene adsorption on a clayey soil and clay minerals by coexisting lead or cadmium

Phenanthrene is commonly present together with heavy metals at many contaminated sites. This study investigated the influence of coexisting lead (Pb²⁺) or cadmium (Cd²⁺) on phenanthrene adsorption on soils. Batch experiments were conducted under different geochemical conditions including pH, mineral structure, organic matter content, and varying amounts of heavy metals. The results showed that the presence of heavy metals in solution at a fixed pH of 5.8 ± 0.1 enhanced phenanthrene adsorption, the extent of which was closely related to the concentrations and the electro-negativity of the metals. The enhancement on phenanthrene adsorption was positively correlated to the amount of adsorbed metals. Although Cd²⁺ is a softer Lewis acid, Pb²⁺ displayed a more significant effect as it was adsorbed to a greater extent on the soil surfaces. Thus, density of cation accumulation appears to be more influential than metal softness in enhancing phenanthrene adsorption. Moreover, with a portion of organic matter removed by heating at 550 °C, there was a stronger enhancement of phenanthrene adsorption by coexisting Pb²⁺, indicating an increasingly dominant mechanisms associated with Pb²⁺ at a lower organic matter content. Similar enhancement phenomenon was observed on bentonite and kaolinite, probably resulting from the cation-π bonding between the adsorbed soft metal cations and the aromatic ring of phenanthrene in solution. The desorption experiments further suggested that the bonding of phenanthrene adsorption was strengthened in the presence of Pb²⁺ and that a larger proportion of adsorbed phenanthrene remained on the soils (residual fraction) even after sequential methanol extractions. Further spectroscopic analyses and surface characterization are required to provide direct evidence of the formation and relative significance of cation-π bond for phenanthrene adsorption.     

Multi-component adsorption of copper,nickel and zinc from aqueous solutions onto activated carbon prepared from date stones

The removal of Cu²⁺, Ni²⁺, and Zn²⁺ ions from their multi-component aqueous mixture by sorption on activated carbon prepared from date stones was investigated. In the batch tests, experimental parameters were studied, including solution pH, contact time, initial metal ions concentration, and temperature. Adsorption efficiency of the heavy metals was pH-dependent and the maximum adsorption was found to occur at around 5.5 for Cu, Zn, and Ni. The maximum sorption capacities calculated by applying the Langmuir isotherm were 18.68 mg/g for Cu, 16.12 mg/g for Ni, and 12.19 mg/g for Zn. The competitive adsorption studies showed that the adsorption affinity order of the three heavy metals was Cu²⁺?>?Ni²⁺?>?Zn²⁺. The test results using real wastewater indicated that the prepared activated carbon could be used as a cheap adsorbent for the removal of heavy metals in aqueous solutions.     

核桃壳粉对水溶液中Pb2＋的吸附

实验通过间歇吸附方式研究了核桃壳粉对水溶液中Pb^2＋的吸附特性,探讨了核桃壳粉粒径及用量、溶液pH、Pb^2＋初始浓度等参数对吸附的影响,并讨论了吸附过程的热力学和动力学特征。结果表明,核桃壳粉对Pb^2＋吸附的最佳pH为5．0,去除率随吸附剂粒径的减小、用量的增加、Pb^2＋初始浓度的减小而增加。优化实验条件下,0～0．3mm15g／L的吸附剂在298K时,对pH=5的50mL50mg／LPb^2＋溶液的去除率达96．98％。核桃壳粉对Pb^2＋的吸附等温线符合Sips模型,在283、293和303K的最大吸附量分别为18．25、18．27和20．94mg／g。吸附过程是放热的、混乱度减小的自发过程,且符合准二级动力学模型。吸附速率常数随温度升高而减小,在293和303K时分别在90和120min基本达到平衡。结合FTIR和SEM手段发现核桃壳对Pb^2＋的吸附以物理吸附为主,同时包括离子交换、螯合等化学吸附以及颗粒内扩散步骤,是一个复杂的过程。     

液/固体系中硅藻土对Pb2+和Cd2+的吸附机制

为了提高硅藻土在重金属废水处理上的应用水平,采用静态吸附实验考察了液/固体系中硅藻土对Pb2＋、Cd2＋的吸附影响因素、吸附等温线和吸附动力学属性。结果表明,随着投加量的减少,离子初始浓度的提高,pH值的增大,吸附作用时间的延长,硅藻土对Pb2＋、Cd2＋吸附量不断上升;硅藻土对Pb2＋、Cd2＋的等温吸附都符合Langmuir模型,硅藻土对Pb2＋、Cd2＋最大吸附量分别为10.428 mg/g和7.916 mg/g,硅藻土对Pb2＋具有更好的吸附能力;Pb2＋具有较低的水合自由能,更容易脱去水膜与硅藻土孔道内的活性基团发生吸附作用;双常数扩散方程可以很好地描述硅藻土对Pb2＋、Cd2＋的吸附动力学属性,硅藻土对Cd2＋有较快的吸附速率。     

Adsorptive removal of Pb2+ form aqueous solution by macrocyclic calix[4]naphthalene: kinetic, thermodynamic, and isotherm analysis

Background

The adsorption characteristics of Pb²⁺ ions from aqueous solutions onto calix[4]naphthalene have been investigated.

Method

Calix[4]naphthalene was prepared by the condensation of 1-naphthol and formaldehyde (1:2) in presence of hydrochloric acid at 80°C. The effect of various operation parameters, such as solution pH, initial metal ion concentration, contact time, and temperature, on the adsorption capacity of calix[4]naphthalene for Pb²⁺ have been investigated.

Result

Experimental results showed that the adsorption of Pb²⁺ ions increased with the increase in solution pH and temperature. Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms models were used to describe the adsorption behavior of Pb²⁺ by calix[4]naphthalene. Equilibrium data fitted well with the Langmuir isotherm model and the maximum adsorption capacity of calix[4]naphthalene for Pb²⁺ at 30°C was found to be 29.15 mg g^?1. Kinetic studies indicated that the adsorption followed pseudo-second order model and the thermodynamic studies revealed that the adsorption process was spontaneous and endothermic in nature. The obtained results demonstrated that calix[4]naphthalene can be used as an effective adsorbent for Pb²⁺ ions removal from water.     

Sorption, desorption, and degradation of (4-chloro-2-methylphenoxy)acetic acid in representative soils of the Danubian Lowland, Slovakia

Herbicide leaching through soil into groundwater greatly depends upon sorption-desorption and degradation phenomena. Batch adsorption, desorption and degradation experiments were performed with acidic herbicide MCPA and three soil types collected from their respective soil horizons. MCPA was found to be weakly sorbed by the soils with Freundlich coefficient values ranging from 0.37 to 1.03 mg^1−1/n kg⁻¹ L^1/n. It was shown that MCPA sorption positively correlated with soil organic carbon content, humic and fulvic acid carbon contents, and negatively with soil pH. The importance of soil organic matter in MCPA sorption by soils was also confirmed by performing sorption experiments after soil organic matter removal. MCPA sorption in these treated soils decreased by 37-100% compared to the original soils. A relatively large part of the sorbed MCPA was released from soils into aqueous solution after four successive desorption steps, although some hysteresis occurred during desorption of MCPA from all soils. Both sorption and desorption were depth-dependent, the A soil horizons exhibited higher retention capacity of the herbicide than B or C soil horizons. Generally, MCPA sorption decreased in the presence of phosphate and low molecular weight organic acids. Degradation of MCPA was faster in the A soil horizons than the corresponding B or C soil horizons with half-life values ranging from 4.9 to 9.6 d in topsoils and from 11.6 to 23.4 d in subsoils.