共查询到20条相似文献,搜索用时 31 毫秒
1.
为了探索污泥堆肥中重金属在土壤一植物系统中的积累与转移特性,通过温室盆栽实验,分析了污泥堆肥对草坪草高羊茅、黑麦草和白三叶生物量积累的情况,研究了污泥堆肥中Zn和Cu在植物和土壤中的分布特征。结果表明,污泥堆肥施用可以有效促进3种草坪草的积累生物量,在0~6kg/m2的污泥堆肥施用量范围内,草坪草的生物量积累随着施用量的增加而提高。土壤中Zn和Cu的含量随污泥堆肥施加量的增加而增大,85%以上的Zn和Cu残留在土壤中。污泥堆肥中的Zn和Cu均可以被植物吸收,随着污泥堆肥施用量的增加,草坪草对Zn和Cu的吸收量增大,但当污泥堆肥施用量超过一定阈值时,草坪草吸收zn和cu不再增加,甚至减少;对于不同的草坪草,这一阈值有所不同。植物对zn和cu的吸收量只占土壤中zn和cu减少量的5%左右。根据生物富集系数(BCF)的计算结果推测,污泥堆肥的施用对土壤环境的影响大于对植物体内累积zn和Cu的影响。 相似文献
2.
为及时、准确掌握黑臭水体治理进展,基于“北京二号”影像数据和同期的野外综合水体实测数据,采用深度学习算法对黑臭水体进行识别,并引入地理探测器对黑臭水体影响因素进行定量分析。结果表明:基于Faster R-CNN算法的黑臭水体遥感识别,总准确率达到90%左右,短时间内(5~33 h)即可完成北京市建成区黑臭水体的筛查工作;在空间维度上,黑臭水体主要分布在中心城区以外,并在通州区、朝阳区和大兴区较为集中;在时间维度上,专项治理期间(2015—2018年)内,黑臭水体的数量和长度总体趋势都是递减的,但偶尔也有反黑现象;2018年底,在全市建成区范围内,已全面消除黑臭现象;在一年内,第1季度水体环境最好,第2季度次之,第3季度最差,从第4季度开始好转;在北京市大兴区,土壤全氮量(贡献率为32.07%)和周边养殖场排污(贡献率为27.04%)是黑臭水体形成的主要影响因素,高程(贡献率为8%)、土壤类型(贡献率为7.6%)和土地利用类型(贡献率为6.1%)的贡献率较弱。由此可以看出,基于Faster R-CNN算法识别影像中的黑臭水体识别准确率高,可及时、准确地监测城市黑臭水体治理情况,使用地理探测器可定量分析并确定各影响因素的贡献率。本研究成果可为城市黑臭水体的动态监测和治理提供有力的技术支撑。 相似文献
3.
Jonnalagadda SB Kindness A Kubayi S Cele MN 《Journal of environmental science and health. Part. B》2008,43(3):271-280
The elemental uptake and distribution, in various parts of the admired herbal plant, Hypoxis hemerocallidea, the 'African potato' and its ability to accumulate elements in response to the growth soil quality are investigated. The total and exchangeable concentrations of twelve elements in the growth soils and their distribution in the roots, potato bulb and leaves of the plants grown under four different settings were compared. The typical concentrations of the twelve selected elements, in the bulb and leaves of the plant grown in a nursery pot (site 2) were (in microg g(-1)dry weight) Ca (8430 and 27075), Mg (2113 and 1566), Fe (66 and 150), Al (10 and 368), Zn (105 and 6.1), Mn (42 and 51), Cu (7.2 and 20.8), Ba (0.23 and 4.44), Co (0.20 and 0.42), As (2.05 and 24.56), Hg (0.92 and 1.82) and Cr (0.13 and 0.33). Except for Ca, Mg, Zn and Mn, the exchangeable cation concentrations in all the growth soils were low. Ca, Mg, Mn, Zn and As had bioaccumulation factors >1. Fe, Al and Co concentrations were high in the roots with little in the rest of the plant. High concentration of arsenic (approximately 13 microg g(-1) dry weight) with bioaccumulation factors of 7 and 20 were observed in the roots and leaves of the plant respectively (site 2), but the concentration of mercury in bulb was very low (0.92 microg g(-1) dry weight). 相似文献
4.
为探究电絮凝和电化学氧化法处理油田压裂返排液的机理,采用响应面法拟合了反应过程,考察了电化学反应动力学、活性物质以及电极板的形貌和成分的变化。结果表明,电絮凝和电化学氧化法的响应面模型相关性显著,精确度和可信度均在合理范围内,在最优实验条件下其对应的COD去除率分别可达88.2%和100.0%;压裂返排液经电絮凝和电化学氧化处理后去除COD的动力学分别适用于零级和一级动力学模型,反应速率常数分别为4.49 mg·(L·min)−1和0.005 4 min−1;电絮凝和电化学氧化处理压裂返排液起主要作用的活性物质分别是OH·和O2·−;电絮凝反应后,阳极和阴极表面分别附有碳酸钙和絮体有机物,电化学氧化反应后,阳极和阴极表面分别覆盖着致密的有机污染物和钙镁碳酸盐。 相似文献
5.
The complex interactions between human activities and the environment at the interface of land and water is analyzed with a focus on the Somali Current (East Africa), and Indian Ocean Island States, subregions of the Global International Waters Assessment (GIWA). These 2 subregions contain some of the world's richest ecosystems, including the high biodiversity forests of Madagascar and the diverse coastal habitats of the eastern African coast. These ecosystems support local communities and national and regional economies. Current and future degradation of these systems, from water basins to continental shelves, affects the livelihoods and sustainability of the countries in the region, and long-term efforts to reduce poverty. The assessments determined that pollution and climate change are the primary environmental and social concerns in the Islands of the Indian Ocean, while freshwater shortage and unsustainable exploitation of fisheries and other living resources are the primary environmental and social concerns in East Africa. The GIWA approach, through assessing root causes of environmental concerns, enables the development of policy approaches for mitigating environmental degradation. This paper explores policy frameworks for mitigating the impacts, and reducing the drivers, of 3 environmental concerns--freshwater shortage; solid waste pollution; and climate change--addressing social and institutional causes and effects, and linking the subregions to broad international frameworks. The common theme in all 3 case studies is the need to develop integrated ecosystem and international waters policies, and mechanisms to manage conflicting interests and to limit threats to natural processes. 相似文献
6.
近20年来,我国在推进医疗废物无害化管理和处理处置方面开展了大量的工作,成绩举世瞩目。但处于新的历史时期,如何更好地基于可行技术,探索与其相匹配的管理模式,解决医疗废物处理处置短板已成为迫在眉睫的工作。我国目前存在针对医疗废物处理处置技术适用性考虑不足、农村及偏远地区医疗废物处置能力缺乏、医疗废物应急处置能力存在短板以及医疗废物领域科技创新能力有待提升等问题。因此,结合各种医疗处置技术特点及适用性,提出基于技术的适用性推进医疗废物处理处置技术布局优化、通过管理和技术进步解决农村和边远地区医疗废物处置难题、合理配置疫情期间应急处置能力以及推进科技创新等建议,为打造新时期医疗废物处理处置技术体系提供参考。 相似文献
7.
《国际环境与污染杂志》2011,15(3):249-265
This paper explains the transition and selection of environmental regimes, from the general framework of the regime in question, its evolution over time, and primary national approaches to the regime. We evaluate the significance of the environmental problems covered by the international regime for the countries concerned and the importance of problem-solving at the international level, and we assess national interests and approaches towards problem-solving and participation in the regime, especially their dynamics and changes in the period of transition. 相似文献
8.
Smith WB 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2002,116(Z1):S233-S242
Forests provide significant commodity and noncommodity values to the citizens of the United States. An important and substantial role in ensuring the continued health, productivity, and sustainability of these resources is a reliable and credible inventory and monitoring program. The Forest Inventory and Analysis (FIA) program of the US Forest Service has been monitoring and reporting on status, condition, and trends in the nation's forests for over 70 years and the Forest Health Monitoring (FHM) program for the last 11 years. Recent legislation included in the 1998 Farm Bill, along with efforts to integrate inventory and monitoring networks to deliver Criteria and Indicators of Sustainable Forests, are redefining the role and operation of the recently integrated FIA and FHM programs. This paper provides a brief history and a look at new directions for the enhanced FIA Program. 相似文献
9.
氧化/吸附/混凝协同工艺处理焦化废水生物处理出水的过程及效果分析 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
针对焦化废水生物处理出水中继续存在多种有机污染物而影响达标及存在安全隐患的现状,基于废水中有机物的物理化学特性,构建了氧化/吸附/混凝的深度处理过程。在NaC lO投加量为40 mg/L,AC投加量为500 mg/L,PFS投加量为300 mg/L,反应时间为0.5 h,以及pH为7.0的最佳条件下,先氧化后吸附混凝,该过程可以实现COD去除率为75%以上,色度去除率80%以上,处理后的水样其COD值与色度值分别下降到60 mg/L及20倍以下;通过GC/MS方法分析处理前后水样中的有机物组分,发现水样中大部分单环芳香族化合物和多环芳香族化合物,部分含氮杂环化学物、有机氯化物以及溴化物被去除,但是,长链烷烃和部分芳香烃继续保留。研究结果证明了氧化/吸附/混凝协同工艺的效果与焦化废水生物出水中有机污染物的分子结构、存在形态形成构效关系,催化作用与氧化作用的协同是获得高效去除率的关键。 相似文献
10.
我国市政污泥年产量大,研究其热解机理和碳形态转化可为实现污泥无害化和资源化提供理论基础。采用热重、动力学拟合、红外光谱 (FTIR) 、X射线光电子能谱 (XPS) 等检测和分析方法,对市政污泥热解特性、活化能变化和含碳官能团进行分析。结果表明:市政污泥热解过程中含碳官能团的生成在不同的阶段存在差异,进一步采用Kissinger-Akahira-Sunose (KAS) 法、Flynn-Wall-Ozawa (FWO) 法和Friedman法进行动力学分析,其活化能结果显示在转化率为0.40~0.70时,市政污泥热解速率加快,污泥中含碳官能团加速发生热解转化。FTIR和XPS结果表明,在400 ℃以下时,醇羟基的分解是导致污泥结构中羟基减少的主要原因。在400 ℃时,酚羟基和C=O键相对质量分数最多,而在500 ℃时,羧基和C-O键相对质量分数最高。C=C键和C-N键随温度升高持续减少,C-C结构则先减少后增加,在500 ℃时相对质量分数最低,而芳香结构随温度的上升持续增加。在400~600 ℃内,污泥残炭的含碳氧官能团较多,吸附性和稳定性较高。本研究结果可为市政污泥热解机理及碳形态转化提供参考。 相似文献
11.
为规范我国固定污染源污水排放口及监测点位设置,以保障污水样品采集和流量监测的准确性与代表性,在调研与查阅国内外技术文献的基础上,总结了我国现有固定污染源污水排放口和监测点位设置中存在的主要问题,探讨了国内外相关标准规定的缺陷和不足;基于保障实际监测工作需要和便于监督管理的原则,兼顾流量监测的准确性、样品采集的代表性与监测人员采样安全考虑,探讨了排污单位污水排放口与监测点位数量、位置设置技术。结果表明:排污单位不得通过暗管排放污水,应在厂界10 m以内设置1个污水总排放口和1个雨水总排放口及监测点位,排放第1类污染物及其他有毒有害或需优先控制的污染物指标时需同时在车间或车间处理设施出口设置排放口和监测点位;污水日排放量超过50 t·d−1的排放口应按国家标准规范要求选择修建或安装适宜的标准化量水堰槽;其他排放口应修建满足污水采样监测和流量监测、长度不少于3 m的顺直排水明渠及高度不少于0.1 m的垂直跌水落差;通过压力管道排放污水时,应修建长度不少于15倍管径且需时刻满管的直管段,以安装管道流量计和取样阀门。排污单位须设置污水排放口环境保护图形标志与监测点位信息标志,制定污水排放口和监测点位的保障监测安全的防护措施及日常维护和管理的规定。污水排放口和监测点位的有关构筑物及相关设施应作为环境保护设施的组成部分,与主体工程“同时设计、同时施工、同时投产和使用”,且应作为建设项目竣工环境保护验收的必要条件。相关研究结果可为污水排放口和监测点位规范化整治提供技术依据,并为保证污水采样、监测与监管的安全有效实施提供技术保障。 相似文献
12.
施用改良剂可降低矿区重金属污染对植物的胁迫,但其对根际环境的影响机制尚不明晰。以栾树(Koelreuteria paniculata)为供试植物、以某锰尾矿区矿渣为基质,比较CK(100%矿渣)、S0(90%矿渣+5%蘑菇渣+5%凹凸棒)和S1(90%矿渣+5%蘑菇渣+5%凹凸棒,种植栾树)等3个处理重金属赋存状态和微生物多样性等的差异,探究施用改良剂和种植栾树等对矿渣中重金属拦截效果的影响。结果表明,施用改良剂(即蘑菇渣和凹凸棒)提高了矿渣pH,增强了其肥力和持水性;而种植栾树可降低重金属的生物有效性,Mn、Pb、Zn的残渣态比例显著提升,较S0分别提升了5.73%、13.5%和6.47%,较CK分别提升了4.98%、12.8%和6.01%。实验前、后各基质中Mn、Pb、Zn随雨水径流的流失量差异显著,表现为S1Bacteroidota)、酸杆菌门(Acidobacteriota)、担子菌门(Basidiomycota)和子囊菌门(Ascomycota)的相对丰富显著增加,腐生和富养菌等有益菌的相对丰度和多样性提升明显,有利于保持土壤肥力和促进栾树生长,提高其抗逆性和修复效率。 相似文献
13.
pH和有机质对铬渣污染土壤中Cr赋存形态的影响 总被引:11,自引:1,他引:10
选用3种不同的铬渣污染土壤作为试验样,通过调节其pH和有机质含量,并采用碱消解-共沉淀法和改良BCR顺序提取法,研究了pH和有机质含量对土壤中铬的价态及形态的影响。结果表明,总体上Cr(Ⅵ)含量随pH降低和有机质投加量增大而减小,Cr(Ⅲ)则增加,但土1各水平间差异均显著(F8.89),土2和土3只有部分水平间差异显著。同时,随pH降低和有机质投加量增大,酸可提取态Cr含量减小,可氧化态Cr增加,可还原态略有增加,表明酸性条件和有机质有利于Cr(Ⅵ)的还原和酸可提取态Cr向可还原态和可氧化态Cr的转化。 相似文献
14.
河道暗渠化是影响城市建成区河流黑臭水体治理的重要因素,为探究河道暗渠化对城市河流水环境的影响,以深圳市龙华区观澜河流域主要支流暗渠为研究对象,通过现场勘查并结合暗渠段水质分析,探讨了暗渠段主要环境问题,并分析了暗渠对河流水质的影响。结果表明:暗渠段对城市河流水质的影响是显著的,主要污染物为氨氮和总磷;污染最为严重的塘水围氨氮的平均值为22.29 mg·L−1,为重度黑臭水体氨氮标准(15 mg·L−1)的1.49倍,而其氧化还原电位的平均值为−154 mV,远低于轻度黑臭水体标准(50 mV),其中最低值为−190 mV,接近于重度黑臭水体的标准值(−200 mV)。在明渠-暗渠-明渠分布的空间格局中,暗渠内淤泥的大量累积、垃圾的清理不及时、污水排口的封堵不彻底等是造成暗渠段水质恶化的主要原因。在工程解决措施上,应结合区域城市发展规划,遵循“定位、揭盖、加窗、联涵、疏泥”十字方针,通过顶层覆盖物拆除或开窗、挡墙拆除或加固、污水收集与处理、淤泥与垃圾的清除等工程措施实现暗渠段污染的消除。以上研究结果可为城市河流黑臭水体治理和河流暗渠环境综合整治提供参考。 相似文献
15.
Muhammad Aqeel Ashraf Ismail Yusoff Mohamad Yusof Yatimah Alias 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2013,20(7):4689-4710
Field and laboratory studies were conducted to estimate concentration of potential contaminants from landfill in the underlying groundwater, leachate, and surface water. Samples collected in the vicinity of the landfill were analyzed for physiochemical parameters, organic contaminants, and toxic heavy metals. Water quality results obtained were compared from published data and reports. The results indicate serious groundwater and surface water contamination in and around the waste disposal site. Analysis of the organic samples revealed that the site contains polychlorinated biphenyls and other organo-chlorine chemicals, principally chloro-benzenes. Although the amount of PCB concentration discovered was not extreme, their presence indicates a potentially serious environmental threat. Elevated concentrations of lead, copper, nickel, manganese, cadmium, and cobalt at the downgradient indicate that the contamination plume migrated further from the site, and the distribution of metals and metals containing wastes in the site is nonhomogeneous. These results clearly indicate that materials are poorly contained and are at risk of entering the environment. Therefore, full characterization of the dump contents and the integrity of the site are necessary to evaluate the scope of the problem and to identify suitable remediation options. 相似文献
16.
以腐殖酸和纳米Fe2O3为对象,着重研究了腐殖酸分子在纳米Fe2O3表面的吸附过程中的疏水效应,借助红外光谱和热重等分析方法研究了腐殖酸吸附前后的疏水性随溶液环境变化的规律。结果表明,当离子强度为0、0.005、0.01和0.05 mol/kg,pH从7变到12时,纳米Fe2O3吸附溶解性腐殖酸分子后形成的复合体的热失重量随着pH的升高先减小后增大。当pH从7升高到10时,亲水性降低,疏水性增强;当pH从10升高到12时,亲水性增强,疏水性降低。当离子强度为0.001 mol/kg,pH从7变到12时,复合体的热失重量随着pH的升高而减小,亲水性降低,疏水性增强。当pH为定值,离子强度变化时,纳米Fe2O3吸附溶解性腐殖酸分子后形成的复合体的热失重量随着离子强度的增加不断变化,曲线呈现出波动趋势,亲、疏水性在交替变化。红外光谱分析结果说明,对纳米Fe2O3吸附溶解性腐殖酸分子后形成的复合体的亲疏水性起主要影响的官能团可能是亲水性的羟基—OH、羰基CO和疏水性的CH2烷烃。 相似文献
17.
In this paper, dichromate and dichlorvos are selected as the deputies of inorganic and organic pollutants, respectively, and TiO2/beads is used as a photocatalyst. The effects of various parameters, such as the amount of the photocatalyst, H2O2 concentration, metal ions, anions, pH value, and organic compounds on the photocatalytic reduction of dichromate and photocatalytic oxidation of dichlorvos are studied. From the studies, the differences of the parameters effect on the photocatalytic degradation of organic and inorganic pollutants are obtained. The results show that the optimum amount of the photocatalyst used is 6.0 g cm(-3) for the photocatalytic reactions. With the addition of a small amount of H2O2, the photocatalytic reduction of dichromate is inhibited while the photocatalytic oxidation of dichlorvos is accelerated. With the addition of trace amounts of Fe3+ or Cu2+, both the reactions are accelerated, and with the addition of Zn2+ and Na+, no obvious effects on the reactions are observed. Acidic solution is favorable for the photocatalytic reduction of dichromate; and acidic and alkaline solutions are favorable for the photocatalytic oxidation of dichlorvos. Adding SO4(2-), the photocatalytic oxidation is accelerated and adding Cl- the reaction is inhibited; and with the addition of trace amounts of SO4(2-), Cl- and NO3-, no obvious effects on the photocatalytic reduction of dichromate are observed. With the addition of methanol and toluene, the photocatalytic reduction of dichromate is accelerated, and the photocatalytic oxidation of dichlorvos is inhibited. The possible roles of the additives on the reactions are also discussed. 相似文献
18.
Ravikrishna R Valsaraj KT Thibodeaux LJ Price CB Brannon JM Yost S 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2002,52(10):1214-1229
Remedial dredging of contaminated bed sediments in rivers and lakes results in the suspension of sediment solids in the water column, which can potentially be a source for evaporation of hydrophobic organic compounds (HOCs) associated with the sediment solids. Laboratory experiments were conducted in an oscillating grid chamber to simulate the suspension of contaminated sediments and flux to air from the surface of the water column. A contaminated field sediment from Indiana Harbor Canal (IHC) and a laboratory-inoculated University Lake (UL) sediment, Baton Rouge, LA, were used in the experiments, where water and solids concentration and particle size distribution were measured in addition to contaminant fluxes to air. A transient model that takes into account contaminant desorption from sediment to water and evaporation from the water column was used to simulate water and sediment concentrations and air fluxes from the solids suspension. In experiments with both sediments, the total suspended solids (TSS) concentration and the average particle diameter of the suspended solids decreased with time. As expected, the evaporative losses were higher for compounds with higher vapor pressure and lower hydrophobicity. For the laboratory-inoculated sediment (UL), the water concentrations and air fluxes were high initially and decreased steadily implying that contaminant release to the water column from the suspended solids was rapid, followed by evaporative decay. For the field sediments (IHC), the fluxes and water concentrations increased initially and subsequently decreased steadily. This implied that the initial desorption to water was slow and that perhaps the presence of oil and grease and aging influenced the contaminant release. Comparison of the model and experimental data suggested that a realistic determination of the TSS concentration that can be input into the model was the most critical parameter for predicting air emission rates. 相似文献
19.
The use of irradation to improve the safety, protect the nutritional benefits, and preserve the quality of fresh and processed foods is a well established and proven technology. Over the past 30 years, the United States Government has invested in the science to confirm safety and in the technology to show application. The United States Department of Agriculture and the Food and Drug Administration have approved sources of ionizing radiation for the treatment of foods, and their application to most meats, fruits, vegetables, and spices. Despite the value of this technology to the food industry and to the health and welfare of the public, only minimal application of this technology occurs. This underscorces the importance of increasing the public’s understanding of radiation risks relative to other hazards. Accordingly, the Committee on Interagency Radiation Research and Policy Coordination of the Executive Office of the President has made recommendations for the creation of a centralized National Radiation Information Center that would work closely with Federal departments and agencies in responding to public queries about radiation issues and Federal programs. 相似文献
20.
Laturnus F Fahimi I Gryndler M Hartmann A Heal MR Matucha M Schöler HF Schroll R Svensson T 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2005,12(4):233-244
- DOI: http:/dx.doi.org/10.1065/espr2005.06.262
Goal, Scope and Background The anthropogenic environmental emissions of chloroacetic acids and volatile organochlorines have been under scrutiny in
recent years because the two compound groups are suspected to contribute to forest dieback and stratospheric ozone destruction,
respectively. The two organochlorine groups are linked because the atmospheric photochemical oxidation of some volatile organochlorine
compounds is one source of phytotoxic chloroacetic acids in the environment. Moreover, both groups are produced in higher
amounts by natural chlorination of organic matter, e.g. by soil microorganisms, marine macroalgae and salt lake bacteria,
and show similar metabolism pathways. Elucidating the origin and fate of these organohalogens is necessary to implement actions
to counteract environmental problems caused by these compounds.
Main Features While the anthropogenic sources of chloroacetic acids and volatile organochlorines are relatively well-known and within human
control, knowledge of relevant natural processes is scarce and fragmented. This article reviews current knowledge on natural
formation and degradation processes of chloroacetic acids and volatile organochlorines in forest soils, with particular emphasis
on processes in the rhizosphere, and discusses future studies necessary to understand the role of forest soils in the formation
and degradation of these compounds.
Results and Discussion Reviewing the present knowledge of the natural formation and degradation processes of chloroacetic acids and volatile organochlorines
in forest soil has revealed gaps in knowledge regarding the actual mechanisms behind these processes. In particular, there
remains insufficient quantification of reliable budgets and rates of formation and degradation of chloroacetic acids and volatile
organochlorines in forest soil (both biotic and abiotic processes) to evaluate the strength of forest ecosystems regarding
the emission and uptake of chloroacetic acids and volatile organochlorines, both on a regional scale and on a global scale.
Conclusion It is concluded that the overall role of forest soil as a source and/or sink for chloroacetic acids and volatile organochlorines
is still unclear; the available laboratory and field data reveal only bits of the puzzle. Detailed knowledge of the natural
degradation and formation processes in forest soil is important to evaluate the strength of forest ecosystems for the emission
and uptake of chloroacetic acids and volatile organochlorines, both on a regional scale and on a global scale.
Recommendation and Perspective As the natural formation and degradation processes of chloroacetic acids and volatile organochlorines in forest soil can
be influenced by human activities, evaluation of the extent of this influence will help to identify what future actions are
needed to reduce human influences and thus prevent further damage to the environment and to human health caused by these compounds. 相似文献