Cl-对电化学氧化垃圾渗滤液效率的影响

研究了不同Cl-浓度对高浓度氨氮垃圾渗滤液的电化学氧化效率,重点考察了Cl-质量浓度(2 450、5 000、7 000、9 000mg/L)对电解过程中的电解速率、电流效率、氨氮能耗以及三氯甲烷生成的影响.结果表明:在Cl-质量浓度为5 000 mg/L时,电解6h,氨氮平均电解速率为7.0 mg/(L·min),COD平均电解速率为4.4mg/(L·min),氨氮的氧化去除要先于COD的氧化去除;随着Cl-浓度增加,电流效率逐渐增加,但Cl-质量浓度大于5 000 mg/L时,电流效率开始减缓,在Cl-质量浓度为5 000 mg/L时,电流效率为45.23％.能耗分析表明,随着Cl-浓度增加,氨氮能耗逐渐降低,在Cl-质量浓度为5 000 mg/L提高到9 000 mg/L时,氨氮能耗从0.09 (kW· h)/g左右降低到0.075 (kW· h)/g.考察不同Cl-浓度下三氯甲烷生成情况表明,随着Cl-浓度增加,三氯甲烷浓度逐渐增加,在Cl-质量浓度为9 000 mg/L时,电解6h后三氯甲烷质量浓度增加至0.722 mg/L,生成速率为2.0μg/(L·min),且三氯甲烷生成速率随着Cl-浓度的增加而增加.     

电化学氧化组合工艺处理垃圾渗滤液

垃圾渗滤液是一种成分复杂、毒性较强且难处理的废水之一。实验采用混凝沉淀-厌氧-电解-好氧一体化组合工艺处理垃圾渗滤液,探索了混凝沉淀池和电解池的运行参数对垃圾渗滤液处理效果的影响,并分析了组合工艺对于6种重金属(Cu、Zn、Cd、Cr和Ni)的去除效果。实验结果表明,以PAC为混凝剂PAM为助凝剂时,投加量分别为1.2 g/L和1 mg/L,COD去除率可达57%。电化学工艺阶段,在pH为6.0,电流密度15 mA/cm2,Cl-浓度2 200~2 400 mg/L,电解2.5 h,垃圾渗滤液的COD去除率达55.4%。一体化电生物滤池对于重金属的去除具有明显的效果,Cu、Cd和Zn去除率达100%,Ni去除率超过90%,Cr去除率超过80%,COD整体去除率达94%;NH4+-N去除率达97.2%;TN去除率达73.6%。混凝沉淀-厌氧-电化学-好氧的组合工艺来处理垃圾渗滤液,能够有效地去除水体中的重金属及COD、NH4+-N。     

Treatment of landfill leachate by electrochemical oxidation and anaerobic process.

The removal performance of typical refractory organic compounds in landfill leachate was investigated during the electrochemical (EC) oxidation and anaerobic process combined treatment system in this paper. The results indicated that the treatment of landfill leachate by the combined system was highly effective. The toxicity of leachate was notably decreased after the electrochemical oxidation process and the biodegradability was improved. The concentration of the organic acid with low molecular weight in the leachate increased from 28% to 90% based on the biodegradability assays after the EC oxidation process. The anaerobic digestion could further remove the residual organic compounds. At a hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 16 hours and an organic loading rate (OLR) of 8 kg COD/m3 d, the concentration of COD, SS, ALK, VA, N-TKN, N-NH4+ and P-PO4(3)- [corrected] in UASB effluent were 532, 12, 6744, 400, 540, 455 and 11.6 mg/L, respectively, with approximately 90% removal efficiency of COD. The organic compounds in the landfill leachate revealed different degradation characteristics in the combined system. p-chloroaniline, bisphenol A, 6-methyl-2-phenyl-quinoline, dimethylnaphthaline and N'-(2-methyl-4-chlorophenyl)-N-cyclohexyformamidine, classified into the first group in this paper, were completely removed by the EC oxidation and did not reappear in the effluent of the UASB reactor. Phenylacetic acid, 3-methyl-indole and N-cyclohexyl-acetamide, called the second group, were completely removed, but reappeared in the UASB reactor. 4-methyl-phenol, 3,4-dihydroisoquinoline, 2(3H)-benzothiazolone, exo-2-hydroxycineole and benzothiazole, the third group, were degraded little in the EC oxidation process, but extensively removed by the anaerobic process. Benzoic acid, benzenepropanoic acid and 2-cyano-3,5-dimethyl-1-hydroxypyrrole, the fourth group, concentration obviously increased in the EC process, but was completely removed in the UASB reactor. The content of volatile fatty acids (VFAs) markedly increased from 0.68% in the leachate to 16.18% in the effluent from the electrochemical oxidation process (EC(effl)). In addition, the degradation rate of organic compounds from the landfill leachate was different in the EC oxidation and anaerobic process.     

Fenton's pre-treatment of mature landfill leachate

The aim of this study was to check the effectiveness of the Fenton's reagent (Fe2+ + H2O2 + H+) for the pre-treatment of a municipal landfill leachate with the objective of improving its overall biodegradability, evaluated in terms of BOD5/COD ratio, up to a value compatible with biological treatment. The leachate came from a municipal sanitary landfill located in southern Italy and the average values of its main parameters were: pH=8.2; COD=10,540 mgl(-1); BOD5=2,300 mgl(-1); TOC=3,900 mgl(-1); NH4-N=5210 mgl(-1); conductivity=45,350 microScm(-1); alkalinity=21,470 mgl(-1) CaCO3. The effect of initial pH value on the pre-treatment effectiveness was evaluated by titrating the amount of acidic by-products formed. The extent of leachate oxidation was monitored and controlled by both pH and redox potential measurements. The best operational conditions for achieving the desired goal (i.e., BOD5/COD> or =0.5) resulted: Fe2+=275 mgl(-1); H2O2=3,300 mgl(-1); initial pH=3; reaction time=2 h. At the end of the Fenton's pre-treatment, in order to permit a subsequent biological treatment, residual ferric ions were removed increasing the pH up to 8.5 by adding 3 gl(-1) of Ca(OH)2 and 3 mgl(-1) of a cationic polyelectrolyte, the latter as an aid to coagulation. This final step also resulted in a further modest removal of residual COD due to co-precipitation phenomena.     

Photochemically-assisted electrochemical degradation of landfill leachate

In this work, the treatment of landfill leachates by a photoelectrochemical procedure is reported. When applied to untreated leachates the photochemical system was significantly hindered on account of the characteristic dark coloration of the samples. At this condition the degradation process was essentially electrochemical permitting typical color and COD removal of about 50% and 20%, respectively. When a previous chemical precipitation process was applied aiming the elimination of colored species (mainly humic substances) the decolorization and COD removal was extended to 90% and 60%, respectively. Considering the extremely complex character of the leachates and its usual resistance to conventional degradation processes the result reported here attest the high potentiality of photoelectrochemical processes to remediation of recalcitrant residues.     

用光催化氧化法处理垃圾渗滤液的实验研究

以城市生活垃圾渗滤液作为研究对象 ,采用悬浮态半导体催化剂对渗滤液进行处理试验。研究了ZnO TiO2复合半导体催化剂的催化活性 ,并研究了各种实验条件、影响因素及处理效果。研究表明 ,在一定的试验条件下 ,用ZnO TiO2 复合半导体催化剂处理城市垃圾渗滤液效果较好 ,可作为垃圾渗滤液的深度处理。同时得到光催化氧化法处理渗滤液的最佳试验参数。     

电化学氧化法处理垃圾渗滤液纳滤浓缩液

实验利用电化学氧化法处理垃圾渗滤液纳滤浓缩液,以提高废水的可生化性。研究考察了水力停留时间、进水流量、循环流量、电流强度和原水氯离子浓度对有机物去除的影响。研究结果表明,电化学氧化法的最佳运行条件如下:水力停留时间为 3 h,进水流量为1 m3/h,循环流量为15 m3/h,电流强度为420 A。在上述条件下,原水COD浓度从3 100 mg/L降到1 311.3 mg/L,去除率达到57.7%,BOD/COD值由0.03提升至0.31。氯离子对电解有促进作用,但原水氯离子浓度超过5 000 mg/L,不需要外加工业盐。     

晚期垃圾渗滤液短程硝化影响因素研究

采用固定化微生物曝气生物滤池（I－BAF）,探讨了水力停留时间（HRT）、游离氨（FA）、pH、溶解氧（DO）对晚期垃圾渗滤液短程硝化的影响和碳氮比（C/N）对同步脱氮的影响。试验结果表明,在HRT为2 d,对应氨氮负荷为0.26～0.3 g/L·d,保持出水FA在1 mg/L以上,pH在79左右,DO控制在1.3±0.2 mg/L时,最利于实现短程硝化。DO是影响短程硝化的决定性因素,DO＞1.6 mg/L时,短程硝化可能向全程硝化转化。投加碳源NaAc并控制C/N在1.6～2.2,可以使部分亚硝氮直接通过同步反硝化去除,提高总氮去除率。     

氯离子对氨氮电化学氧化的影响

以自制的二氧化铅粉末多孔电极为阳极,不锈钢为阴极,探讨了投加Cl-对氨氮电化学氧化反应速率、途径及产物等的影响。结果表明,投加Cl-能显著提高氨氮的电化学氧化速率;有氯离子存在的条件下,氨氮的去除主要靠电催化过程中产生的强氧化性物质.OH,HClO的作用,其去除率随着电流密度的增大呈增高的趋势,随初始pH的增大而增大;投加氯离子后,NO3--N的生成量增加,但氧化产物主要是以N2为主的含氮气体。     

光电芬顿氧化法深度处理垃圾渗滤液研究

采用光电芬顿氧化法对北京市某垃圾填埋场已经生化处理后的垃圾渗滤液进行深度处理,分别考察了电流强度和铁的不同价态等因素对渗滤液总有机碳（TOC）、化学需氧量（COD）以及色度去除效果的影响,并对阳极氧化、电芬顿和光电芬顿不同反应过程进行了对比。通过分析渗滤液UV-Vis光谱(200～500 nm)变化和渗滤液中有机污染物的分子量变化,发现光电芬顿反应可以明显改善渗滤液生化性。深入研究了反应过程中铁价态的变化规律。试验结果发现,以高比表面积的活性炭纤维(ACF)为阴极的光电芬顿反应可以有效降解垃圾渗滤液,在pH为3,Fe²⁺ 浓度为1 mmol/L,电流为0.5 A,O₂通入量为250 mL/min条件下降解360 min,垃圾渗滤液TOC和COD去除率分别达到78.9%和62.8%,色度完全去除。     

快速启动厌氧氨氧化用于老龄垃圾渗滤液脱氮及其机理分析

基于短程硝化处理后的老龄垃圾渗滤液,含有大量难降解有机污染物,且氨氮和化学需氧量浓度高,C/N比低等特点。本研究以厌氧硝化污泥作为接种污泥,采用升流式厌氧污泥床反应器(UASB),快速启动厌氧氨氧化反应,对其进行深度脱氮。探究启动厌氧氨氧化反应的最佳条件和脱氮性能,根据污泥形貌特征和微生物群落结构的变化,阐明厌氧氨氧化的作用机理。结果表明,厌氧氨氧化快速启动最佳条件：温度为(30±1) ℃、初始pH为7.5、NO₂⁻/NH₄⁺为1.25~1.50、无外加碳源和MLSS为4 200 mg·L⁻¹。历经60 d后,厌氧氨氧化成功启动,进水TN容积负荷最高为0.45 kg·(m³·d)⁻¹,TN容积负荷去除速率最高为0.36 kg·(m³·d)^-1,NH₄⁺-N、NO₂⁻-N和TN去除率超过80%。同时,UASB运行至第60天时,接种污泥形貌呈现花椰菜结构,微生物群落多样性减少,Planctomycetes门为优势菌群,其丰度为44.4%。Candidatus Brocdia属为第一优势菌属,其丰度为42.8%,证实厌氧氨氧化快速启动成功,AnAOB利用NO₂⁻-N为电子受体,以NH₄⁺-N为电子供体实现深度脱氮。综上所述,厌氧氨氧化的快速启动可为短程硝化处理后的老龄垃圾渗滤液深度脱氮提供参考。     

垃圾渗滤液生物处理出水臭氧氧化的研究

对垃圾渗滤液生物处理出水进行了臭氧氧化的研究。研究表明,随着氧化时间的延长,CODCr去除率增大;在碱性条件下进行臭氧氧化。pH越高,CODCr去除效率越高。采用BOD5／CODCr来表征垃圾渗滤液的生物降解性,研究了臭氧氧化前后垃圾渗滤液生物处理出水的生物降解性变化规律,表明臭氧氧化可以提高垃圾渗滤液生物处理出水的生物降解性,但提高的幅度不大。通过色谱-质谱法（GC—MC）对臭氧氧化前后垃圾渗滤液的成分进行分析,结果表明,臭氧氧化前后废水中的主要成分没有发生变化,仍然为难降解物质;臭氧氧化使废水中的部分物质发生了结构上的变化,减少、消失和生成的物质多为可降解物质。     

混凝沉淀-Fenton-NaClO氧化深度处理垃圾渗滤液

用混凝沉淀-Fenton-NaClO氧化联合深度处理垃圾渗滤液,利用单因素变量法得出:混凝实验在PFS投加量为1.2g/L、pH=6、搅拌时间为30min的条件下进行,COD、氨氮和色度的去除率分别达到56.60%、15.62%和56.52%;混凝出水在初始pH为4、H2O2投加量为80mmol/L、n(H2O2)∶n(F2+)比为1∶1、反应时间为60min的条件下进行Fenton氧化,COD、氨氮和色度的去除率分别达到71.38%、21.43%和95.24%;Fenton氧化出水在pH为6、NaClO投加量为60mmol/L、反应时间为60min的条件下进行NaClO氧化,COD和氨氮去除率分别为83.42%和99.57%;联合工艺COD、氨氮和色度去除率分别为96.68%、99.69%和98.04%,出水浓度分别为63mg/L、0.47mg/L和18倍,均可满足《生活垃圾填埋污染控制标准(GB16889-2008)》中规定的排放标准。     

聚铁混凝-臭氧-BAF对晚期垃圾渗滤液深度处理的研究

联合运用聚铁混凝-臭氧-曝气生物滤池(BAF)对晚期垃圾场的渗滤液进行深度处理。在废水进水COD=601mg/L,色度=400倍时,提出最佳工艺条件:聚铁0.6 mL/L,臭氧用量144 mg/L,BAF停留时间7 h。研究表明,聚铁去除大部分悬浮性有机物,臭氧降解难生物降解有机物并提高废水的可生化性,BAF进一步降解有机物,最终出水COD为75 mg/L,深度处理成本仅为5.5元/t。     

Electrodegradation of landfill leachate in a flow electrochemical reactor

Sanitary landfills are the major method used today for the disposal and management of municipal solid waste. Decomposition of waste and rainfall generate leachate at the bottom of landfills, causing groundwater contamination. In this study, leachate from a municipal landfill site was treated by electrochemical oxidation in a pilot scale flow reactor, using oxide-coated titanium anode. The experiments were conducted under a constant flow rate of 2000 lh(-1) and the effect of current density on chemical oxygen demand, total organic carbon, color and ammonium removal was investigated. At a current density of 116.0 mA cm(-2) and 180 min of processing, the removal rates achieved were 73% for COD, 57% for TOC, 86% for color and 49% for ammonium. The process proved effective in degrading leachate, despite this effluent's usual refractoriness to treatment.     

阳极氧化联合电-Fenton氧化深度处理垃圾渗滤液

采用多孔碳素阴极、Ti/SnO2-Sb2O5-IrO2阳极构建电化学氧化系统用于渗滤液的深度处理。研究结果表明,所构建的电化学氧化系统通过阳极氧化和电-Fenton氧化2种机制降解有机污染物;处理过程中阴极表面形成的沉淀物对TOC和COD的衰减也产生了影响。在阴极电位为-1.0 V、Fe2+ 初始浓度为0.5 mmol/L的条件下,电化学处理120 min获得了58% 的TOC去除;处理480 min COD去除率为55%,NH3-N去除率为99%,TN去除率为60%,色度几乎被完全去除。GC-MS分析结果表明,渗滤液中以腐殖质类物质为主的有机化合物被降解为分子量相对较小的有机物,直至完全矿化。联合阳极氧化和电-Fenton氧化机制的电化学处理方法为垃圾渗滤液深度处理提供了新的选择。     

氯离子对过硫酸盐氧化苯胺的影响

在高级氧化工艺(AOPs)降解有机污染物过程中,卤代消毒副产物(DBPs)的形成已引起了广泛的关注。然而,氯离子(Cl⁻)在过硫酸盐(PS)降解污染物的过程中的作用机制仍存在争议。基于此,探究了在不同pH下Cl⁻对PS的作用机理,并对可能的反应途径进行了推断。结果表明：在酸性条件(pH=2.5)下,Cl⁻可以与PS反应生成HClO,从而可促进对苯胺(AN)的去除,但并不能对AN进行有效矿化,在PS溶液中加入10 mmol·L⁻¹的Cl⁻后,AN的去除率升高了47.82%,但TOC去除率仅提高了9.78%,且会生成2, 4, 6-三氯苯胺等有害的氯代副产物;相反,在中性(pH=7.5)或碱性条件(pH=11.5)下PS自身能够有效矿化AN,AN的去除率分别提高了57.90%和74.96%,此时TOC去除率分别升高了44.98%和67.15%,而Cl⁻的作用并不显著。通过加入不同淬灭剂对反应过程中的氧化物质进行了识别,发现PS在碱性条件下会生成羟基自由基(HO·)、硫酸根自由基(${\rm{SO}}_4^{ - \cdot}$)和超氧自由基(${\rm{O}}_2^{ - \cdot }$),且在反应过程中起主要作用的为HO·。在碱性条件下,当苯胺的去除率为74.96%时,HO·、${\rm{SO}}_4^{ - \cdot}$和${\rm{O}}_2^{ - \cdot }$对苯胺去除的贡献率分别为51.36%、11.25%和9.79%。对NaCl/PS体系中的产物进行鉴定,检测到7种中间产物,并在此基础上探讨了PS氧化降解AN的可能途径。以上研究结果有助于更好地理解和优化与PS相关的高级氧化技术在实际应用中的污染控制。     

催化湿式氧化法处理垃圾渗滤液

以北京某垃圾转运站的垃圾渗滤液原液为研究对象,采用催化湿式氧化技术进行实验研究。实验以Fe2+为催化剂,H2O2为氧化剂,在反应釜中高温高压处理转运站的渗滤液。同时,实验分别研究了反应温度、反应时间、催化剂种类和添加量等几种因素对渗滤液处理效果的影响。结果表明,当反应温度达到120℃,反应60 min时,在Fe2+催化条件下,按初始COD和Fe2+质量比为6投加催化剂,初始COD和H2O2当量比为1投加氧化剂,反应出水的COD去除率达到91%。     

Treatment of landfill leachate by ozone-based advanced oxidation processes

In this study, laboratory experiments are conducted to compare the efficacy using several ozone-based advanced oxidation processes (AOPs), such as O3, O3/H2O2, and O3/UV, to treat landfill leachate. Raw leachate was initially coagulated by ferric chloride (FeCl3) at the experimental-determined optimal dosage of 900 mgl(-1), and the ozone-based AOPs were subsequently applied. Results indicate that all AOPs would result in a significant increase on the ratio of BOD5/COD from 0.06 to 0.5 at the applied ozone dosage of 1.2 gl(-1). The increase on biodegradability for ozonated leachate indicates that these AOPs would be beneficial to the subsequent biological treatment process. To better explain the alteration of high organic molecules after oxidation, ultrafiltration was used to separate the leachate by several molecular weight cutoffs (MWCO). The COD distribution for coagulated leachate is 34% for MWCO>10 kDa, 7% for MWCO between 5 and 10 kDa, 22% for MWCO between 1 and 5 kDa, and 37% for MWCO<1 kDa. Following ozonation or AOPs, the predominant distribution of COD would be obviously shifted to the MWCO less than 1000 gmol(-1) (72-85%) over the other MWCO ranges. In addition, Gel Permeation Chromatograph (GPC) analysis has showed a substantial agreement on the cleavage of larger organic compounds into smaller ones. O3/UV was found to be the most effective approach among these ozone-based AOPs to enhancing the biodegradability and eliminating the color of leachate.     

不同氯离子浓度对电化学法处理微污染水中含氮化合物的影响

采用电化学氧化法对微污染水进行处理,在极板间距为1 cm,电解时间为10 min的条件下,通过投加NaCl溶液,使水中的NH4+及Cl-的摩尔比分别为1∶1、1∶2、1∶3,并与未投加NaCl溶液的电解出水进行比较,主要考察不同氯离子浓度对电化学法去除微污染水中的含氮化合物的效果影响.实验表明:随着氯离子浓度的不断提高...