BIOLEFF: three databases on air pollution effects on vegetation

Three databases on air pollution effects on vegetation were developed by storing bibliographic and abstract data for technical literature on the subject in a free-form database program, 'askSam'. Approximately 4 000 journal articles have been computerized in three separate database files: BIOLEFF, LICHENS and METALS. BIOLEFF includes over 2 800 articles on the effects of approximately 25 gaseous and particulate pollutants on over 2 000 species of vascular plants. LICHENS includes almost 400 papers on the effects of gaseous and heavy metal pollutants on over 735 species of lichens and mosses. METALS includes over 465 papers on the effects of heavy metals on over 830 species of vascular plants. The combined databases include articles from about 375 different journals spanning 1905 to the present. Picea abies and Phaseolus vulgaris are the most studied vascular plants in BIOLEFF, while Hypogymnia physodes is the most studied lichen species in LICHENS. Ozone and sulfur dioxide are the most studied gaseous pollutants with about two thirds of the records in BIOLEFF. The combined size of the databases is now about 5.5 megabytes.     

制备条件对不同玻璃材料负载TiO_2活性影响研究

以光催化降解苯酚为探针反应,通过正交实验,系统研究了胶液配比、涂覆次数和焙烧温度等条件对以溶胶-凝胶法分别在普通钠钙玻璃和磨砂玻璃上制备TiO2光催化性能的影响,并利用环境扫描电镜（ESEM）对TiO2催化膜形貌进行了分析。研究表明,在普通钠钙玻璃片上负载TiO2催化膜的影响因素主次顺序为：硝酸体积〉涂覆次数〉焙烧温度〉V乙醇∶V酞酸丁酯,在选定实验条件下的最优条件为：涂覆次数为4次;焙烧温度=450℃;V乙醇∶V酞酸丁酯∶V硝酸（1∶4）：V水=400∶40∶1∶4。在磨砂玻璃片上负载TiO2催化膜的的影响因素主次顺序为：涂覆次数〉硝酸体积〉焙烧温度〉V乙醇：V酞酸丁酯,在选定实验条件下的最优条件为：涂覆次数为4次;焙烧温度=500℃;V乙醇∶V酞酸丁酯∶V硝酸（1∶4）∶V水=400∶40∶2∶4。通过扫描电镜可以观察到在普通钠钙玻璃片和磨砂玻璃片表面均附着一层白色的TiO2薄膜,颗粒粒径在100 nm左右。磨砂玻璃比普通钠钙玻璃负载更多的催化剂,磨砂玻璃基TiO2活性更高。磨砂玻璃是一种非常有前景的TiO2催化剂载体材料。     

基于GT-Power柴油机颗粒捕集器捕集性能的仿真研究

利用GT-Power软件建立了柴油机颗粒捕集器(DPF)仿真模型,进行了仿真计算。研究了颗粒捕集器本身结构参数对其捕集效率与压降的影响。结果表明,影响颗粒捕集器捕集效率的主要参数有通道密度(CPSI)、过滤体孔隙率、过滤体微孔直径以及过滤壁厚度;影响颗粒物压降的主要参数有通道密度、过滤体渗透率、过滤体孔隙率以及过滤壁厚度。     

Studies on the sorption behaviors of nitrobenzene on marine sediments

The sorption behaviors of nitrobenzene on marine sediments were systematically investigated in this study. The nitrobenzene sorption on both HCl-treated and untreated sediments accorded well with the linear sorption isotherm. It occurred primarily through partition function of organic carbon of sediments. In comparison, the sorption behavior of nitrobenzene on H2O2-treated sediments was nonlinear and conformed to Langmuir isotherm. Sorption of nitrobenzene on H2O2-treated sediment was mainly through surface function of sediment minerals such as clays. With the increase of ionic strength (salinity), solubility of nitrobenzene in solution would decrease. At the same time, the release of dissolvable part of organic carbon into water solution would also decrease. As a result, partition coefficient and saturate adsorption amount of nitrobenzene on marine sediments increased with increasing salinity of seawater. Contrary to the influence of salinity, partition coefficient and saturate adsorption amount of nitrobenzene decreased with increasing temperature.     

紊动特性对污染物降解的影响研究

采用潜水泵作为紊动诱发装置,利用PIV测量了流场,研究了不同流量下紊动对污染物降解的影响规律。结果表明,紊动对污染物的降解有明显的影响,流量越大,紊动强度越大,污染物的降解率越高。对紊动强度与有无紊动水箱COD、NH4^＋-N、TN和TP降解增加量的变化曲线进行指数函数拟合,拟合结果良好,可以认为紊动对污染物降解的影响可以描述为“一级反应”理论。     

煤泥对水溶液中Ca~(2+)的吸附性能研究

在静态条件下,研究了Ca2+在煤泥表面的吸附动力学.考察了不同Ca2+初始浓度的吸附实验,并对实验结果进行了动力学方程的拟合,结果表明,煤泥对Ca2+的吸附过程较好地符合准二级动力学方程.研究了初始Ca2+浓度、溶液pH值、振荡速度和煤泥质量对Ca2+吸附量的影响,实验结果表明:(1)煤泥对Ca2+吸附量随着Ca2+溶液浓度的增加而增大,Ca2+浓度大于3.828 mmol/L时,吸附鼍基本保持不变;(2)溶液pH<9时煤泥颗粒对Ca2+的吸附主要是静电吸附,pH>9时Ca2+在煤泥表面主要是沉淀吸附和一羟基吸附;(3)Ca2+在煤泥表面吸附的最佳振荡强度为150 r/min.     

回流比对缺氧/好氧生活污水处理装置处理效果的影响

在缺氧／好氧工艺的不同回流比条件下,对处理效果特别是脱氮效果进行了研究。结果表明,混合液和污泥合并回流,当回流比从R=4到R=7时,均能获得良好的脱氮效果,TN去除率达到75．4％以上,出水TN〈10mg／L。而回流比的变化对BOD的去除效果影响较小。当BOD污泥负荷从0．096kg／（kg&#183;d）降低到0．063ks／（kg&#183;d）时,对TN和BOD的去除率影响都很小。     

The effect of simulated rain on folpet and mancozeb residues on grapes and on vine leaves

Artificial rainfalls were used to determine the effect of the amount of the rainfall and the time interval between pesticide application and rainfall event, on folpet and mancozeb residues on grapes and vine leaves. Forty-five mm of rain were administered to the vineyard in different amounts (45; 30+15; 15+15+15 mm). Folpet showed good rainfastness on the grapes and on the leaves. A modest decrease was observed only in the experiments that had received 45 mm of rain at one go. Mancozeb showed a lower rainfastness, since a portion of the deposit was easily washed off also by a modest rainfall. The percentage of this portion was higher in the grapes (38%) than in the leaves (20%). The data obtained in these experiments show that, in the case of folpet, it is not necessary to repeat the treatment when it rains the day after, while it is recommendable to repeat it in the case of mancozeb.     

Study on the cytotoxicity of microcystin-LR on cultured cells

The toxicity of purified blue-green algal toxin, microcystin-LR, on permanent cell lines KB, NIH/3T3, H-4-II-E, HeLa, Vero, Hep G2, Caco-2 and HL-60 was studied. Assessment of cell viability using colorimetric 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assays indicated that purified microcystin-LR induced toxic effect on KB and H-4-II-E cell lines after 96 h incubation at toxin concentrations greater than 18.75 microg/ml. KB cell line was selected for further study when reproducibility, consistency and sensitivity were considered. Significant amounts of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) were released from KB cells when incubation durations were 72 and 96 h with toxin concentrations of 18.75 microg/ml and higher. Although previous studies suggested that microcystin-LR had no cytotoxic effect on permanent cell lines, LDH release assay performed on KB cells indicated that exposure to microcystin-LR could result in damage to the cell membrane.     

Effect of phosphate on the adsorption of Cu and Cd on natural hematite

Interactions between anions and cations are important to understand the chemical processes of pollutants in environment. In this study, batch experiments were carried out to investigate the simultaneous adsorption of Cu and Cd on hematite as affected by phosphate. Phosphate pretreatment suppressed the maximum adsorption of Cu and Cd on hematite and moved the adsorption pH edges to a higher pH range. Phosphate application time had a marked impact on Cu and Cd adsorption and longer contact time resulted in more reduction of Cu and Cd adsorption. Results of back-titration, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy study and ionic strength effect on the adsorption revealed that Cu and Cd were adsorbed on hematite mainly through the inner-sphere complex formation mechanism and phosphate treatment reduced the inner-sphere adsorption sites, thus decreasing Cu and Cd adsorption on hematite.     

各种影响因子对电解法预处理医药废水的影响研究

探讨了电解法预处理医药废水时停留时间、电解电压、废水初始浓度、温度和废水pH值等影响因子对去除色度、COD和提高废水可生化性等处理效果的影响,并考察了其应用于工业实际废水处理的可行性.实验结果表明:电解法更适合高浓度医药废水的处理,色度的去除率可达到90%以上;电解时间宜控制在40～60 min;电解电压越高,废水COD和色度去除效果越好;在实验温度范围内,温度对色度和COD去除率的影响不大;废水pH值为7.5时电解效果最佳,工程运用宜控制在6～9之间.     

表面活性剂在北京碱性土壤中的吸附行为研究

通过静态吸附实验,研究了北京碱性土壤对阴离子表面活性剂SDS、阳离子表面活性剂CTAB和非离子表面活性剂Tween80的吸附行为,考察了温度对表面活性剂吸附的影响.结果表明:7种不同土样对SDS、CTAB和Tween80的吸附等温线均较好地符合Langmuir吸附模式,其吸附能力的大小顺序为2号轻壤土》轻粘土》中壤土》砂壤土》5号轻壤土》重壤土》紧砂土,这主要是由于7种土样的pH、有机质含量和机械组成不同的缘故;同一土壤中,CTAB的吸附量》Tween80的吸附量》SDS的吸附量;温度的升高,不利于SDS和CTAB在土壤中的吸附,而有利于Tween80的吸附.     

土壤固相吸附砷的研究进展

砷是一种常见的有毒元素,土壤砷污染与修复问题已引起世界范围的广泛关注。土壤原位修复是消除土壤砷污染的有效方法,其中砷在土壤固相上的吸附也是近年来的研究热点。土壤固相广泛存在于土壤中,并具有表面积大和表面电荷等理化性质,它可通过与砷酸根阴离子发生表面配位反应,形成内外层配位体等方式来固定土壤中的砷,以降低金属离子的迁移能力和有效性,是一种有效的原位减轻砷污染的方法。文中简单介绍了砷污染的现状、危害和赋存状态,重点介绍了铁铝锰的氧化物和氢氧化物、粘土矿物、有机质等土壤固相对砷的吸附机理及其影响因素,旨在更好地掌握砷的吸附行为。     

Effect of lead on the sorption of 2,4,6-trichlorophenol on soil and peat

The effect of lead on the sorption of 2,4,6-trichlorophenol (2,4,6-TCP) on soil and peat was investigated using a batch equilibration method. Lead markedly diminished the sorption of 2,4,6-TCP, and 2,4,6-TCP had little effect on lead sorption. Peat was a more effective adsorbent for 2,4,6-TCP than soil. The desorption hysteresis of 2,4,6-TCP verified the presence of high-energy sorption sites. Mechanisms of lead suppression effect on the 2,4,6-TCP sorption included the following: Firstly, lead accelerated the aggregation of colloids, the aggregates covered the surface in part and shrunk the pore sizes of the adsorbents, hence decreased the sorption of 2,4,6-TCP. Secondly, X-ray absorption and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy study suggested that lead competed with 2,4,6-TCP for carboxylic, phenolic and Si-OH groups of organic matter and clay minerals. Such competition was partly responsible for the overall suppression effect of lead on the sorption of 2,4,6-TCP.     

抗生素杆菌肽锌对鸡粪厌氧水解酸化的影响

以上海某养鸡场产生的粪便为研究对象,探讨抗生素杆菌肽锌(ZnBc)对鸡粪厌氧水解酸化的影响。结果表明:(1)相比于发酵前的pH,发酵后的pH变化幅度不大,在6.65～7.40变化。(2)氨氮和ZnBc浓度对数(lgc)呈负线性相关,经拟合方程测算出ZnBc对氨氮的半抑制常数(IC50)为15.23mg/L。当ZnBc>5 105mg/L时,氨氮的产生完全受抑制。添加ZnBc对发酵液氨氮的影响极显著。(3)溶解磷(SP)和lgc满足Boltzman方程。添加ZnBc对发酵液SP的影响极显著。(4)ZnBc不仅影响挥发性脂肪酸(VFAs)浓度,还影响VFAs组分。(5)添加ZnBc对发酵液总有机碳(TOC)有极显著影响。(6)相比原鸡粪,发酵后固体有机N、C、H均下降,并分别在ZnBc为0.10、0.01、0.01mg/L时达到最低值,说明鸡粪在厌氧水解酸化过程中固体有机组分向液体转移。     

酸雨对苏州市文物古建筑的影响初探

近年来，苏州市区酸雨出现频率增加，降水pH值下降，威胁着众多的文物古建筑。因此从苏州现存文物古建筑的五种材质入手，剖析酸雨对文物古建筑的影响，并对国家重点保护文物罗汉院双塔及正殿遗址典型的案例进行了剖析。     

外源硅对不同pH水田土壤吸附铅的影响

通过等温吸附实验,研究了加硅对2种不同pH水田土壤吸附铅特性的影响。实验中用硝酸中和硅酸钠的碱性,各处理间钠离子和硝酸根离子的差异以硝酸钠补齐,消除了因硅酸盐的加入改变体系pH及伴随离子对土壤吸附铅可能产生的影响。结果表明,在本实验条件下,Langmuir方程、Freundlich方程和Temkin方程都能较好地描述不同硅浓度条件下两种土壤对铅的吸附特征,但以Freundlich模型为最优;加硅促进了酸性土壤对铅的吸附,抑制了碱性土壤对铅的吸附。     

Effects of humic substances on photodegradation of bensulfuron-methyl on dry soil surfaces

The photodegradation of the herbicide bensulfuron-methyl on dry soil surfaces in the presence and absence of humic substances was investigated under Xe lamp irradiation. A rapid rate of disappearance occurs in the humus-removed soil. The presence of humic acid (HA) and fulvic acid (FA) reduces degradation rates and has a quenching effect on the photodecomposition of bensulfuron-methyl. The quenching effect increases with increasing HA and FA concentration in soil. HA has a slightly greater ability to quenching the photolysis compared to FA. In addition, co-effects of HA and FA on quenching the photolysis are stronger than single effects of HA or FA.     

铁离子对滇池藻类生长的影响

有关氮、磷对滇池藻类生长的影响研究已有大量的报道.但关于铁离子对滇池藻类影响的研究还未见报道.以滇池藻样为对象,实验了不同铁离子浓度对滇池藻类生长的影响.结果表明,不同浓度范围铁离子对滇池藻类光合作用的促进或抑制是影响其生长的最主要因素.实验结果提示, 在控制湖泊藻类生长时,除了要注意控制氮、磷之外,还应考虑铁离子对藻类生长的影响.     

The influences of pH and ionic strength on the sorption of tylosin on goethite

As one of the widely used antibiotics in the world, the environmental risks of tylosin (TYL) received more and more attention. In order to assess its environmental fate and ecological effects accurately, it is necessary to understand the sorption properties of TYL on the soils/sediments. The sorption of TYL on goethite at different pH and ionic strength conditions were measured through a series of batch experiments and the sorption data of TYL were fitted by Freundlich and dual-mode sorption models. It was obvious that sorption was strongly dependent on pH and ionic strength. Sorption capacity of TYL increased as the pH increased and ionic strength decreased. The pH and ionic strength-dependent trends might be related with complexation between cationic/neutral TYL species and goethite. The sorption affinity of TYL on goethite decreased as ionic strength increased, which only occurred at higher TYL concentrations, suggested that inner complex might have dominated process at low concentrations and outer complex might occur at higher concentrations of TYL. Spectroscopic evidence indicated that tricarbonylamide and hydroxyl functional groups of TYL might be accounted for the sorption on mineral surfaces. The experimental data of TYL sorption could be fitted by surface complexation model (FITEQL), indicating that ≡FeOH with TYL interaction could be reasonably represented as a complex formation of a monoacid with discrete sites on goethite. The sorption mechanism of TYL might be related with surface complexation, electrostatic repulsion, and H-bounding on goethite. It should be noticed that the heterogeneous of sorption affinity of TYL on goethite at various environment to assess its environment risk.