响应面中心组合设计法优化制备载磁活性炭

采用浸渍-碱性微波法制备载磁粉末活性炭。基于单因素实验,选定制备过程影响较显著的3个因素∶铁盐比例(n(Fe3+)∶n(Fe2+))、微波功率、微波时间,分别以碘吸附值和饱和磁化强度为响应值,通过中心组合设计及响应面分析优化制备条件。利用Design-Expert软件联合分析2个响应值的回归模型,优化得出载磁活性炭制备条件:铁盐比为1.4,微波时间为2 min,微波功率为625 W。通过对比测试不同优化条件下载磁活性炭的孔结构和磁性能,验证了优化过程的可靠性。     

微波诱导改性活性炭催化降解邻苯二甲酸二甲酯

通过HNO_3、H_2O_2、NaOH对活性炭进行浸渍改性,采用BET、SEM、Boehm、FT-IR对改性前后的活性炭进行表征,研究了改性前后的活性炭在不同反应体系对DMP的降解效果和动力学,探讨了微波诱导改性前后的活性炭催化降解DMP的机理。结果表明,3种改性活性炭的BET比表面积、总孔容、微孔孔容和平均孔径均有所增加。HNO_3、H_2O_2改性后表面酸性基团增加、碱性基团减少,而NaOH改性呈现相反的理化特征变化。活性炭理化特征的变化可能与化学改性剂溶液的酸碱性、氧化还原性有关。微波诱导改性前后的活性炭催化体系对DMP的降解率大于单独吸附或单纯微波辐射体系,且均符合一级反应动力学。在微波诱导改性前后的活性炭催化体系中,改性前后的活性炭通过表面吸附-微波诱导氧化协同作用极大地提高了对DMP的降解率。     

微波紫外耦合辐射降解间硝基苯磺酸钠及活性炭再生

针对活性炭吸附法处理污水所面临的吸附剂物耗大及其所形成的危险废弃物处置难题,采用微波紫外耦合辐射技术对活性炭无害化再生。以活性炭吸附电镀废水中的间硝基苯磺酸钠(3-NBSA)为研究对象,考察了p H对活性炭吸附3-NBSA效果的影响,研究了活性炭的吸附动力学和吸附等温线,最后探讨了微波功率、微波辐照时间、空气流量及再生次数对活性炭再生效果和再生损耗率的影响。实验结果表明,p H在2~8范围内对活性炭吸附效果影响不大,活性炭吸附动力学符合准二级动力学模型,等温吸附特性可用Freundlich等温方程式来描述。活性炭再生实验的最佳工艺条件:微波功率为500W,微波辐照时间为10 min,空气流量为0.024 m3/h。最佳工艺条件下活性炭的再生率达到99.62%,且连续再生5次后仍能达到90.02%。实验表明,在微波紫外耦合辐射作用下比只在微波作用下,活性炭的再生效果和3-NBSA的降解效果更好。     

木棉基活性炭纤维吸附性能的研究

采用浸渍(NH₄)₂HPO₄化学活化法650℃时制备得到3种新型木棉基活性炭纤维,即只浸渍不预氧化方法处理的AK1(activated kapok),先浸渍后预氧化的AK-2和先预氧化后浸渍的AK-3。利用制备得到的活性炭纤维处理苯酚和亚甲基蓝的模拟废水,AK-2具有苯酚最大吸附量(137.00 mg/g),AK-1具有亚甲基蓝最大吸附量(274.11 mg/g)。吸附苯酚时,在静态平衡实验中,更符合Freundlich吸附等温线;在动力学实验中,更符合准一级反应。吸附亚甲基蓝时,在静态平衡实验中,AK-1更符合Langmuir模型,AK-2 、AK-3更符合Freundlich吸附等温线;在动力学实验中,更符合准二级反应。     

KMnO4改性活性炭对臭气中甲硫醇的吸附特性

针对普通活性炭对污水厂臭气中甲硫醇吸附量低的问题,采用KMnO4浸渍改性以获得高甲硫醇吸附量的改性活性炭,通过低温氮吸附仪、扫描电子显微镜和Boehm滴定等表征揭示改性后活性炭吸附量提高的原因,并进行改性活性炭吸附甲硫醇的动力学和热力学研究。结果表明:在KMnO_4浓度为1%、温度为25℃、活性炭与浸渍液质量比为8∶100的条件下浸渍6 h,改性活性炭对甲硫醇的静态吸附量最高,达到344.22 mg·g~(-1),是未改性前的4.04倍:改性活性炭对甲硫醇吸附量提高的原因主要是表面碱性基团的增加(是原来的2.53倍),以及微孔容积和比表面积的增加。改性活性炭对甲硫醇的吸附符合准二级动力学模型,同时粒子内扩散模型显示吸附过程由气相扩散和内扩散共同作用;符合Freundlich吸附等温方程,具有多层吸附特征,且吸附容易进行,属于优惠吸附,是一个自发、放热和熵减的过程,升温不利于对甲硫醇的吸附。     

银负载对活性炭纤维汞吸附性能的影响

银氨溶液浸渍活性炭纤维制得载银量14.07%的载银活性炭纤维.以筒状吸附体吸附气态Hg0的方式研究活性炭纤维银载前后的汞吸附性能,结果表明,载银后活性炭纤维汞吸附性能明显提高.实验还发现:随吸附温度升高,活性炭纤维的汞吸附效率随先增加后降低,而载银活性炭纤维的汞吸附效率随吸附温度升高而一直降低;延长停留时间和添加H2O(g)对两者汞吸附均有利.采用片状吸附体对2种吸附剂的汞饱和吸附量进行了测定,实验得出:70℃下活性炭纤维汞饱和吸附量为29.4 mg/g,载银活性炭纤维汞饱和吸附量为192.3 mg/g,即活性炭纤维载银后汞饱和吸附量提高到原来的6.54倍.扫描电镜分析发现:活性炭纤维上物理吸附汞占绝大多数,化学吸附汞很少;负载银后汞只吸附在活性炭纤维的含银活性点上,银粒子与汞结合生成银汞齐后形状趋于规则,且主要分布于活性炭纤维微晶的晶棱交界处.     

微波活化制备加拿大一枝黄花活性炭及对Cd（Ⅱ）的吸附

以入侵植物加拿大一枝黄花为原料,在400℃氮气保护下,直接碳化90 min后,以KOH为活化剂,微波活化的方法制备了高比表面积微孔活性炭SCAC。结果显示活性炭SCAC的表面面积为1 888 m2/g,总孔容量为0.804 cm3/g,微孔容量为0.741 cm3/g,平均孔径0.567 nm,微孔平均孔径0.488 nm。通过静态吸附实验研究了活性炭添加量、溶液初始浓度、初始pH及吸附时间对SCAC吸附Cd(Ⅱ)的影响,通过动力学方程拟合探讨了活性炭对Cd(Ⅱ)的吸附机理。结果表明,吸附平衡时间、最佳pH及活性炭添加量分别为120 min、pH>7.5及0.05 g/50 mL,活性炭SCAC吸附动力学过程符合准二级方程模型。     

活性染料K-2BP、KN-B和KN-R在椰壳活性炭上的脱色性能

开展椰壳活性炭对活性染料K-2BP、KN-B和KN-R的吸附脱色研究。发现K-2BP、KN-B和KN-R在该型活性炭上的吸附脱色率均随初始pH值的降低、温度的升高、染料初始浓度的降低、活性炭用量的增加以及NaCl盐度的增加而增加。在pH=7和T=25℃下,K-2BP、KN-B和KN-R在活性炭上的等温吸附规律符合Langmuir模型方程,最大饱和吸附量Qmax分别为263.15、256.41和250 mg/g,吸附自由能△G298 K分别为-10.632、-3.783和-2.805 kJ/mol;该条件下K-2BP、KN-B和KN-R的动力学吸附规律均符合准一级动力学吸附方程。等温吸附研究和吸附动力学研究均表明,相同条件下3种活性染料在该型活性炭上的吸附效果由高到低的顺序为:K-2BP>KN-B>KN-R。     

改性活性炭对废水中铬离子的吸附

改性活性炭被广泛应用于吸附水体中重金属离子,但关于铁改性活性炭吸附性能的研究报道甚少。本研究对活性炭进行铁改性处理,并将之应用于水中的铬离子吸附,考察了吸附时间、溶液p H对改性活性炭吸附Cr(Ⅵ)效果的影响。实验结果表明,在25℃下,p H为3,吸附时间为300 min时,其对Cr(Ⅵ)的去除率为91.4%。铁改性活性炭对铬离子的吸附机理服从准二级动力学方程,该吸附剂吸附等温线服从Langmuir方程,饱和吸附量为28.82 mg/g。     

电增强载铝活性炭纤维吸附氟离子性能

以载铝活性炭纤维毡为电极,在电场作用条件下对模拟含氟水进行静态吸附实验。结果表明,该载铝活性炭纤维毡正极化可以强化吸附除氟效果,吸附动力学数据很好地符合Lagergren二级速率方程,加电场时二级反应速率常数为4.50 g/(mg·h);其对高浓度含氟饮用水也有较高去除率,Freundlich吸附等温方程能很好地描述吸附平衡数据。加电场情况下,该载铝炭毡对氟离子的最大吸附量为16.584 mg/g,去除氟离子的最佳pH范围是5.5~8.9。共存阴离子Cl-、SO2-4和NO-3对炭毡吸附除氟没有抑制作用,但CO2-3的存在会导致除氟吸附量显著下降。     

活性炭孔隙结构在其甲苯吸附中的作用

选用4种商用活性炭(AC),利用氮气绝热吸附、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和傅立叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)测试了活性炭的物化性质。以甲苯为吸附质,在温度为298.15 K下进行了静态和动态吸附实验,研究了活性炭孔结构对其吸附性能、吸附行为、表面覆盖率和吸附能的影响。结果表明:活性炭的比表面积和孔容是其吸附性能主要影响因素,孔径在0.8～2.4 nm之间的孔容和甲苯吸附量之间存在较好的线性关系,且线性斜率随甲苯浓度增加而变大。甲苯吸附行为符合Langmuir吸附等温模型和准一阶动力学方程式。活性炭孔结构是甲苯吸附速率的主要制约因素。在甲苯快速吸附阶段,微孔为吸附速率主要制约因素,在甲苯颗粒内扩散阶段,微孔和表面孔为吸附速率的主要制约因素,在吸附末尾阶段,中孔和大孔为吸附速率的主要制约因素。4种活性积炭对甲苯的吸附能随其比表面变大而变大。     

Removal of arsenic(V) from aqueous solutions using iron-oxide-coated modified activated carbon.

Removal of arsenic(V) from aqueous solutions was evaluated with the following three different sorption materials: coal-based activated carbon 12 x 40 (activated carbon), iron(II) oxide (FeO)/activated carbon-H, and iron oxide. The apparent characteristics and physical chemistry performances of these adsorbents were investigated by X-ray diffraction, nitrogen adsorption, and scanning electronic microscope. Also, batch experiments for arsenic removal were performed, and the effects of pH value on arsenic(V) removal were studied. The results suggest that the main phases of the iron oxide surface are magnetite, maghemite, hematite, and goethite; fine and uniform iron oxide particles can cover activated carbon surfaces and affect the surface area or pore structures of activated carbon; adsorption kinetics obey a pseudo-first-order rate equation; and adsorption capacities of adsorbents are affected by the values of pH. The optimum value of pH for iron oxide lies in a narrow range between 4.0 and 5.5, and arsenic(V) removal by FeO/activated carbon-H is ideal and stable in the pH range 3 to 7, while activated carbon has the lowest adsorption capacity in the entire pH range. Also, the adsorption characteristics of FeO/activated carbon-H composites and virgin activated carbon match well the Langmuir adsorption model, while those of iron oxide fit well the Freundlich adsorption model.     

废活性炭微波再生新工艺的研究

提出用微波加热-二氧化碳活化法再生乙酸乙烯合成用触媒载体废活性炭工艺.采用条件实验法研究了活化时间、二氧化碳流量和微波功率对活性炭碘吸附值,亚甲基蓝吸附值和再生得率的影响,得到微波辐射加热二氧化碳活化再生乙酸乙烯用触媒载体废活性炭的最佳工艺条件为活化时间25 min,二氧化碳流量0.2 L/min,微波功率700 W.在此条件下制得的活性炭碘吸附值为1158.02 mg/g、亚甲基蓝吸附值为240 mg/g、得率为74.19%.并对活性炭进行了比表面积的测定和孔结构的分析,活性炭的比表面积为1308.13 m2/g,总孔容为0.76 mL/g.     

Kinetic, equilibrium isotherm and thermodynamic studies of Cr(VI) adsorption onto low-cost adsorbent developed from peanut shell activated with phosphoric acid

A particular agricultural waste, peanut shell, has been used as precursor for activated carbon production by chemical activation with H₃PO₄. Unoxidized activated carbon was prepared in nitrogen atmosphere which was then heated in air at a desired temperature to get oxidized activated carbon. The prepared carbons were characterized for surface area, surface morphology, and pore volume and utilized for the removal of Cr(VI) from aqueous solution. Batch mode experiments were conducted to study the effects of pH, contact time, particle size, adsorbent dose, initial concentration of adsorbate, and temperature on the adsorption of Cr(VI). Cr(VI) adsorption was significantly dependent on solution pH, and the optimum adsorption was observed at pH 2. Pseudo-first-order, pseudo-second-order, and intraparticle diffusion models were used to analyze the kinetic data obtained at different initial Cr(VI) concentrations. The adsorption kinetic data were described very well by the pseudo-second-order model. Equilibrium isotherm data were analyzed by the Langmuir, Freundlich, and Temkin models. The results showed that the Langmuir adsorption isotherm model fitted the data better in the temperature range studied. The adsorption capacity which was found to increase with temperature showed the endothermic nature of Cr(VI) adsorption. The thermodynamic parameters, such as Gibb’s Free energy change (ΔG°), standard enthalpy change (ΔH°), and standard entropy change (ΔS°) were evaluated.     

污泥活性炭的表征及其对Cr（Ⅵ）的吸附特性

以城市污水处理厂污泥为原料,采用磷酸活化一微波热解法制备得到污泥活性炭,并将其用于吸附水溶液中的Cr（Ⅵ）。分别采用元素分析仪（VarioELcube）、比表面积孔径分布测定仪（ASAP2020）、扫描电镜（SEM）和傅里叶红外光谱（FT—IR）等仪器对原污泥及污泥活性炭的表面组成和结构进行表征,探讨污泥活性炭的孔隙结构参数和表面化学性能。通过静态吸附实验,考察了溶液初始pH,接触时间,初始Cr（Ⅵ）浓度对污泥活性炭吸附Cr（Ⅵ）效果的影响,并探讨了污泥活性炭去除Cr（Ⅵ）的机理。实验结果表明,pH越低吸附效果越好,吸附平衡时间为100h。不同温度下吸附过程均符合Langmuir等温吸附模型,30℃时最大吸附容量为27．55mg／g;吸附动力学过程符合准二级速率方程（R2〉0．99）;污泥活性炭对Cr（Ⅵ）的去除是一个吸附-还原耦合的过程。     

CuFe2O4/activated carbon composite: a novel magnetic adsorbent for the removal of acid orange II and catalytic regeneration

CuFe2O4/activated carbon magnetic adsorbents, which combined the adsorption features of activated carbon with the magnetic and the excellent catalytic properties of powdered CuFe2O4, were developed using a simple chemical coprecipitation procedure. The prepared magnetic composites can be used to adsorb acid orange II (AO7) in water and subsequently, easily be separated from the medium by a magnetic technique. CuFe2O4/activated carbon magnetic adsorbents with mass ratio of 1:1, 1:1.5 and 1:2 were prepared. Magnetization measurements, BET surface area measurements, powder XRD and SEM were used to characterize the prepared adsorbents. The results indicate that the magnetic phase present is spinel copper ferrite and the presence of CuFe2O4 did not significantly affect the surface area and pore structure of the activated carbon. The adsorption kinetics and adsorption isotherm of acid orange II (AO7) onto the composites at pH 5.2 also showed that the presence of CuFe2O4 did not affect the adsorption capacity of the activated carbon. The thermal decomposition of AO7 adsorbed on the activated carbon and the composite was investigated by in situ FTIR, respectively. The results suggest that the composite has much higher catalytic activity than that of activated carbon, attributed to the presence of CuFe2O4. The variation of the adsorption capacity of the composites after several adsorption-regeneration cycles has also been studied.     

Activated carbon/Fe(3)O(4) nanoparticle composite: fabrication, methyl orange removal and regeneration by hydrogen peroxide

In the water treatment field, activated carbons (ACs) have wide applications in adsorptions. However, the applications are limited by difficulties encountered in separation and regeneration processes. Here, activated carbon/Fe₃O₄ nanoparticle composites, which combine the adsorption features of powdered activated carbon (PAC) with the magnetic and excellent catalytic properties of Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles, were fabricated by a modified impregnation method using HNO₃ as the carbon modifying agent. The obtained composites were characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning and transmission electron microscopy, nitrogen adsorption isotherms and vibrating sample magnetometer. Their performance for methyl orange (MO) removal by adsorption was evaluated. The regeneration of the composite and PAC-HNO₃ (powdered activated carbon modified by HNO₃) adsorbed MO by hydrogen peroxide was investigated. The composites had a high specific surface area and porosity and a superparamagnetic property that shows they can be manipulated by an external magnetic field. Adsorption experiments showed that the MO sorption process on the composites followed pseudo-second order kinetic model and the adsorption isotherm date could be simulated with both the Freundlich and Langmuir models. The regeneration indicated that the presence of the Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles is important for a achieving high regeneration efficiency by hydrogen peroxide.     

玉米秸秆活性炭的制备及其吸附动力学研究

以玉米秸秆为原材料,采用ZnCl2活化法制备玉米秸秆活性炭,吸附次甲基蓝染料废水,进行动力学分析。本实验用Langmuir和Freundlich模型对吸附等温线进行拟合,结果表明,玉米秸秆活性炭对次甲基蓝的吸附与Langmuir方程拟合良好,R2=0.9857。采用Lagergren准一级速率模型、Lagergren准二级速率模型、Bangham动力学方程和Elovich动力学方程分别对秸秆活性炭吸附次甲基蓝溶液进行吸附动力学拟合,通过分析得出吸附过程与Lagergren准二级速率模型拟合最好,R2=0.9979。秸秆活性炭对次甲基蓝的最大吸附量达到909.09 mg/g,具有很高的吸附能力。     

MCM-41介孔分子筛的合成及其对铜离子的吸附性能简

以微硅粉为硅源,CTAB和PEG-6000为模板剂,合成MCM-41介孔分子筛。采用XRD、N₂吸附-脱附曲线、FTIR以及TEM表征了其结构、比表面积、孔径分布及晶体形貌,并且以该样品为吸附剂,对含Cu²⁺的溶液进行了静态吸附实验。结果表明,以微硅粉为硅源成功合成了具有典型六方排列孔道结构的MCM-41,其比表面积为869.5 m²/g,孔容为0.97 cm³/g,平均孔径为3.3 nm;溶液pH为5~6时,MCM-41对Cu²⁺的去除效果最好;MCM-41对Cu²⁺的最大吸附吸附容量36.3 mg/g;MCM-41对Cu²⁺的吸附性能符合Langmuir吸附方程的特征。动力学研究表明,该过程符合准二级动力学模型。