废塑料裂解生产原料油的研究

本文对聚乙烯和聚丙烯的混合物裂解成原料油进行了研究 ,在 44 0℃条件下 ,不同比例的聚乙烯和聚丙烯被裂解。结果发现 ,聚丙烯有最高的液体回收率。几种催化剂被应用到聚丙烯的裂解过程中。裂解产品组分的构成及催化剂的选择是本研究的主要内容。通过比较几种不同催化剂的催化结果发现 ,复合催化剂有更好的催化效果。本研究为将来的废塑料综合利用提供了一种新的有用方法     

Characterization of eco-cement paste produced from waste sludges

In this study, marble sludge, sewage sludge, drinking water treatment plant sludge, and basic oxygen furnace sludge were used as replacements for limestone, sand, clay, and iron slag, respectively, as the raw materials for the production of cement in order to produce eco-cement. It was found that it is feasible to use marble sludge to replace up to 50% of the limestone and also that other materials can serve as total replacements for the raw materials typically used in the production of cement. The major components of Portland cement were all found in eco-cement clinkers. The eco-cement was confirmed to produce calcium hydroxide and calcium silicate hydrates during the hydration process, increasing densification with the curing age. The compressive strength (S_c) and microstructural evaluations conducted at 28 d revealed the usefulness of eco-cement. It was observed that the S_c data correlated linearly with the pore volume (P) data at 28 d. The proposed model equation could be represented as S_c = 178-461P (correlation coefficient, R² = 0.96). Two parameters, the large capillary pore volume and the medium capillary pore volume, were evaluated using multiple regression analysis.     

A study on production of biodiesel using a novel solid oxide catalyst derived from waste

The issues of energy security, dwindling supply and inflating price of fossil fuel have shifted the global focus towards fuel of renewable origin. Biodiesel, having renewable origin, has exhibited great potential as substitute for fossil fuels. The most common route of biodiesel production is through transesterification of vegetable oil in presence of homogeneous acid or base or solid oxide catalyst. But, the economics of biodiesel is not competitive with respect to fossil fuel due to high cost of production. The vegetable oil waste is a potential alternative for biodiesel production, particularly when disposal of used vegetable oil has been restricted in several countries. The present study evaluates the efficacy of a low-cost solid oxide catalyst derived from eggshell (a food waste) in transesterification of vegetable oil and simulated waste vegetable oil (SWVO). The impact of thermal treatment of vegetable oil (to simulate frying operation) on transesterification using eggshell-derived solid oxide catalyst (ESSO catalyst) was also evaluated along with the effect of varying reaction parameters. The study reported that around 90 % biodiesel yield was obtained with vegetable oil at methanol/oil molar ratio of 18:1 in 3 h reaction time using 10 % ESSO catalyst. The biodiesel produced with ESSO catalyst from SWVO, thermally treated at 150 °C for 24 h, was found to conform with the biodiesel standard, but the yield was 5 % lower compared to that of the untreated oil. The utilization of waste vegetable oil along with waste eggshell as catalyst is significant for improving the overall economics of the biodiesel in the current market. The utilization of waste for societal benefit with the essence of sustainable development is the novelty of this work.     

利用富乙酸剩余污泥厌氧发酵液产中链脂肪酸

为实现剩余污泥的资源化利用,探索了混菌体系中以剩余污泥为底物连续产中链脂肪酸(MCFAs)的可行性。本研究基于乙醇/乙酸人工配制废水,采用热碱水解污泥-短期厌氧发酵-微生物碳链延长(CE)反应的“两相发酵”技术合成MCFAs,并逐步优化水力停留时间(HRT)与底物醇酸比以驯化厌氧污泥微生物。结果表明：在为期135 d的连续模式CE过程中,在醇酸比为2∶1的条件下,驯化期(Phase Ⅰ~Ⅲ)的HRT由20 d逐步缩减至5 d后,典型CE微生物Clostridium sensu stricto_12成为优势菌种,其相对丰度升至65.21%,但己酸产率仅为775 mg∙(L∙d)⁻¹;当醇酸比提高至3∶1 (Phase Ⅳ),己酸产率升至1 402 mg∙(L∙d)⁻¹,MCFAs产物选择性明显提高。将实验期(Phase Ⅴ)系统中的底物置换为污泥厌氧发酵液,己酸产率依然稳定保持在1 400 mg∙(L∙d)⁻¹,表明功能微生物组的结构稳定。宏基因组分析结果显示,逆向β-氧化(RBO)和脂肪酸生物合成（FAB）代谢通路均参与了CE过程的MCFAs合成;另外,相较于乙醇/乙酸人工配制废水,污泥发酵液可提高这2种代谢通路的关键酶丰度。本研究证实了污泥连续发酵产MCFAs的可行性,并阐明了过程中微生物的生态功能机制,可为污泥资源化利用提供参考。     

铜铬氧化物废催化剂中铜铬的回收

以糠醛加氢制糠醇用的废铜铬氧化物催化剂为原料,通过焙烧、酸化、过滤、重结晶制取硫酸铜,再将所得沉淀加纯碱,焙烧,浸取,制取铬矾。该方法工艺简单、成本低且可同时回收铜铬两种离子．铜离子回收率92％,铬离子回收率达60％以上。     

废润滑油再生燃油及其碳烟热重特性研究

为合理评价废润滑油再生燃油的热稳定性及其燃烧生成碳烟的氧化活性,采用热重分析法研究了废润滑油再生燃油及碳烟的热重特性,同时采用Coats-Redfern方程计算了燃油与碳烟的热动力学参数。结果表明:(1)分别采用一级、二级动力学模型求解2种燃油及其碳烟的热动力学参数,热动力学参数的拟合直线的线性相关性较好。(2)再生燃油的热稳定性比柴油好。最大失重速率对应的温度接近燃油的着火温度。再生燃油、柴油的活化能分别为44.2、39.2kJ/mol。(3)碳烟存在3个明显的质量损失阶段。(4)再生燃油燃烧生成碳烟的10%失重时对应的起燃温度高于柴油,两者燃烧生成碳烟的50%失重时对应的起燃温度相差不多。     

Emission characteristics of granulated fuel produced from sewage sludge and coal slime

The neutralization of wastewater treatment residues is an issue for many countries. The European Union (EU) legal regulations have limited the use of the residues in agriculture and implemented a ban for their disposal. Therefore, urgent action should be taken to find solutions for the safe disposal of sewage sludge. The problem refers in particular to the new EU member countries, including Poland, where one can now observe an intensive development of sewage system networks and new sewage treatment plants. At the same time, these countries have few installations for thermal sewage sludge utilization (e.g., there is only one installation of that type in Poland). Simultaneously, there are many coal-fired mechanical stoker-fired boilers in some of these countries. This paper presents suggestions for the production of granulated fuel from sewage sludge and coal slime. Additionally, among others, lime was added to the fuel to decrease the sulfur compounds emission. Results are presented of research on fuel with two average grain diameters (approximately 15 and 35 mm). The fuel with such diameters is adapted to the requirements of the combustion process taking place in a stoker-fired boiler. The research was aimed at identifying the behavior of the burning fuel, with special attention paid to its emission properties (e.g., to the emissions of oxides of nitrogen [NO(x)], sulfur dioxide [SO2], and carbon monoxide [CO], among others). The concentration and emission values were compared with similar results obtained while burning hard coal. The combustion process was carried out in a laboratory stand where realization of the large-scale tests is possible. The laboratory stand used made simulation possible for a wide range of burning processes in mechanical stoker-fired boilers.     

Impact of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon emissions from medical waste incinerators on the urban atmosphere

In this study, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) emissions from two batch-type medical waste incinerators (MWIs), one with a mechanical grate and the other with a fixed grate, both operated by a medical center, were assessed. Both MWIs shared the same air-pollution control devices (APCDs), with an electrostatic precipitator and a wet scrubber installed in series. Results show that when APCDs were used, total PAHs and total benzo[a]pyrene equivalent (total BaP(eq)) emission concentrations of both MWIs were reduced from 2220 to 1870 microg/m3 and 50 to 12.4 microg/m3, respectively. We used the Industrial Source Complex Short Term model (ISCST) to estimate the ground-level concentrations of the residential area and the traffic intersection located at the downwind side of the two MWIs. For the traffic intersection, we found both total PAHs and total BaP(eq) transported from MWIs to both studied areas were not significant. For the residential area, similar results were found when APCDs were used in MWIs. When APCDs were not included, we found that total PAHs transported from MWIs accounted for < 12%, but total BaP(eq) accounted for > 90%, of the on-site measured concentrations. These results suggest that the use of proper APCDs during incineration would significantly reduce the carcinogenic potencies associated with PAH emissions from MWIs to the residential area.     

Solidification/stabilisation of electric arc furnace waste using low grade MgO

This study aims to evaluate the potential of low grade MgO (LGMgO) for the stabilisation/solidification (S/S) of heavy metals in steel electric arc furnace wastes. Relevant characteristics such as setting time, unconfined compressive strength (UCS) and leaching behaviour assessed by acid neutralisation capacity (ANC), monolithic and granular leaching tests were examined in light of the UK landfill Waste Acceptance Criteria (WAC) for disposal. The results demonstrated that all studied mix designs with Portland cement type 1 (CEM1) and LGMgO, CEM1-LGMgO 1:2 and 1:4 at 40% and 70% waste addition met the WAC requirements by means of UCS, initial and final setting times and consistence. Most of the ANC results met the WAC limits where the threshold pH values without acid additions were stable and between 11.9 and 12.2 at 28 d.Granular leaching results indicate fixation of most of the metals at all mix ratios. An optimum ratio was obtained at CEM1-LGMgO 1:4 at 40% waste additions where none of the metals leaching exceeded the WAC limits and hence may be considered for landfill disposal.The monolithic leaching test results showed that LGMgO performed satisfactorily with respect to S/S of Zn, as the metal component present at the highest concentration level in the waste exhibited very little leaching and passed the leaching test requirement at all mix ratios studied. However, its performance with respect to Pb, Cd and Cr was less effective in reducing their leaching suggesting a higher cumulative rate under those leaching regimes.     

城郊乡村生活垃圾衍生燃料热解特性研究

将城郊乡村生活垃圾加工成粒径6.0 mm左右的垃圾衍生燃料(RDF),采用热重(TG)分析和红外光谱等研究其热解特性.结果表明:(1)在RDF挥发分阶段和生物质挥发分阶段,助燃添加剂处于活泼分解阶段,加入了30％(质量分数)秸秆、玉米芯等生物质作助燃添加剂后的RDF(以下简写为混合RDF)分子碎片正发生内部氢重排,总体挥发分产物较多,并且有明显的二次裂解,失重提高到4.85 mg,失重率约提高12％.在RDF与生物质重叠的碳固定阶段,助燃添加剂失重率有一定提高,热重微分(DTG)峰值速率增加,为RDF碳固定阶段的进一步热解提供了良好的支持.(2)快加热产气速率均大于慢加热.(3)热解终温越高,越有利气体析出.(4)RDF的热解固体产率随着热解终温的升高而降低,在850℃时为31.9％;热解气体产率随着热解终温升高而迅速升高,在850℃时可达49.8％.(5)根据红外光谱图,城郊乡村生活垃圾加工成的RDF中所含的氯元素基本上以HCl形式释放.(6)一级动力学反应可以准确地描述物料热解过程.     

废汞触媒中汞的浸出及其再生活性炭的吸附性能

对电石法生产聚氯乙烯产生的废汞触媒进行浸出及再生活性炭的研究,以6 mol·L-1 HCl 溶液作为浸出剂,在浸出反应温度为65 ℃、浸出反应时间为90 min和液固比为15∶1的实验条件下得到Hg2+的优化浸出率为61.25%。采用扫描电镜(SEM)、Brunauer-Emmet-Tller(BET) 比表面积等方法分析再生活性炭特征。结果表明焙烧废汞触媒浸出渣热再生活性炭是可行的,焙烧最佳工艺条件为：焙烧温度850 ℃,焙烧时间90 min。得到的焙烧产物亚甲基蓝吸附值为120.5 mg·g-1,BET表面积为704.25 m2·g-1,平均孔径为3.28 nm。再生前后的汞含量与从1.067%降至0.351%,再生后能再次作为汞触媒生产的催化剂载体材料,同时减缓固废堆积过程中汞流失造成的一系列环境问题。     

Influence of fuel composition on polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon emissions from a fleet of in-service passenger cars

The composition of exhaust emissions from eight in-service passenger cars powered by liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) and unleaded petrol (ULP) were measured on a chassis dynamometer at two driving speeds (60 and 80 km h⁻¹) with the aims of evaluating their polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) contents and investigating the effects of the type of fuel on vehicle performance, ambient air quality and associated health risks. Naphthalene, fluorene, phenanthrene, anthracene, pyrene, chrysene, benzo(a)anthracene and benzo(b)fluoranthene were the most prominent PAHs emitted by both ULP and LPG powered cars. The total emission factors of PAHs from LPG cars were generally lower than (but statistically comparable with) those of ULP cars. Similarly, the total BAP_eq of the PAHs emitted by LPG cars were lower than those from ULP cars. Multi-criteria decision making (MCDM) methods showed that cars powered by LPG fuel performed better than those powered by ULP fuel in term of PAH levels. The implications of these observations on the advantages and disadvantages of using ULP and LPG fuels are discussed.     

Chemical and physical characterization of produced waters from conventional and unconventional fossil fuel resources

Characterization of produced waters (PWs) is an initial step for determining potential beneficial uses such as irrigation and surface water discharge at some sites. A meta-analysis of characteristics of five PW sources [i.e. shale gas (SGPWs), conventional natural gas (NGPWs), conventional oil (OPWs), coal-bed methane (CBMPWs), tight gas sands (TGSPWs)] was conducted from peer-reviewed literature, government or industry documents, book chapters, internet sources, analytical records from industry, and analyses of PW samples. This meta-analysis assembled a large dataset to extract information of interest such as differences and similarities in constituent and constituent concentrations across these sources of PWs. The PW data analyzed were comprised of 377 coal-bed methane, 165 oilfield, 137 tight gas sand, 4000 natural gas, and 541 shale gas records. Majority of SGPWs, NGPWs, OPWs, and TGSPWs contain chloride concentrations ranging from saline (>30 000 mg L⁻¹) to hypersaline (>40 000 mg L⁻¹), while most CBMPWs were fresh (<5000 mg L⁻¹). For inorganic constituents, most SGPW and NGPW iron concentrations exceeded the numeric criterion for irrigation and surface water discharge, while OPW and CBMPW iron concentrations were less than the criterion. Approximately one-fourth of the PW samples in this database are fresh and likely need minimal treatment for metal and metalloid constituents prior to use, while some PWs are brackish (5000-30 000 mg Cl⁻ L⁻¹) to saline containing metals and metalloids that may require considerable treatment. Other PWs are hypersaline and produce a considerable waste stream from reverse osmosis; remediation of these waters may not be feasible. After renovation, fresh to saline PWs may be used for irrigation and replenishing surface waters.     

微生物还原浸出法回收废旧电池粉末中的金属锰

驯化培养K1、K2、K3 3株锰还原异养微生物,使微生物耐受电池重金属离子的能力提高.通过微生物的还原作用将二氧化锰还原成二价锰离子回收利用.微生物利用MnO2作为代谢呼吸链最终电子受体,传递氧化有机物产生的电子,还原溶浸锰于介质中.与其他菌株相比,K1菌株表现出很强的金属耐受性,最终浸出率可达93%.     

Biosorption of arsenic from aqueous solution using dye waste

The purpose of this study is to examine on removal of arsenic from water by biosorption through potential application of herbal dye wastes. Four different flower dye residues (after extraction of natural dye) viz. Hibiscus rosasinensis, Rosa rosa, Tagetes erecta, and Canna indica were utilized successfully for the removal of arsenic from aqueous solution. Batch studies were carried out for various parameters viz. pH, sorbent dose, contact time, initial metal ion concentration, and temperature. Data were utilized for isothermal, kinetic, and thermodynamic studies. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDAX), and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analyses of biomass were performed. The results showed that 1 g/100 ml for 5.0–5.5 h contact time at pH 6.0–7.5 with agitation rate 150 rpm provided 98, 96, 92, and 85 % maximum absorption of arsenic by R. rosa, H. rosasinensis, T. erecta, and C. indica, respectively, at initial concentration of 500 ppb. Data followed Langmuir isotherm showing sorption to be monolayer on heterogeneous surface of biosorbent. Negative values of ΔG° indicated spontaneous nature, whereas ΔH° indicates exothermic nature of system followed by pseudo-first-order adsorption kinetics. FTIR results showed apparent changes in functional group regions after metal chelation. SEM and EDAX analyses showed the changes in surface morphology of all test biosorbents. Herbal dye wastes, used as biosorbent, exhibited significant (85–98 %) removal of arsenic from aqueous solution. Hence, these biosorbents are cost-effective, easily available, eco-friendly, and comparatively more effective than other biosorbents already in use. These may be used to remove arsenic and other toxic metals from water.     

微生物还原浸出法回收废旧电池粉末中的金属锰

驯化培养K1、K2、K33株锰还原异养微生物,使微生物耐受电池重金属离子的能力提高。通过微生物的还原作用将二氧化锰还原成二价锰离子回收利用。微生物利用MnO2作为代谢呼吸链最终电子受体,传递氧化有机物产生的电子,还原溶浸锰于介质中。与其他菌株相比,K1菌株表现出很强的金属耐受性,最终浸出率可达93%。     

Investigation of 1,4-dioxane originating from incineration residues produced by incineration of municipal solid waste

As a groundwater contaminant, 1,4-dioxane is of considerable concern because of its toxicity, refractory nature to degradation, and rapid migration within an aquifer. Although landfill leachate has been reported to contain significant levels of 1,4-dioxane, the origin of 1,4-dioxane in leachate has not been clarified until now. In this study, the origins of 1,4-dioxane in landfill leachate were investigated at 38 landfill sites and three incineration plants in Japan. Extremely high levels of 1,4-dioxane 89 and 340 microg l(-1), were detected in leachate from two of the landfill sites sampled. Assessments of leachate and measurement of 1,4-dioxane in incineration residues revealed the most likely source of 1,4-dioxane in the leachate to be the fly ash produced by municipal solid waste incinerators. Effective removal of 1,4-dioxane in leachate from fly ash was achieved using heating dechlorination systems. Rapid leaching of 1,4-dioxane observed from fly ash in a sequential batch extraction indicated that the incorporation of a waste washing process could also be effective for the removal of 1,4-dioxane in fly ash.     

807-1818一种评价废塑料裂解制备燃料油企业清洁生产水平的方法

针对废塑料处理处置现状、国内外废塑料裂解制油生产、裂解油作为燃料油的应用前景、我国缺乏评价废塑料裂解制油的方法,提出制定一套用于评价废塑料裂解制备燃料油的清洁生产水平方法。将废塑料裂解制油清洁生产评价体系逐级进行分解,形成3个评价层次：目标层、5个准则层、20个评价指标,通过层次分析法,确定每个层次对上一层的评价权重;通过国内外文献资料及实际生产数据,对评价指标中的定量指标进行赋值,确定评价指标基准值;利用线性综合加权分析法,建立综合评价模型。     

A new alternative fuel for reduction of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon and particulate matter emissions from diesel engines

This study investigated the emissions of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), carcinogenic potential of PAH and particulate matter (PM), brake-specific fuel consumption (BSFC), and power from diesel engines under transient cycle testing of six test fuels: premium diesel fuel (PDF), B100 (100% palm biodiesel), B20 (20% palm biodiesel + 80% PDF), BP9505 (95% paraffinic fuel + 5% palm biodiesel), BP8020 (80% paraffinic fuel + 20% palm biodiesel), and BP100 (100% paraffinic fuel; Table 1). Experimental results indicated that B100, BP9505, BP8020, and BP100 were much safer when stored than PDF. However, we must use additives so that B100 and BP100 will not gel as quickly in a cold zone. Using B100, BP9505, and BP8020 instead of PDF reduced PM, THC, and CO emissions dramatically but increased CO2 slightly because of more complete combustion. The CO2-increased fraction of BP9505 was the lowest among test blends. Furthermore, using B100, B20, BP9505, and BP8020 as alternative fuels reduced total PAHs and total benzo[a]pyrene equivalent concentration (total BaPeq) emissions significantly. BP9505 had the lowest decreased fractions of power and torque and increased fraction of BSFC. These experimental results implied that BP9505 is feasible for traveling diesel vehicles. Moreover, paraffinic fuel will likely be a new alternative fuel in the future. Using BP9505 instead of PDF decreased PM (22.8%), THC (13.4%), CO (25.3%), total PAHs (88.9%), and total BaPeq (88.1%) emissions significantly.     

MnO2@矿渣去除废水中的铊

以工业磁性矿渣构建具有二氧化锰包覆层（MnO2@矿渣）的吸附剂,用于去除废水中的重金属铊元素。并探究吸附剂投加量、反应时间、反应pH、离子强度、有机物等影响因素及除铊机理。结果表明：在碱性条件下（pH=10）,MnO2@矿渣对水中的铊的吸附率达99.5%以上,10 min 内达到吸附平衡; MnO2@矿渣对铊的吸附容量随投加量的增大而增大,随离子强度的增大而减小,有机物对吸附铊的影响表现出差异性。吸附过程符合拟二级动力学模型,等温吸附适用Langmuuir和Freundlich方程描述;通过X-射线粉末衍射（XRD）、扫描电子显微镜（SEM）-X射线能谱（EDS）表征手段分析,证实成功制备了MnO2@矿渣;傅里叶变换红外（FT-IR）和X射线光电子能谱（XPS）的结果表明MnO2@矿渣对Tl（I）的去除是一个表面羟基络合、氧化和沉淀的过程。重复利用实验表明MnO2@矿渣有很好的脱附与再生能力。