填埋场生活垃圾堆体快速排水技术

我国生活垃圾含水率高,在填埋场降解过程中产生大量水分,加之由于气候等因素而导致的外源水分渗入,导致填埋场生活垃圾堆体水位过高,严重威胁填埋场安全作业。在实验室模拟的基础上,考察了不同工作方式（水带水、气带水、水带气、气带气）及工况下文丘里真空排水的排水效果,结果表明,改进后的文丘里循环污水动力排水法出水速度快,能在110 s内快速降低水位。在实际填埋场堆体,循环污水动力排水结合竖井排水技术可使作用中心处水位下降1.5 m,有效作用范围15 m。为高水位垃圾堆体的安全运行提供了一种快速、高效、实用的排水技术。     

城市富营养化水体底泥净化磷效果

以城市富营养化水体底泥和上覆水为材料,研究了扰动状态下底泥对外源磷的净化效果。结果表明,扰动状态下,200 g湿底泥从上覆水中共吸收外源磷19.92 mg,而静止状态下,200 g湿底泥仅吸收了13.61 mg。然而,厌氧状态下,前者内源磷释放量仅占吸收磷量的43%,而后者则高达63.4%。说明底泥扰动不仅强化了底泥对外源磷的吸收,而且也强化了内源磷的固定能力。这与扰动状态下外源磷在不同形态磷间的数量分布有关。底泥扰动和静止状态下,难释放态磷(HCl-P、闭蓄态Fe/Al-P)的增加量分别占底泥吸收外源磷量的36%和21%。     

城市黑臭水体治理技术及措施分析

城市黑臭水体治理是一个长期的系统工程,应因地制宜,选择合适的综合治理技术及措施。在分析我国黑臭水体的成因及特征污染物的基础上,重点阐述了控源截污、内源控制、生态修复、补水活水等黑臭水体治理的主要技术及措施,分析了不同技术的原理、特点和局限性。以镇江市玉带河、贵阳市南明河为实例,分析了黑臭水体治理采取的技术及措施。此外,剖析了良好水质长效保持机制,以期为我国城市黑臭水体治理提供参考。     

Chlorpyrifos-methyl dissipation in a small adjacent water body following application to citrus

Chlorpyrifos-methyl use in citrus, vineyards and vegetables is extensive and it has become an essential component of pest control in Southern European regions. The objective of this study was to assess surface water and sediment exposure to chlorpyrifos-methyl (RELDAN 22) under field conditions in a citrus orchard in Sicily (Italy). Pesticide drift loadings were measured in a small surface water body situated 0.5-1.0 m from the edge of the treated field. Measured drift values after the application were between 0.04% and 0.19% of the theoretical applied dose and were highly variable. However, the loadings were lower than those measured by other authors, also lower than predicted by regulatory drift models (95th percentile) typically used for aquatic risk assessment in Europe. Most of the variability occurred due to fluctuating wind speed and direction. In water samples collected in the surface water adjacent to the target field, chlorpyrifos-methyl was detected immediately after application, with concentrations ranging from less than the limit of quantification of the analytical method (0.05 microg/l) to a maximum of 0.08 microg/l. Predicted environmental concentrations in water, using the TOXSWA model, were similar to the measured data when measured drift data from the field experiment were used as inputs.     

Case study on rehabilitation of a polluted urban water body in Yangtze River Basin

In the past three decades, the fast development of economy and urbanization has caused increasingly severe pollutions of urban water bodies in China. Consequently, eutrophication and deterioration of aquatic ecosystem, which is especially significant for aquatic vegetation, inevitably became a pervasive problem across the Yangtze River Basin. To rehabilitate the degraded urban water bodies, vegetation replanting is an important issue to improve water quality and to rehabilitate ecosystem. As a case study, a representative polluted urban river, Nanfeihe River, in Hefei City, Anhui Province, was chosen to be a rehabilitation target. In October 2009 and May 2010, 13 species of indigenous and prevalent macrophytes, including seven species emergent, one species floating leaved, and five species submersed macrophytes, were planted along the bank slopes and in the river. Through 1.5 years’ replanting practice, the water quality and biodiversity of the river had been improved. The concentrations of total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP), and ammonia nitrogen (NH₄ ⁺–N) declined by 46.0, 39.5, and 60.4 %, respectively. The species of macrophytes increased from 14 to 60, and the biodiversity of phytoplankton rose significantly in the river (p?<?0.05). The biomasses of zooplankton and benthos were also improved after the vegetation replanting. The study confirmed that vegetation replanting could alleviate the increasing water pollution and rehabilitate the degraded aquatic ecosystem. The case study would be an example for polluted urban waters restoration in the middle–downstream area of Yangtze River Base.     

模拟生物体液中污染物生物可利用性研究进展

模拟生物体液实验是一种评估有毒物质(包括有机污染物和无机污染物)对人体危害的重要手段,该方法通过模拟人体消化及呼吸等过程评估经各种暴露途径进入人体的污染物的生物可利用性。综述了近年来在污染物生物可利用性领域所取得的最新研究进展,介绍了模拟生物体液实验建立的背景,分析了影响污染物生物可利用性的主要因素,最后对现阶段利用模拟胃肠液及肺液估算污染物生物可利用性的研究方向进行了展望。     

The air-water exchange of polychlorinated biphenyls and polybrominated diphenyl ethers at an urban lake, a receipt water body for the effluent from a municipal sewage treatment plant

The effluents and sludge from municipal sewage treatment plants (MSTPs) are considered as potential sources of many contaminants to the ambient environments. In the present work, the air-water exchange of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) was studied using passive air samplers at an urban lake, which receives the effluents from a MSTP in Beijing, China. The concentrations of PCBs and PBDEs in atmosphere were in the range 15.5-108 ng sample⁻¹ and 2.37-27.8 ng sample⁻¹, respectively, during the sampling period (August, 2007-July, 2008). The predominant PCBs and PBDEs were lowly halogenated congeners. The calculation for the exchange fluxes of PCBs and PBDEs using fugacity model showed that, the net exchange fluxes in different seasons were closely related to the halogen number of different congeners. Except for CBs-28 and 52, the net exchange fluxes was mainly directed from air to water for most of predominant congeners, which implied that the lower chlorinated CBs were dominated by volatilization process rather than the dry/wet depositions and diffusion between air-water interface, additionally, for heavy congeners, the dry/wet deposition process was an important source of PCBs and PBDEs in this lake.     

Lead and cadmium accumulation in anuran amphibians of a permanent water body in arid Midwestern Argentina

Purpose

Heavy metals have been detected in water and sediments from the Embalse La Florida, an artificial lake in the arid region of San Luis province, Argentina, representing one of the few sources of permanent water for reproduction of native anuran species. This study assesses lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) concentrations in the anuran species found in this water reservoir as well as differences between compounds, species and sites of collection.

Methods

Adult anuran amphibians were collected on the north and south shores of the Embalse La Florida and Pb and Cd concentrations were measured in whole body homogenates digested using wet ashing techniques.

Results

All individuals of the six species assayed had detectable levels of Pb and Cd that ranged from 1.19 to 5.57 ??g/g dry mass and from 1.09 to 6.86 ??g/g dry mass, respectively. Anuran amphibians collected in the more contaminated south shore accumulated 21% more Cd and 40% more Pb than individuals from the less altered north shore. Cd and Pb accumulation was not significantly correlated with the concentration in water at the site of collection.

Conclusions

Amphibians of the Embalse La Florida accumulate Cd and Pb. Between and within species, differences were detected in Cd and Pb concentrations. Differences in metal concentrations between species, metals, and individuals collected on shores of the Embalse La Florida with different contamination, were detected. Therefore, it is crucial to implement adequate policies to protect amphibians from the accelerated urban development experienced in this location.     

Refinements on the age-dependent half-life model for estimating child body burdens of polychlorodibenzodioxins and dibenzofurans

We modified our prior age-dependent half-life model to characterize the range of child (ages 0-7) body burdens associated with dietary and environmental exposure to polychlorodibenzodioxins and furans (PCDD/Fs). Several exposure scenarios were evaluated. Infants were assumed to be either breast-fed or formula-fed from birth to 6 months of age. They then received intakes of PCDD/Fs through age 7 from foods based on weighted means estimates [JECFA, 2001. Joint FAO/WHO Committee on Food Additives. Fifty-seventh meeting, Rome, June 5-14 , 2001, pp. 24-40], and with or without exposures (ingestion and dermal) to urban residential soils at 1ppb TCDD toxic equivalents (TEQ). A one-compartment (adipose volume) toxicokinetic model for TCDD described by Kreuzer [Kreuzer, P.F., Csanady, Gy.A., et al., 1997. 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) and congeners in infants. A toxicokinetic model of human lifetime body burden by TCDD with special emphasis on its uptake by nutrition. Arch. Toxicol. 71, 383-400] was expanded to include the key non-TCDD congeners in human breast milk and adipose tissues, and two model parameter refinements were examined: (1) use of updated and more detailed age-correlated body fat mass data [CDC, 2000. Centers for Disease Control. CDC Growth Charts: United States. Advance Data from Vital and Health Statistics of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics, Number 314, December 2000]; (2) use of breast milk PCDD/F concentration data from sampling completed in 2000-2003 [Wittsiepe, J., Fürst, P., et al., 2004. PCDD/F and dioxin-like PCB in human blood and milk from German mothers. Organohalogen Compd. 66, 2865-2872]. The updated body fat mass data nearly halved the predicted peak body burden for breast-feeding and lowered the time-weighted average (TWA) body burdens from ages 0-7 by 30-40% for breast-fed and formula-fed infants. Combined use of the updated breast milk PCDD/F concentration and body fat mass data increased the contribution of breast-feeding but reduced TWA body burdens from diet and soil. We conclude that further refinements are needed, but reliance on these better data sets for body fat mass and breast milk PCDD/F concentration significantly improves the model's ability to accurately predict body burdens during early childhood.     

Reduced survival and body size in the terrestrial isopod Porcellio scaber from a metal-polluted environment

Terrestrial isopods (woodlice) may show trade-offs in life history parameters when exposed to toxins. We have shown previously [Jones and Hopkin (1996) Functional Ecology 10, 741-750] that woodlice which survive to reproduce in sites heavily polluted with metals from an industrial smelting works do not alter their reproductive allocation. This study investigates whether there are differences in the survival and body size of Porcellio scaber from these same populations. Specimens were collected from eight sites at different distances from the Avonmouth smelter, UK. The sites represented a gradient of concentrations of Zn, Cd, Pb and Cu in the woodlice, from background levels to a grossly contaminated sites close to the smelter. In laboratory trials, the number of days survived by starved males showed a significant decline with increased concentrations of Zn in those animals. The maximum size of both sexes declined significantly from the least to the most polluted sites. The most polluted sites had significantly fewer large animals. The cost of detoxifying assimilated metals appears to be reduced energy reserves and smaller body size.     

Fate and transport of perfluoro- and polyfluoroalkyl substances including perfluorooctane sulfonamides in a managed urban water body

Transport and fate of perfluoro- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in an urban water body that receives mainly urban runoff was investigated. Water, suspended solids, and sediment samples were collected during the monsoon (wet) and inter-monsoon (dry) season at different sites and depths. Samples were analyzed for C7 to C12 perfluoroalkyl carboxylate homologues (PFCAs) (PFHpA, PFOA, PFNA, PFDA, PFUnA, PFDoA), perfluorohexane, perfluorooctane, and 6:2-fluorotelomer sulfonate (PFHxS, PFOS, and 6:2FtS, respectively), perfluorooctane sulfonamide (FOSA), N-ethyl FOSA (sulfluramid), N-ethyl sulfonamidoethanol (N-EtFOSE), and N-methyl and N-ethyl sulfonamidoacetic acid (N-EtFOSAA and N-MeFOSAA, respectively). Concentrations in wet samples were only slightly higher. The sum total PFAS (ΣPFAS) concentrations dissolved in the aqueous phase and sorbed to suspended solids (SS) ranged from 107 to 253 ng/L and 11 to 158 ng/L, respectively. PFOA, PFOS, PFNA, PFHxS, and PFDA contributed most (approximately 90 %) to the dissolved ΣPFASs. N-EtFOSA dominated the particulate PFAS burden in wet samples. K _D values of PFOA and PFOS calculated from paired SS and water concentrations varied widely (1.4 to 13.7 and 1.9 to 98.9 for PFOA and PFOS, respectively). Field derived K _D was significantly higher than laboratory K _D suggesting hydrophobic PFASs sorbed to SS resist desorption. The ΣPFAS concentrations in the top sedimentary layer ranged from 8 to 42 μg/kg and indicated preferential accumulation of the strongly sorbing long-chain PFASs. The occurrence of the metabolites N-MeFOSAA, N-EtFOSAA and FOSA in the water column and sediments may have resulted from biological or photochemical transformations of perfluorooctane sulfonamide precursors while the absence of FOSA, N-EtFOSA and 6:2FtS in sediments was consistent with biotransformation.     

Analysis of the palladium response relationship of a receiving water body under multiple scenario changes in rainfall-runoff pollution

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Urban rainfall-runoff pollution is one of the main reasons for the deterioration of the receiving water quality. In this study, the lower reaches of...     

沸石与生物沸石薄层覆盖技术削减富营养化景观水体氮比较研究

以扬州古运河河水和表层沉积物为研究对象,实验室静态模拟实验比较研究了沸石与生物沸石（即附着高效异养硝化菌和好氧反硝化菌的沸石）薄层覆盖削减富营养化景观水体氮效果,考察了生物沸石薄层覆盖削减氮可行性,探讨了生物沸石薄层覆盖削减氮的机理和影响因素。实验结果表明,当实验历时21d时,2kg／m^2（2mm厚）的沸石和生物沸石覆盖对上覆水体TN的削减率分别为36．92％和60．41％,生物沸石比沸石对TN削减率提高了23．48％,高效菌的生物脱氮作用明显;21d后生物沸石覆盖对TN的削减率维持在60％～75％,但生物沸石相对于沸石削减氮的效果有降低趋势。实验后期碳源不足是影响高效菌生物脱氮的主要影响因素。可见,生物沸石薄层覆盖削减富营养化景观水体氮是可行的,但需要进一步研究强化高效反硝化细菌适应能力方法。     

Mercury body burdens in Gambusia holbrooki and Erimyzon sucetta in a wetland mesocosm amended with sulfate

This study used an experimental model of a constructed wetland to evaluate the risk of mercury methylation when the soil is amended with sulfate. The model was planted with Schoenoplectus californicus and designed to reduce copper, mercury, and metal-related toxicity in a wastestream. The sediments of the model were varied during construction to provide a control and two levels of sulfate treatment, thus allowing characterization of sulfate's effect on mercury methylation and bioaccumulation in periphyton and two species of fish--eastern mosquitofish (Gambusia holbrooki) and lake chubsucker (Erimyzon sucetta). After one year in the experimental model, mean dry-weight normalized total mercury concentrations in mosquitofish from the non-sulfate treated controls (374+/-77 ng/g) and the reference location (233+/-17 ng/g) were significantly lower than those from the low and high sulfate treatments (520+/-73 and 613+/-80 ng/g, respectively). For lake chubsucker, mean total mercury concentration in fish from the high sulfate treatment (276+/-63 ng/g) was significantly elevated over that observed in the control (109+/-47 ng/g), the low sulfate treatment (122+/-42 ng/g), and the reference population (41+/-2 ng/g). Mercury in periphyton was mostly inorganic as methylmercury ranged from 6.6 ng/g (dry weight) in the control to 9.8 ng/g in the high sulfate treatment, while total mercury concentrations ranged from 1147 ng/g in the control to a high of 1297 ng/g in the low sulfate treatment. Fish methylmercury bioaccumulation factors from sediment ranged from 52 to 390 and from 495 to 3059 for water. These results suggest that sulfate treatments add a factor of risk due to elevated production of methylmercury in sediment and porewater which biomagnified into small fish, and may potentially increase through the food web.     

复合菌对黑臭水体中S2-的氧化条件优化及动力学特性

以S2-的氧化率为主要考察指标,对从北京黑臭水体东沙河筛选获得的3株高效S2-氧化土著微生物sp1(Citrobacter sp.)、sp2(Ochrobactrum sp.)和sp3(Stenotrophomonas sp.)进行复配,获得硫氧化复合菌(sulphur oxidizing composite microorganisms, SOCM),比较单株菌sp1、sp2和sp3和SOCM对S2-的氧化效果。结果表明,SOCM对S2-的氧化能力明显优于单菌株。SOCM在复配比例为1∶1∶1,温度为25 ℃,初始pH为7时对北京市东沙河黑臭水样中S2-的氧化效果最好,氧化率最高达到76.7%;同时,色度、COD、NH3-N和TP的去除率可分别达到83.3%、69.2%、77.9%和68.2%。此外,建立了SOCM氧化S2-的动力学方程。当SOCM初始菌浓度从0.01 g·L-1逐渐提高到10 g·L-1时,底物比氧化速率常数Km随之减小,S2-平均氧化速率提高。但是,当SOCM初始菌浓度从10 g·L-1逐渐提高到50 g·L-1时,S2-平均氧化速率不再随着初始菌浓度的升高而加快。最后,将SOCM接种于北京清河和景观沟渠黑臭水样中,其对S2-氧化率分别达到67.0%和64.1%;同时,色度亦分别下降了83.3%和79.2%。研究为黑臭水体的微生物法治理提供了参考。     

低温下水芹浮床对氨氮类富营养水体的连续小试净化

利用连续小试装置研究了6.9～8.8℃水温下水芹浮床自由表面流人工湿地对NH4 -N类富营养水体的处理效果和相关运行参数.试验结果表明,在HRT从6 d到2 d的过程中,COD平均去除率分别为(61.9±3.5)%和(40.1±0.7)%,TN平均去除率分别为(32.0±4.9)%和(20.1±4.1)%,TP平均去除率分别为(37.8±7.2)%和(19.9±3.1)%.出水中COD、TN与TP浓度随着进水负荷的增加而增加.     

Tolerance of lead by the fruiting body of Oudemansiella radicata

This study focused on the tolerance responses of the fruiting body of Oudemansiella radicata towards different concentrations of lead (250-1000 mg kg(-1)) for 2-6 d. To know about the lead tolerance and detoxification strategy, the lead content, thiol content and the activities of antioxidant enzymes were investigated. The maximum level for the lead concentration in O. radicata was recorded in the 6 d sample in each treatment, and for thiols, it was recorded in the 500 mg kg(-1) Pb/2d sample, while for superoxide dismutases (SOD) and catalases (CAT) activities, it was reached at 1000 mg kg(-1) Pb after 2 d in the stipe and cap, respectively. Peroxidases (POD) activities showed a more complex trend and glutathione reductases (GR) reached the maximum at 500 mg kg(-1) Pb after 2 d in the stipe. Overall, the results showed that low concentration lead stimulated the fruiting body of O. radicata to produce the thiols and activate the antioxidant enzymes after 2 d/4 d, while high concentration Pb resulted in the decline/decrease of the thiols and the activities of antioxidant enzymes after 4 d/6 d. Benefiting from the metal accumulation, detoxification potential and the short lifetime, mushroom have the potential for bioaccumulation of heavy metal in polluted farmland.     

富营养化淡水水体中微囊藻毒素的研究进展

微囊藻毒素（Microcystins,MCYSTs,MCs）为富营养化淡水水体中最常见的藻类毒素,从毒理学、环境科学、生物学及化学等方面对MCs的研究已有较多报道。本文综述了关于MCS在产生机理、毒理效应、分离检测方法和水处理过程中的去除方法等方面的研究进展,并对目前研究的不足提出了几点意见。