Temporal evolution in PPCP removal from urban wastewater by constructed wetlands of different configuration: a medium-term study

Pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) are widely distributed in urban wastewaters and can be removed to some extent by constructed wetlands (CWs). The medium-term (3-5 years) behaviour of these systems regarding PPCP removal is still unknown. Seven mesocosm-scale (1 m²) CWs of different configurations were operated outdoors for 39 months under the same conditions to assess their PPCP removal ability and temporal evolution. CWs differed in some design parameters, namely plant presence, species chosen (Typha angustifolia vs Phragmites australis), flow configuration and presence/absence of gravel bed (floating macrophytes surface flow, FM-SF; free-water surface flow, FW-SF; free-water subsurface flow, FW-SSF; or conventional horizontal subsurface flow, SSF). PPCP efficiencies decreased throughout time and performance differences among CWs disappeared with the systems aging. This could be due to a homogenization process in the systems caused by detrimental factors like saturation, clogging and shading. Winter efficiencies were lower than summer ones for salicylic acid, caffeine, methyl dihydrojasmonate, galaxolide and tonalide, and seasonal biological activities seem key factors to explain this fact. Maximal removal efficiencies were achieved in an unplanted-FW-SSF for ketoprofen (47-81%), naproxen (58-81%) and salicylic acid (76-98%); in an unplanted-SSF for caffeine (65-99%); in a Phragmites-FM-SF for ibuprofen (49-96%) and diclofenac (16-68%); in a Typha-FM-SF for carbamazepine (35-71%); and in a Typha-FW-SSF for methyl dihydrojasmonate (71-96%), galaxolide (67-82%) and tonalide (55-74%). Photodegradation could be involved in ketoprofen, naproxen, ibuprofen and diclofenac removal. Carbamazepine and diclofenac were moderately removed by the most efficient CWs studied. Carbamazepine might be eliminated by vegetal uptake.     

Developments in advanced oxidation processes for removal of microplastics from aqueous matrices

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Continuous incorporation of microplastics (MPs) and their fragmented residues into the ecosystem has sparked significant scientific apprehensions...     

Intercomparison study on commonly used methods to determine microplastics in wastewater and sludge samples

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - The harmonized procedures in terms of the sampling, sample treatment and identification of microplastics in different environmental samples are...     

印染废水中氮硫形态转化和去除效率

针对含较高氮、硫的印染废水,采用UASB水解酸化反应池+A、B两段低氧曝气式污泥自回流池+C段接触氧化池+混凝沉淀工艺进行处理,对各生化反应池中氮、硫的形态转化过程进行了分析。结果表明,该工艺对印染废水中COD、色度、TN、NH4+-N、S2-的去除率分别达到90.7%、87.3%、85.6%、76.3%、100%。     

Occurrence and removal of endocrine disrupting chemicals in wastewater

This paper discusses the occurrence and removal of endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) in Horsham sewage treatment plant (STP), West Sussex, UK. Photodegradation aided by a catalyst (TiO(2)) was studied for its efficiency of removing EDCs from wastewater. The degradation of estrone and 17beta-estradiol under natural sunlight followed a pseudo-first-order kinetics, with a rate constant of 0.01h(-1). The degradation by sunlight is also independent of initial chemical concentration, suggesting some potential of using this environmentally friendly method for waste minimisation. In comparison, more efficient degradation was observed with UV irradiation (253nm), with the rate constants being increased to 2.7 and 2.5h(-1) for the two compounds. Subsequent application of the photocatalysis method to real effluent treatment at Horsham STP was successful, as demonstrated by the non-detection of the target compounds following treatment.     

Carbamazepine and diclofenac: removal in wastewater treatment plants and occurrence in water bodies

In the aquatic environment, pharmaceuticals have been widely found. Among them, carbamazepine and diclofenac were detected at the highest frequency. To evaluate the worldwide environmental impacts of both drugs, their global consumption volumes are estimated, based on the dose per capita. The metabolites of these pharmaceuticals are also of environmental concerns, especially trans-10,11-dihydro-10,11- dihydroxycarbamazepine (CBZ-diol) which probably has a similar concentration in water bodies to that of its parent drug. The removal efficiencies and mechanisms of both drugs in the wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) are discussed with the actual state of knowledge. The occurrences of both drugs are examined in various water bodies including WWTP effluents, surface waters, groundwater and drinking water. Their chemical, physical and pharmacological properties are also addressed in context, which can largely influence their environmental behaviors. The ecotoxicological studies of both drugs imply that they do not easily cause acute toxic effects at their environmental concentrations. However their chronic effects need cautious attention.     

The removal of phosphorus during wastewater treatment: a review

Phosphorus removal from wastewater can be achieved either through chemical removal, advanced biological treatment or a combination of both. The chemical removal of phosphorus involves the addition of calcium, iron and aluminium salts to achieve phosphorus precipitation by various mechanisms which are discussed. In addition, the effects of operating conditions, especially wastewater characteristics; sludge production in terms of quality and quantity; optimisation of chemical use and re-use; points of chemical addition combined with biological treatment; alternative chemical/physical treatments and examples of full-scale applications are also reviewed. Biological phosphorus removal is dependent upon the uptake of phosphorus in excess of normal bacterial metabolic requirements and is proposed as an alternative to chemical treatment. Early developments and the postulated removal mechanisms are reviewed; these include either natural chemical precipitation, enhanced biological removal, or a combination of both. The nature of excess biological phosphorus removal in activated sludge wastewater treatment plants is evaluated, considering various operating parameters, bacteriology and process designs.     

城市污水处理厂除臭技术

介绍了城市污水处理厂臭气来源、成分及产量。针对目前国内外除臭技术的研究和发展情况，分析了污水处理厂的各种物理、化学和生物除臭方法的技术原理、优缺点和应用现状。结合日本城市污水处理厂的运行实际，重点介绍了一种不产生臭气的新技术——腐殖活性污泥法的工艺流程、特点及其应用现状。     

城市污水处理厂除臭技术

介绍了城市污水处理厂臭气来源、成分及产量.针对目前国内外除臭技术的研究和发展情况,分析了污水处理厂的各种物理、化学和生物除臭方法的技术原理、优缺点和应用现状.结合日本城市污水处理厂的运行实际,重点介绍了一种不产生臭气的新技术--腐殖活性污泥法的工艺流程、特点及其应用现状.     

采气废水中有机物去除方法

新疆油田天然气开采过程中产生的大量高矿化度、高COD的含油废水,难以处理处置,严重影响了气田的正常生产活动,危害到气田周边土壤安全和荒漠植被的生存。为实现该类废水的达标排放,选取COD和总石油烃含量为考察指标,研究比较了紫外(UV)、臭氧(O3)及紫外臭氧联合处理(UV/O3)法对该类废水的处理效果,进一步考察了pH和O3发生量对UV/O3法处理效果的影响。研究结果表明,3种方法处理废水60 min后,废水COD由处理前的563 mg/L分别下降至处理后的479、334.9和314 mg/L,去除率分别达到14.9%、32.7%和44.2%;而总石油烃含量由处理前的3.86 mg/L分别降至处理后的3.05、1.26和0.20 mg /L,去除率分别达到21.2%、67.4%和94.8%;其中,UV/O3法处理90 min后废水COD降低至148 mg/L,达到《废水综合排放标准GB8978-1996》二级排放标准;pH为7,臭氧发生量为10 g/L时,UV/O3法可应用于采气废水的处理。     

污水生物除磷研究进展

水体富营养化是世界性难题,其中磷通常是主要限制因子.生物除磷工艺简单,污泥产量少,可节约能源,运行费用也较低,便于操作和磷的回收.在介绍水体中磷的来源、污染特点及其造成危害的基础上,着重综述了国内外生物除磷的研究进展,并对生物除磷存在的问题和发展趋势提出了一些看法.     

混凝强化除磷的模拟实验研究

以模拟污水为研究对象,考察了不同絮凝剂(聚合氯化铝、三氯化铁及硫酸亚铁)对污水中磷的去除效果及其影响因素,并对氢氧化铁的吸附除磷规律,以及氢氧化铁与絮凝剂复配除磷的效果进行了探讨,提出了聚合氯化铝、三氯化铁及硫酸亚铁可行的投加量.     

Emerging micropollutants in water/wastewater: growing demand on removal technologies

Developing advanced treatment technologies for improving the removal of micropollutants in water/wastewater is important. A suitable treatment is more likely to be used as the polishing step in the treatment scheme. Advanced oxidation technologies (AOTs) are relevant for removing micropollutants. The ability of direct UV photolysis and selected AOTs to degrade pharmaceuticals, endocrine-disrupting compound and herbicide has been studied and compared. The tested methods resulted in the degradation of the studied micropollutants; however, none of the methods was preferred for the removal of all tested compounds. The UV-active processes have strong potential for removal of the studied micropollutants. The utilisation of a moderate hydrogen peroxide admixture resulted in a more reliable treatment.     

城市污水处理厂中全氟化合物的存在及去除效果研究

建立了一种基于超高效液相色谱/串联质谱的方法,实现了对北京3个污水处理厂污水中12种全氟化合物(PFCs)的快速、灵敏地定量分析.结果表明,城市污水处理厂进水和出水中短链的全氟丁酸(PFBA)、全氟戊酸(PFPA)和全氟丁磺酸(PFBS)是主要污染物,其中出水中PFBs的质量浓度高达253 ng/L.污水生物处理后,出...     

Occurrence of pharmaceuticals in a municipal wastewater treatment plant: mass balance and removal processes

Occurrence and removal efficiencies of fifteen pharmaceuticals were investigated in a conventional municipal wastewater treatment plant in Michigan. Concentrations of these pharmaceuticals were determined in both wastewater and sludge phases by a high-performance liquid chromatograph coupled to a tandem mass spectrometer. Detailed mass balance analysis was conducted during the whole treatment process to evaluate the contributing processes for pharmaceutical removal. Among the pharmaceuticals studied, demeclocycline, sulfamerazine, erythromycin and tylosin were not detected in the wastewater treatment plant influent. Other target pharmaceuticals detected in wastewater were also found in the corresponding sludge phase. The removal efficiencies of chlortetracycline, tetracycline, sulfamerazine, acetaminophen and caffeine were >99%, while doxycycline, oxytetracycline, sulfadiazine and lincomycin exhibited relatively lower removal efficiencies (e.g., <50%). For sulfamethoxazole, the removal efficiency was approximately 90%. Carbamazepine manifested a net increase of mass, i.e. 41% more than the input from the influent. Based on the mass balance analysis, biotransformation is believed to be the predominant process responsible for the removal of pharmaceuticals (22% to 99%), whereas contribution of sorption to sludge was relatively insignificant (7%) for the investigated pharmaceuticals.     

深型地下土壤渗滤系统中氮的去除途径

为了系统研究氮在深型地下土壤渗滤系统中的去除途径,本次实验采用直径30cm,高200cm的有机玻璃柱模拟地下土壤渗滤系统;柱内分层装填取自北京顺义的土壤。在水力负荷为8cm／d的条件下,取得了较好的脱氮效果;氨氮去除率为99．80％;TN去除率为83．68％。通过观察氮沿土柱深度的变化规律发现,在1．30m以上的区域随着氨氮浓度的降低硝氮浓度逐渐增大,同时总氮浓度也在不断降低,约有30．55％在此区域被去除;通过氮元素质量平衡证明这部分氮是通过厌氧氨氧化反应去除的。在1．30m以下反硝化反应是脱氮的主要途径,在此过程中难降解有机物被利用。     

Improving nitrogen removal in two modified decentralized wastewater systems

Efficient nutrient removal in decentralized wastewater treatment systems is a challenging task. To improve the removal of organic matter and nitrogen from wastewater, two types of bioreactors using membrane-aerated biofilm reactor (MABR) and microbial fuel cell (MFC) techniques were evaluated. During more than 250 days of continuous-flow reactor operation, both reactors showed consistently high chemical oxygen demand removal (>86%). At an influent ammonium-nitrogen (NH4(+)-N) concentration of 30 mg N/L, the average effluent NH4(+)-N concentrations were 6.2 and 0.5 mg N/L for the MABR and MFC reactor, respectively, while the effluent nitrate-nitrogen (NO3(-)-N) concentrations were 5.4 mg/ L in the MABR and 19.2 mg/L in the MFC-based reactor. The overall total inorganic nitrogen removal efficiencies were 64% and 36% for the MABR and MFC reactor, respectively. At the measured dissolved oxygen concentrations of 5.2 and 0.23 mg/L in the aerobic/anoxic zone of the MFC and MABR, respectively, a specific oxygen uptake rate of 0.1 g O2/g VSS-d, resulting from ammonia oxidation, was detected in the settled sludge of the MFC, while no nitrifying activity of the sludge from the MABR was detected. Molecular microbial analysis demonstrated a link between the bacterial community structure and nitrifying activity. The relatively high abundance of Nitrosomonas europaea was associated with its detectable nitrification activity in the settled sludge of the MFC. The results suggest that MABR and MFC techniques have the potential to improve organic and nitrogen removal in decentralized wastewater systems.     

低浓度三氯生废水的电化学去除效能

以钌铱电极做阳极、石墨片做阴极,建立了电化学反应器处理三氯生模拟废水,重点考察了电流密度、pH、电解质硫酸钠浓度对电化学反应器去除水中微量三氯生效能的影响规律。研究发现,随着电流密度增大,三氯生去除率会有所提高,但存在一定限度;总体上酸性或碱性条件下的处理效果优于中性条件,电解质浓度过高或过低都不利于三氯生的去除。计算出不同电解质浓度和电流密度下的能耗,探讨了三氯生的电化学去除机制。电化学反应器对三氯生模拟废水有较好的处理效果,当三氯生初始浓度为4 mg·L-1、电流密度为10 mA·cm-2、电解质Na2SO4浓度为0.025 mg·L-1、中性条件下反应时间2 h,三氯生去除率达70.7%,能耗为26.4 kWh·g-1。